AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS1801 Alexander Bell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, USA | Phone: 1(800) 548.2723 (US)/1(703) 295.6300 (Int’l) | Web: ascelibrary.org | Email: ascelibrary@asce.org

All Journals OnlineAnnual Subscription: $23,418 $14,869 (Save 35%)• 35 peer-reviewed journals• 67,000 technical papers• 33-year archive from 1983

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JANUARY 2015 • VOLUME 141 • ISSUE 1

JOURNAL OF

Environmental Engineering

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iPad 11:56 AM

Chapter 1. Discovering Moray 9

Moray is at the northeastern base of Wanumarka Mountain near the edge of the Rumicolca formation. The groundwater source springs at Moray likely derive from the volca-nic formations on the lower slopes of the mountain and the Maras forma-tion. Only 0.6 mile to the southwest, the springs of Misminay appear to be derived more from the volcanic for-mation than the Maras formation, based on water quality analysis.

The springs of Moray are geo-logically related to its huge sink-hole depressions, along with a very old landslide that helped shape the Moray site long before any human activity there. The landslide is evi-dent when looking south from Moray at the still-existing scarp.

Climate

Even though Moray is only 13 degrees south of the equator, its 11,600-foot elevation provides for occasional freezing nighttime temperatures during the winter months of May through July. Monthly average temperatures are about 60 degrees Fahrenheit.

Total annual rainfall is estimated to be about 20 inches, with the rainy season occurring between November through March—January being the wettest with 4 inches of rainfall.

At about the time the Inca built Moray, Europe had entered the Little Ice Age, the Norse had abandoned Greenland, and west-ern North America was getting wetter. The Andes had become wetter and warmer as measured against the previous 400 years (Thompson and others 1985). In some ways, one might say that Moray and the empire were products of climate.

The Main Moray Spring is ideally located to support the intended Moray water system. Visiting hydrologists should not miss this site, even though its waters are now captured and diverted to support modern Maras.

An ancient landslide started at the scarp on Wanumarka Mountain and helped to sculpt the topography of Moray. The landslide itself is a product of the local hydrology—springs that flow still today. A secondary landslide lies below, just above the linear terraces.

The secondary landslide and its scarp help to demonstrate the engineering challenges faced by the Inca civil engi-neers. Even today some localized slopes are unstable.

iPad 11:56 AM

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THE P E EXAM DEBATE

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T H E M A G A Z I N E O F T H E A M E R I C A N S O C I E T Y O F C I V I L E N G I N E E R S

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