as022 respiration protection th

7/25/2019 AS022 Respiration Protection TH

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SRI LANKA INSTITUTE of ADVANCED TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATION

Training Unit

Respiration Protection

Theory

No: AS 022

Electrical and Electronic

Engineering

Instructor Manual

INDUSTRIETECHNIKINDUSTRIETECHNIK


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Training Unit

Respiration Protection

Theoretical Part

No.: AS 022

Edition: 2008

All Rights Reserved

Editor : MCE Industrietechnik Linz GmbH & Co

Education and Training Systems, DM-1

Lunzerstrasse 64 P.O.Box 36, A 4031 Linz / Austria

Tel. (+ 43 / 732 ) 6987 3475

Fax (+ 43 / 732 ) 6980 4271

Website: www.mcelinz.com


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3

RESPIRATION PROTECTION

(Part 2)

CONTENTS PAGE

Learning objectives.................................................................................................................. 4

1 SAFETY AT WORK........................................................................................................ 5

2 WHAT IS BREATHABLE AIR ?...................................................................................... 6

3 RESPIRATION ............................................................................................................... 73.1 The mechanics of respiration ................................................................................ 7

3.2 Air and oxygen requirements ................................................................................ 8

3.2.1 The amount breathed and oxygen consumption .............................................. 8

3.2.2 Harmful substances in the atmosphere ............................................................ 9

4 THE MAIN CATEGORIES OF POTSON ABSORBED DURING RESPIRATION ........ 10

5 RESPIRATOR FILTERS .............................................................................................. 15

5.1 Degrees of protection .......................................................................................... 15

5.2 ldentification letters and colours .......................................................................... 16

6 RESPIRATORS............................................................................................................ 18

6.1 The different types .............................................................................................. 19

6.1.1 Masks and mouthpieces................................................................................. 19

6.1.2 Fullmasks ....................................................................................................... 20

6.1.3 Mouthpieces ................................................................................................... 21

6.2 Fresh-air-tube type.............................................................................................. 226.3 Pressurized-air-tube type .................................................................................... 22

6.3.1 Design and operation ..................................................................................... 23

6.4 OXY SR 45 oxygen self-rescue devices ............................................................. 24

6.5 Compressed-air respiratons ................................................................................ 25

6.5.1 General ........................................................................................................... 25

6.5.2 The PA 54/1 compressed-air respirator.......................................................... 26


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6.5.2.1 Operation of the respiration as a whole.......................................................... 26

6.5.2.2 Operating time ................................................................................................ 27

6.5.3 The PA 80 compressed-air respiration ........................................................... 27

6.5.3.1 Operation........................................................................................................ 28

6.5.3.2 Special innovations and advantages with the PA 80 25................................. 29


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LEARNING OBJECTIVES


The student should ...

... give the composition of breathable air in percentages.

give the composition of exhaled air in percentages.

state the influence of the oxygen content in air on mans work output.

list 3 types of harmful substance in the atmosphere.

list 3 poisons absorbed during respiration which can lead to damage to or destruction

of the lungs.

name 2 respiration filters and explain under what circumstances they are applied.

... describe the construction of a pressurized-air-tube type respirator and explain how it

functions.

describe the special features of an OXY SR 45 oxygen self rescue device.

explain on what factors the operating life of a PA 54/1 compressed-air respirator

depends.

describe the operating sphere of a PA 80 compressed-air respirator.


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6


1 SAFETY AT WORK

Enlightened industrial society attaches more and more importance to ensuring the degree

of safety which individuals expect at work. Extensive safety regulations and equipment are

designed to make processes at work involve as little danger as possible.

Means of protecting respiration, such as respirators, make, as they always have, an

important contribution to safety at work. On account of the special conditions under which

they are used, they have always occupied a very special position because the effects of

harmful substances on respiration can endanger life. There can, of course, be no universal

respirator for all eventualities; it is always necessary to have the one which is best suited to

the task from the technical, medical and economic points of view.

PROTECTION OF RESPIRATION IN THE CASE OF

Permanent presence of

harmful substancesPlanned but unforseen uses

Escape from danger areasRescue and assistance

operations


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2 WHAT IS BREATHABLE AIR?

Composition

The atmosphere which surrounds us, the natural (but dry) air, consists - in round figures

expressed in % volume - of:

ln practice, however, all natural air contains a certain percentage of moisture, which is

equally important to life.

Function

We need oxygen for the metabolic process, CO2 as a drive mechanism for respiration.

Nitrogen can normally be considered a diluent; water vapor should balance out in the air to

what, in terms of our comfort, represents optimum atmospheric humidity (30 70 %).


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3 RESPIRATION

Respiration is a life-supporting physical and chemical process. The respiratory process

consists of inhaling and exhaling (thoracic and abdominal breathing). In this way up to 4%

of the oxygen is taken up by the blood. By combining chemically in cells (combustion

process), carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced, and is discharged during exhalation.

3.1 The mechanism of respiration

Inhalation Exhalation

Inhaled air consists of:

21% Oxygen

78% Nitrogen

1% other gases, including

0.03 % Carbon dioxide

Exhaled air consist of:

17% Oxygen

78% Nitrogen

1% other gases

4% Carbon dioxide

If one considers the difference between inhaled and exhaled air, one recognizes the nature

and a cause of the percentage change in the composition of air.


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3.2 Air and oxygen requirements

The air breathed by man and his oxygen requirement are not constants but depend to a

very great extent on the physical performance he is having to produce at any given time.

To a certain extent, however, a mans breathing air requirements are also determined by

his age and constitution, as well as his psychological state.

3.2.1 The amount breathed and oxygen consumption

Activity Volume breathed [e/min] O2 consumption [e/min]

Rest (sitting) 8 10 0.3 0.4

Walking with appliance 15 20 0.6 0.9

Mine rescue practice (fast

walk)20 30 0.9 1.3

Normal walk (without

breaks)30 40 1.3 1.8

Heavy work (not over a long

period)40 50 1.8 2.3

Short period of top

performance (fast climbing) 60 90 2.7 4.0

If the oxygen content of the air decreases, mans output is reduced. When oxygen content

of the air inhaled decreases to 15%, the lowest limit at which man can still work is reached.

Life can be maintained with 8 10 % by remaining in a state of total inactivity.


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3.2.2 Harmful substances in the atmosphere

Suspended matter

Small and very small solid and liquid particles floating suspended in the air (e.g. dust,

smoke, cloud).

Vapours

A number of liquids produce vapours at normal temperatures (e.g. ether, petrol, benzene).

Gases

Materials that are gaseous at normal temperature because of their low boiling points (e.g.

ammonia, CO, CO2)

Harmful substances can have a damaging effect both on the skin and internally; they can

penetrate our bodies either with the air we inhale or through our skin. The protection to be

provided is determined by many different factors of greater or lesser importance and so a

general statement is not possible.

Any given activity necessitates safety measure which are appropriate to it.


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4 THE MAIN CATEGORIES OF POISON ABSORBED DURING RESPIRATION

Their effect on unprotected persons

a) With irritant effect

Alkali dust, acid clouds, flue gases, ammonia, acid vapours.

b) With asphyxiating effect but without damaging the tissue cells and vessels

Carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen, methane (natural gas), hydrogen

c) Causing damage to or destruction of the lung

Bromine, chlorine, nitrous gases, phosgene.

d) Substances poisoning the blood, nerves and cells and damaging the internal organs

and bloodstream

Prussic acid, petrol, benzene, nitrobenzene, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide.


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Typeofrespiratortobe

used

Insmall

concentrations

filter

respiratory,

otherwise

compressed

air

or

oxygen

respirators

Insmall

concentrations

filter

respiratory,

otherwise

compressed

air

or

oxygen

respirators

Insmall

concentrations

filter

respiratory,

otherwise

compressed

air

or

oxygen

respirators

Incidence

In

chemical

plants,

la

boratories,

re

frigeratingequipment,

cleaningmaterials.

vehicles

and

m

achinery,

when

cleaningoutfueltanks,

on

oil

tankers,

in

chemical

laundries.

G

rease-dissolving

In

galvanising

w

orkshops,

in

the

combustion

gases

of

celluloid,pestcontrol.

Effectonunprotectedpersons

Irrit

ationoftheeyesandupper

respiratory

tract,

coughing,

dizziness,vomiting

Conditionresemblingitoxication,

hea

daches,palpitations,irritation

of

the

throat.

In

high

con

centration:

twitching,

trem

bling,respiratoryarrest.

e

mucous

mem

ranes,

sho

rtness

of

breath;

unc

onsciousnessoccursquickly

and

death

due

to

respiratory

par

alysisafew

minuteslater.If

the

poisondoesnotcausedeath

bra

in

damage

can

occurlater

Characteristics

Colourless,

acrid

smelling

gas,

lighter

thanair,easilysoluble

inwater

Colourlessvapourswith

a

characteristic

smell,

insolubleinwater

A

colourless

gas,

smelling

of

bitter

almonds

SUMMARYOFTHEMOSTF

REQUENTLYOCCURINGRESP

IRATORYPOISONS

Respiratorypoisons

Ammonium

hydroxide

(NH3)

Benzene,toluol,xy

lol

andpetrolvapours

Prussicacid


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used

Compres

sed-air

or

oxygenrespirator.

In

low

concentrations

1%

vo

l.

CO-Filter,

otherwisecompressed-

airoroxy

genrespirator

Compres

sed

air

or

oxygenrespirator

CO-Filter,compressed-

airoroxy

genrespirator

Incidence

ta

nksfortransportation,

in

chemical

plants,

la

boratories,bleaching

w

orks,

cotton

and

aerindustries

gas

(carburated

hydrogen),

producer

gas,

water

gas,

exhausted

gas

from

engines,

explosion

in

fermenting

cellars,

m

ines,

water

wells,

drainagesystems,grain

silos,

in

normal

air

0.35%

in

exhailed

air

In

heatingandlighting

appliances


Irrit

ation

of

the

eyes

ans

respiratory

organs,damage

to

the

lungs

pre

vented.

Severe

blood

poisoning,producesheadaches,

feeling

of

dizziness,

unc

onsciousness,

paralyses,

res

iratorarrest

hea

daches,stateofagitation.

Very

high

concentrations:

imm

ediate

poisoning

with

sud

den

collapse,

unc

onsciousness

death

5-10

Contains

CO,therefore

similar

poisoningeffects

Characteristics

Acrid-smelling

gas,

heavierthanair,soluble

inwater

Colourless

odourless

gas,

non-irritating,

approx.asheavyasair,

explosive

non-inflamable,heavier

than

air,

soluble

in

water,

extinguish

candlesifpresentina

concentrationof10%

of

Inflamable

gas,lighter

than

air,insoluble

in

water,

has

a

characteristic

odour,

explosive

SUMMARYOFTHEMOSTF


IRATORYPOISONS

Respiratorypoisons

ChlorineCl2

Carbonmonoxide(CO

)

Carbondioxide(CO2)

Ligthinggas


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used

Compres

sed-airoxygen

respirato

r

Compres

sed-airoxygen

respirato

r

Compres

sed-airoxygen

respirato

r

In

low

concentrations

filter

respirator,

otherwiseCompressed-

airoxyge

n

Incidence

A

smarsh,inminegas

and

lighting

gas,

in

blastfurnacegases

In

chemical,cellulose

andexplosivefactories,

w

iththeeffectofnitrous

acid

on

metal,wood

and

paper

and

oxyacetylenewelding

o

open

ames

rom

chloroform

and

te

tracarbons

(used

to

be

contained

in

fire-

extinguishing

In

chemical

and

cellulose

factories,

bleaching

works,

picklingworkds


Suffocating

gas,

in

higher

con

centrations

causes

respiratoryarrestduetocut-off

ofo

xygen

cau

terization

of

the

upper

respiratorytract,irritationofthe

thro

at

(causing

coughing),

app

arentrecovery(latentperiod)

fain

tness,

reddish-brown

exp

ectoration,cramps,oedema

nt

ay

no

rrtanteect,ony

afte

rsomehoursdoesoedema

ofthelungsdevelop(exudation

oft

heendogenousfluidsintothe

lungs).Deathbysuffocation

Irrit

ationoftheupperrespiratory

trac

tandeyes.Stabbingpainsin

the

chest.Feelingofsuffocation

inthethroat.Cauterizationofthe

upp

errespiratorytract.

Characteristics

,

odourless

gas,lighter

than

air,to

form

an

explosive

mixture

(firedamp)

Heavy

reddish-brown

vapours,

with

acrid

odour,solubleinwater

(irritantgas)

Colourless

acrid

gas,

heavierthanair

Colourless

vapours,

formingacloudinthe

air,soluble

in

water,

acridodour

SUMMARYOFTHEMOSTF


IRATORYPOISONS

Respiratorypoisons

Methane

(naturalga

s)

CH4

Nitrous

gases

and

vapours

mixture

of:

nitrogen,

nitrogen

dioxide

(NO2),

irrita

nt

gas(N2O4)nitrousacid,

(HNO3)

Phosgene

(war

ga

s)

COCl2

Hydrochloricacid(HC

1)

vapours

available

on

themarketin20or33

%solutions


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used

In

low

concentrations

filter

respirator,

otherwisecompressed-

airoroxy

genrespirator

Compres

sed-air

or

oxygenrespirator

Compres

sed-air

or

oxygenrespirator

Incidence

A

combustionproducer

ofsulphurandsulphur

ores

in

paint

and

cellulose

factories,

in

pestcontrol

In

rubberandartificial

silk

factories,

la

boratories,

pest

control


Irrit

ationoftheupperrespiratory

trac

tand

ofthe

lowertractif

inhaled

deeply,

hoarseness,

bro

nchitis,difficultyinbreathing,

disturbancesinconsciousness

state

ofexcitement,which

is

quickly

followed

by

unc

onsciousnessandrespiratory

arrest.When

inhaled

in

small

qua

ntitiesoveralongperoidit

pru

ssicacid).Iflargequantities

are

present,

sudden

unc

onsciousness,

cyanosis,

dea

th

from

respiratory

arrest

(cesspools).Insmallquantities:

irritationofmucousmembranes,

dizziness,

headaches,

unc

onciousness,

respiratory

Characteristics

Colourless

gas,

acrid

odour,heavierthanair,

solubleinwater

Yellowish

liquid

with

unpleasentodour.The

vapours

are

inflammable

and

heavierthanair(danger

ofexplosions)

Inflamable

gas,smells

ofbad

eggs,heavier

than

air,

easily

dissolved

in

water.In

larger

concentrations

paralysis

of

olfactory

organsoccursquickly

SUMMARYOFTHEMOSTF


IRATORYPOISONS

Respiratorypoisons

Sulphurdioxide(SO2)

Carbonsulphide(CS2)

Hydrogen

sulphide

(H2S)


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5 RESPIRATOR FILTERS

Respirator filters are chosen in accordance with the system of degrees of protection and

identification letters and colours.

5.1 Degree of protection

Degree of

protectionProtection against

1 Gases

2 Matter in suspension

2a Inert matter in suspension

2b Matter in suspension harmful to health (category 2b includes 2a)

2c Poisonous matter in suspension (category 2c includes 2a and 2b)

3 Gas-suspended-matter mixtures (combination filter)

3a Combination filters are classified

3b into categories 3a 3c depending

3c on the suspended-matter filter in them.


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5.2 Identification letters and colours

Letter Colour Protection against

A Brown Organic vapours, solvents (petrol)

B Grey

Acid gases (e.g. halogens, nitrous gases), prussic acid,

prussic acid with irritant for pest control, hydrogen sulphide,

arsenic hydride, hydrogen phosphide, harmful matter in

combustion gases (apart from carbon monoxide)

E Yellow Sulphur dioxide

K Green Ammonia

CO Carbon monoxide

Hg Brown / red Mercury (also chlorine and hydrogen sulphide)

Respiration filters

Their purpose is to clean the air inhaled and to retain the poisons in it. They do not

themselves provide air or oxygen.

In principle, respirator filters may therefore only be used when the ambient atmosphere

contains at least 17% vol. oxygen. As filters or escape filters they can only be used with

masks or mouthpieces.

Design and limitations on use

Respirator filters can be of very different designs.


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The following designs are made

Insertion filters:

are inserted into the filter case of half-

masks. Because of their low filter mass,

Insertion gas filters are used only with low

gas concentrations (0.1% vol.)

Screwed-on filters:

are fitted with a standardized round-

threaded connector and are screwed

directly onto full masks and mouthpieces.

For screw-on gas and vapour filters the

concentration of harmfuI substances is 1%

vol.

CO canister filters:

Filtens for protection against carbon

monoxide occupy a special position, sincenormal filters provide no protection against

carbon monoxide. The poisonous CO is not

separated by the filter but transformed into

the harmless CO, on a catalyst by means of

the oxygen in the air. The concentration of

harmful substances may not exceed 1% vol.

1. Dry material

2. Catalyst

3. Resistance warning device

4. Carbon dioxide

5. Carbon monoxide

6. Water vapour


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CO self-rescue filters

These afford reliable protection against CO and all other combustion gases. As with all CO

filters, in the CO self rescue filter air is transformed into -CO2in a CO catalyst by means of

the oxygen in the air. The concentration of harmful substances may not exceed 1% vol.

6 RESPIRATORS

We differentiate between respirators which leave the wearer dependent on the ambient

atmosphere (air) and those which leave him independent.


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6.1 The different types

6.1.1 Masks and mouthpieces

Every respirator requires a reliable gas-tight attachment which connects the respiratory

tract of the wearer with the part of the respirator providing the air.


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6.1.2 Full masks

Full masks cover the whole face, thereby protecting the eyes also. The wearer of a full

masks cannot be affected by harmful substances which cauterize or which iritate the eyes.

The most important parts of the mask are:

the mask body with inner mask, the gas-tight frames, the window, the connecting pieces,

the banding, the valves and the speaking membrane.


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6.1.3 Mouthpieces

These are the simplest connections to the

respirator. They consist basically of a

mouthpiece part and a nose clip. The

mouthpiece part is entirely surrounded by

the lips and provides a very reliable seal.

The nose clip prevents harmful

substances from penetrating the nose and

throat. Mouthpieces make speaking and

olfaction impossible, but because of their

ready availability they can be used most

satisfactorily with filter respirators.


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6.2 Fresh-air-tube type

This is the simplest of all respirators that are independent of the ambient air. The wearer

takes in air from a container or a compressed air pipe; alternatively, air can be sucked in

from an area where the air is uncontaminated.

1) With a sucking-tube respirator the wearer must suck the air required for breathing

through the air tube with his lungs. The tube may therefore not be longer than 20 m.

Care must be taken to ensure that only perfectly clean air is sucked in.

a) They are suitable for entering and working in confined spaces, containers, tanks,

shafts, silos and pipeline trenches in all branches of industry.

b) They consist of

respiratory protection mask with exhalation valve, breathing tube with inhalation

valve, connection pipe with hip-strap, air feed tube resistant to crushing and

bending, protective filter with holding-peg.

6.3 Pressurized-air-tube type

The pressurized-air-tube type respirator provides the user with breathable air independently

of the ambient atmosphere. The air breathed is taken from the pressurized-air pipe or from

gas bottles. An automatic lung regulates the air intake in accordance with requirements.


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6.3.1 Design and operation

The basic respirator consists of a waistband with a buckle onto which the connection piece

is fastened. The automatic lung and the compressed-air feed tube (approx. 9mm inside

diameter, length up to 200 m) are attached to the connection piece. Breathing takes place

through a respiration protection mask with an exhalation valve.

a) For operation on the compressed-air network a compressed-air fine-mesh filter (oil

filter) is inserted, the purpose of which is to clean the air from the network of the oil

contained in it.

b) Bottles can also be used for the air supply whereby the bottle pressure is reduced to

approx. 5 bar by a special pressure reducer.


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6.4 OXY SR 45 oxygen self-rescue device

The OXY SR 45 oxygen self-rescue device is a small respirator which is easy and fast to

operate and renders the wearer completely independent of the ambient air for

approximately 45 minutes. It has a supply of compressed oxygen and regenerates exhaled

air. It is designed mainly for escape and self-rescue from areas with an unbreathable

atmosphere where there is a high concentration of harmful substances and/or a lack of

oxygen.

1. Its main features are:

1. Ready for use in seconds.

2. Adapts itself to all breathing requirements by means of an automatic lung.

3. Small and light (approx. 2.3 kg).

4. Low respiration air temperature.

5. Low respirator resistance.

6. Amount left is shown by a pressure gauge.

7. Low operating costs.


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2. What must the user do when in danger?

1. Open respirator lid and put respirator on.

2. Place mouthpiece in mouth and clip on nose.

3. Press in pressure button on oxygen bottle.

4. Put on gas protection goggles.

6.5 Compressed-air respirators

6.5.1 General

Compressed-air respirators belong to the group of isolating respirators which render the

user completely independent of the ambient air, irrespective of whether it has a high on a

low concentration of harmful substances.


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6.5.2 The PA 54/1 compressed-air respirator

This is an independent respirator with an automatic-lung air supply for:

Fire-fighting

Emergency assistance

Rescue operations and other work

carried out in unbreathable air.

6.5.2.1 Operation of the respirator as a whole

The storage bottle (1), which is held onto the carrier plate (6) by a strap (7), contains the air

to be breathed, which is highly compressed. When the bottle valve (2) is open, compressed

air flows into the pressure-reducer (3), where its pressure is reduced to approximately 5

bar.


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It passes through the mean-pressure pipe (4) to the automatic lung valve, which

automatically supplies the amount of air needed to fill the lung.

Exhaled air is ejected into the environment through an exhaled-air valve. The manometer

(5) enables a check to be carried out on the amount of compressed air left throughout

operation.

The pressure reducer is fitted with an acoustic warning signal device which sounds when

the pressure of the air remaining has reached 60 - 70 bar.

6.5.2.2 Operating time

The operating time of the PA 54 depends on the amount left in the compressed-air bottle

and on the hardness of the work, which influences air consumption considerably. When a 6

lt bottle is used with a full pressure of 300 bar (containing approx. lEOO lt of air), for

average, hand work the operating time is approx. 45 minutes.

6.5.3 The PA 80 compressed-air respirator

This is an independent respirator with automatic-lung air supply for:

Fire-fighting

Emergency assistance

Rescue operations and other

work carried out in unbreathable

air.


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6.5.3.1 Operation

The store of breathing air is carried in the pressurized-gas container (6) in the form of highly

compressed air. The compressed-air bottle is fastened to the carrier frame (t) UV a strap

and by the hand-operated connection on the pressure reducer.

When the bottle valve (5) is open, compressed air passes to the pressure-reducer (2),

where it is reduced to a constant working pressure (mean pressure) of 5 bar.

lt flows through the mean-pressure pipe (3) to the rocker valve of the automatic lung (7),

which automatically supplies the amount of air needed to fill the lung.


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Exhaled air is ejected into the environment through the exhaled-air valve of the mask.

The manometer (4) enables a check to be carried out on the amount of compressed air left

throughout operation.

The pressure-reducer is fitted with an acoustic air-reserve system which sounds when the

pressure of the air remaining has reached 60 - 70 bar.

6.5.3.2 Special innovations and advantages with the PA 80

a) The high grade steel carrier frame of the PA is made to fit the body and is rounded

on all sides. The round contours increase rigidity, protect the body against damage

and hold a rubber cushion covering the whole surface.

b) The new pressure-regulated piston pressure-reducer is an important component of

the PA 80 system.

c) The new automatic lung made of strong plastic is lighter and flatter than

conventional automatic lungs; in practice this means less strain on the mask than

before. A new flexible membrane and a new air-guiding system render respiration

resistance perceptibly lower, especially when air consumption is high.

d) All conventional PA bottle types (200 or 300 bar) can be used on the PA 80 carrier

frame.

Air stored:

6l 300 bar single bottle 1800 lt

3l 300 bar bottle set 1800 lt

4 200 bar bottle cluster 1600 lt

The operating time of the PA depends on the amount of air in the compressed-air

bottle, set or cluster.


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PA 80-SYSTEM

as022 respiration protection th

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