artificial sports lighting design guide 2012 - 051112

7/28/2019 Artificial Sports Lighting Design Guide 2012 - 051112

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Artifcial Sports LightingUpdated guidance for 2012

DesignGuidance Note

Creating a sporting habit for life


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Artifcial Sports Lighting DesignGuidance Note

November Revision 002 1 Sport England 2012

Foreword

Sport England believes that good acilities areundamental to the development o sportingopportunities or everyone, rom the youngestbeginner to the international class athlete. Thebuildings, whether large or small, can encouragecivic pride and assist the process o revitalisingdeprived neighbourhoods. Facilities that are welldesigned, built to last and well maintained are apleasure to use and give an ample return on thetime and money invested in their construction.

Good design needs to be based on a soundunderstanding o issues such as current trendsand practices within individual sports,

developments in the sport and leisure industry,technical developments in architecture andconstruction and the lessons to be learnt rompreviously built schemes.

Good design needs to be embraced within theearliest vision statement or any project andenshrined in the initial brieing stage through to theinal detailed speciications and operationalarrangements.

Sport England Design Guidance Notes areprovided to help promote a greater understandingand appreciation o overall design concepts, otechnical issues and o the critical actors thatneed to be considered in reaching appropriatesolutions or a particular project. They also advisewhere urther inormation, advice and expertisemay be ound and point to benchmark examples.

Increase awarenessof good design in

sports facilities

Help key buildingprofessions, clients,user representatives

and otherstakeholders to followbest practice

Encourage welldesigned sportsfacilities that meetthe needs of sports

and are a pleasure touse.

Sport Englands DesignGuidance Notes aim to:


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Contents

1.0 Introduction 3

General beneits

Technical complexities

Proessional advice

2.0 Design Issues 5

General requirements

Volume o the eld o play

Even illumination

Lamp types

Levels o illumination

Glare

Colours o suraces

Levels o play

Visual impairment

General emergency and saety lighting

Sport specic saety issues

3.0 Indoor Sports Lighting 12

General

o Developing a design strategy

o Balancing priorities

o Standards o illuminance or indoor sports

o Other Sport England Design Guidance

o The use o daylight

Multi-sports halls

o Introduction

o Illuminance requirements

o Multi-sports acilities

o Horizontal and vertical illuminance

o Illuminance gradient

Specialist sports halls

o Badminton

o Indoor bowls

o Indoor cricket

o Fitness centres

o Indoor tennis

Swimming pools

o Introduction

o Design aspects

o Light ttings

o Underwater lighting

o Materials and corrosion

4.0 Outdoor Sports Lighting 24

Floodlighting

o Feasibility

Design principles

o Sports requirements

o The overall system

o Site conguration

o Consultation

o Visual impact

o Obtrusive light

o Local site issues

Tennis

Athletics

Multi use games areas (MUGAs)

5.0 Lighting Cost o Ownership 36

General

o Maintenance actor

o Illuminance measurement and monitoring

Energy costs

o Energy taris

Maintenance costs

o General

o Cleaning

o Lamp replacemento Luminaire aiming

o Types o maintenance

Sinking und - Lie cycle costs

Value or money

Appendix 1 41

Simplied denitions

Appendix 2 43

Light emitting diode (LED) lighting

Appendix 3 44

Indoor Sports - Summary o therecommendations o BS EN 12193 withadditional notes on key design issues

Appendix 4 51

Outdoor Sports - Summary o therecommendations o BS EN 12193 withadditional notes on key design issues

Appendix 5 56

Lighting codes, standards and guides

Appendix 6 58

Design check list


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General beneits

The general beneits o good artiicial lighting canbe readily understood:

Indoors, artiicial lighting helps designers toprovide consistent, uniorm, adequate lightinglevels, sometimes using artiicial lighting aloneand sometimes with supplementation bydaylight

In acilities such as swimming pools, artiiciallighting is essential or the maintenance o saeconditions

Outdoors, providing artiicial lighting on a

sports acility greatly extends the hours oplay, particularly in winter

The high, uniorm levels o light necessary ormany televised sports events can only beensured through artiicial lighting.

1.0 Introduction

The creation o an appropriate visual environmentis a undamental requirement in sports design andthe eective integration o the artiicial lightingsystem should be considered as a standard part oa modern sports acility.

This Design Guidance Note considers artiicialsports lighting or both internal and external sportsactivities and identiies those that have specialrequirements. Its aims are:

To give a basic explanation o a complexsubject

Updating basic industry guidance on the typesand levels o lighting needed or dierentsports See Appendices 3 and 4

To cross-reerence to other sources oinormation.

The principles o lighting design are illustrated bya ew descriptive outlines reerring to speciicsports and activities. Similar methods andprinciples can be used in the procurement olighting or any sport or mixture o sports.


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The Society of Light andLighting (CIBSE)

Sports and PlayConstructors Association

(SAPCA)

Sport Englands frameworklist of lighting contractors.

For information on theselection of specialistlighting consultants andcontractors, consult:

Technical complexities

Lighting is a subject area with a high degree otechnical complexity that can be diicult tounderstand.

The complicating actors which need to be takeninto account in developing a lighting design mayinclude:

The varying and conlicting requirements oindividual sports in a multi-sports context

A lack o appreciation o the needs o someindividual sports that are particularly sensitiveto poorly designed lighting

Complex inter-relationshipswith other elementso the building such as:

O Relectance and colour o suracesO Variation in background suracesO Coniguration o walls and rooO Location o structural supports

Wider inter-relationships with issues such as:

O User satisaction

O Overall sustainability

O Energy usageO Environmental actorsO Availability o a suitable electrical supply

Health and saety issues, or example inswimming pools or in ast moving ball gamessuch as cricket or hockey, where themaintenance o a good lighting system is aundamental requirement.

Proessional advice

This Design Guidance Note is not intended to bea substitute or appointing the appropriateproessionally qualiied organisations, who will berequired to develop the:

Sports lighting perormance requirements intoacceptable design solutions and speciications

Other environmental lighting that will berequired or support areas in and around thebuilding or outdoor pitch

Related systems such as electrical supply,wiring and controls.


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2.0 Design Issues

General requirements

It is important that the lighting requirements o eachsport are ully understood at the outset o a project.This requires an understanding o the nature o thesporting activity and key characteristics. Manysports involve swit player actions and reactionsand involve relatively small objects such asshuttlecocks and balls travelling within threedimensions at very high speed.

W

Volume = W x L x H

L

H

Consider the ull volume o the sports space to be illuminated

Design Considerations

Lighting installations forsport should balance thefollowing issues within anintegrated design:

Levels of illuminance

Uniformity of illuminance

Contrast

Glare control

Colour rendering

Compliance with statutory

regulations.

Volume o the ield o play

The whole o the three-dimensional volume aboveand including the ield o play should beconsidered, rather than just the two-dimensionalsurace o the playing area.

This can include:

Saety zones around the playing area

Space reserved or oicials and team benches

The underwater volume in the case o aswimming pool

Spectator acilities.

Where events are televised, or or sports whichinvolve great use o the height above the playingarea - or instance badminton, athletics throwingevents, cricket, rugby - consideration o the ullvolume is especially important. In lightingengineering terms, this means considering bothhorizontal and vertical planes or the ull volume othe ield o play.

For example, a lighting scheme or badmintonshould not be based solely on illuminance on theloor, when the path o the shuttlecock can beanywhere in a playing volume 7 - 9 m high.

As well as the area bounded by the pitch or courtperimeter line (the Principal Area), additionalsaety or run o zones (making up the Total Area)will need to be lit. Consideration must be given to

the lighting levels both on the suraces o and inthe volume above each o these zones.

Fig.1 Visibility issues need to be considered throughoutthe volume o the ield o play


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Reected light from ceiling

can improve spread of

light in the volume

Contrasts in illuminance in

the volume of the eld of

play should be avoided

X

Levels o illumination

The level o illumination that is appropriate or aparticular sport should be checked with therequirements o the National Governing Body(NGB) or the organisation that is promoting a

particular event. This can vary with the level o playand competition. Veriication that minimumstandards are being achieved can be a requirementor each individual event, as in the case o hockey.

The CIBSE Lighting Guide 4 2006 and BS EN12193:2007give general recommendations or therange o lighting standards. However, it should benoted that in some cases, these dier rom therequirements o the NGBs requirements as notedin Appendices 3 and 4.

Glare

The complete elimination o glare in sport is

diicult to achieve due to the ever-changingdirections o view o participants. Nevertheless,measures should be taken to minimise glare thatmay aect the visual perormance o participants.

When attempting to minimise the likelihood oglare, the actors over which a designer has controlare;

Selection o luminaires designed with attentionto the avoidance o glare.

In designing a luminaire, there are two mainmethods o avoiding causing glare, which are;

O to make any direct view o the light sourceimpossible by placing it deep within theluminaire, behind bales

O to use low-intensity light sources, such asluorescent tubes.

The locations o the luminaires.

Where possible, luminaires should be locatedin positions which mean that players will notneed to look towards them or in their generaldirection in the course o a game, or examplebehind the badminton baseline.

Inappropriately located lights can cause discomort glare

Even illumination is required in the ull volume o the ield o play


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Basketball Netball Badminton Volleyball Cricket

International

This category relates

to the lowest level o

International play 1.

International International and

Super League

International

High

Perormance

Centres

International N/A

Premier


to a Premier /

National League

Club competing in

regional or Inter

county competitions

Senior EBL

Men Division 1

and 2, Women

Division 1

Regional and

Premier League

Inter-County

Championships

BADMINTON

England

Tournament

Circuits

Premier Club ina Perormance

Centre

National

League Club

N/A

Club


to a local club

competing in District

and County League

competitions.

Senior EBL

Men Division 3

and 4, Women

Division 2

EBL Youth

Leagues

Local club and

inter county

competition

Premier Club in

a Community

Badminton

Network

Club Club

Community


to school and

community use

where there is no

ormal competitive

structure / no

speciic need or

space or oicials or

spectator

accommodation.

Recreational School and

recreationaluse

Recreational

Club

Practice and

school sport

Educational

1 For higher levels o international competition, such asmajor championships, the relevant NGB should be consultedat a very early stage as the requirements vary considerably.

Levels o play

The general levels o play or sports activity aredeined in the CIBSE Lighting Guide 4 and similardeinitions are used in the more recent BS EN12193:2007. However, they can be very diicult tointerpret in that they use general, overlappingterms that might not correspond exactly with thetypes o use that are to be accommodated.

Sport England use a more descriptive approachalthough some NGBs have their own methods,

dierent again, o classiying the levels o play intheir particular areas o expertise. Lighting levelsshould be compared with the requirements oindividual NGBs and / or the promoter o a particularevent.

The table below provides guidance on the newlevel o play categories or each sport as agreedby the NGBs and Sport England.


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Visual impairment

The term visual impairment reers to a permanentloss or reduction o the visual unction.

The illuminance values typically quoted in lightingreerences are those relevant to individuals oorty years o age. These take no account o theeects o the ageing eye, the changes in whichcan be sub-divided into physical and perceptualchanges.

General emergency and saety lighting

Emergency lighting, which is covered by BS 5266,is required in the event that the main lightingsystem might ail. Part 7 o BS 5266 includes thetotal requirements o the European EmergencyLighting Standard EN 1838.

The classiication o buildings and the areas withinthat require emergency lighting are deined in theBuilding RegulationsApproved Document B FireSafety. See CIBSE Technical Memorandum 12:Emergency Lighting which includes the designaspects o conventional emergency lighting.

There are two major subdivisions o emergencylighting i.e. escape lighting and standby lighting.Escape lighting is provided or saety reasons toensure sae and eective evacuation o a building

in an emergency, while standby lighting may beprovided to enable normal activities to continuedespite an emergency.

The most common age-related changes in visionand their eects on everyday activities can includethe ollowing:

Decreased ability to ocus close up

Increased lighting requirements

Increased sensitivity to glare

Reduced contrast sensitivity

Decreased colour sensitivity

Increased time required to adjust to bright lightand / or darkness

Decreased ability to judge depth.

Such changes can, either individually or incombination, typically give rise to a requirementor increased illuminance levels when older people

are carrying out similar visual tasks (reer to CIBSELG4 or urther inormation). Estimates vary buttypically, a 60 year old needs twice as much lightto do the same task as a 20 year old.

Increased lighting levels may remedy some o theproblems experienced by older individuals but thiscan also sometimes cause urther problems byincreasing the risk to others who may be moreeasily aected by sources o glare.

The ability to control the light output rom aninstallation using selective switching may providesome improvement in playing conditions but it hasto be appreciated that this will only be o beneit

to those players who suer rom the same orsimilar types o visual impairment.

See separate Sport EnglandDesign Guidance NoteAccessible Sports Facilitiesfor advice on creating a

confusion free visualenvironment within sportsbuildings that includes:

Careful location and controlof natural and artificiallighting

Accentuation of contrastand texture to help peoplewith visual impairments

Gradual changes in lightinglevels from area to area

Avoidance of shadowing atkey areas such asreception desks

Control of glare and shinnyand reflecting surfaces

Avoidance of spot lightsand up lighters set in thefloor.


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Sport speciic saety issues

For sports applications, standby lighting can beurther subdivided into saety lighting andcontinuation o an event. The degree o standbylighting provided will be inluenced by the natureo the activities being undertaken, the duration othe activities and the level o associated risksinvolved.

BS EN 12193:2007provides guidance on saetylighting, the purpose o which is to ensure that inthe event o a power ailure a sporting activity canbe saely stopped without causing injury toparticipants.

Provision o standby lighting with the purpose oallowing events to continue to their conclusion inthe event o ailure o the main lighting system isnot usually economical. Exceptions will beprovision o alternative cover or major events,where loss o lighting would cause unacceptablecancellation.

The lighting level for the safe stopping of an event is apercentage of the level for that class. This applies tothe following sports and percentages listed below:

Sport % or minimumperiod (seconds)

Swimming 5% or 30s

Indoor gymnastics 5% or 30s

Indoor and outdoor equestrian 5% or 120s

Speed skating 5% or 30s

Bobsleigh and toboggans 10% or 120s

Ski jump and landing 10% or 30s

Ski slopes 10% or 30s

Cycle racing 10% or 60s

The saety lighting shall come on the instant the generallighting ails and last or at least the period speciied.

BS EN 12193:2007saety lighting levels and minimumperiods

See also the ollowing publications:

The Good Practice Safety Guide for small andsporting events taking place on the highway,roads and public places: Home Oice

http:/ /www.runbr i tain.com/static/pds/rdp/event-saety-guide.pd

Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds - fifthedition: Department For Culture, Media andSport publication available rom The SportsGrounds Safety Authorityweb site.

http://saetyatsportsgrounds.org.uk/pubs/sgsa/greengde.php
http://www.runbritain.com/static/pdfs/rdp/event-safety-guide.pdfhttp://www.runbritain.com/static/pdfs/rdp/event-safety-guide.pdfhttp://safetyatsportsgrounds.org.uk/pubs/sgsa/greengde.phphttp://safetyatsportsgrounds.org.uk/pubs/sgsa/greengde.phphttp://safetyatsportsgrounds.org.uk/pubs/sgsa/greengde.phphttp://www.runbritain.com/static/pdfs/rdp/event-safety-guide.pdf


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3.0 Indoor Sports Lighting

General

A good sports lighting system should provideadequate illuminance, suitable brightness, contrast,uniormity o light distribution and satisactorycontrol o glare or the activities in question.

The lighting schemes will have a major inluenceon the overall ambience o the playing space.

Many indoor sports acilities cater or a range oactivities. Some o these dierent activities cantake place simultaneously, or example in a sportshall divided into sections. There may also be aneed to achieve adequate visual conditions or

spectators. Non-sporting use such as schoolexaminations and community events may alsoneed to be accommodated.

Where substantial variations in illuminance arerequired, additional switching o supplementarylighting could be considered.

Developing a design strategy

The table below summarises the key steps indeveloping a lighting design strategy.

Design Strategy

Conirm the layout(s) osports areas

Analyse and prioritise interms o programme andbuilding operation

Deine the volume(s) othe ield(s) o play

Identiy adjacent areaswith visual links

Establish the generallighting requirements

See BS EN 12193:2007or general illumination

Establish the NGBsdetailed requirementsand the pattern o lightsto be switched around

individual courts (in amulti sports situation)

See Sport England / NGBrequirements andestablish / resolve anyconlicts with industry

reerences

Balancing priorities

It is generally recommended that the lightingdesign is based on the requirements o thepriority activities i.e. the sports that are playedmost oten or have the most stringentrequirements. However, all other potentialactivities should be catered or in terms o basicvisual saety and unctionality.

For example, in many multi-sports halls inEngland, a lighting design that caters well orbadminton with courts running across the hall willgive adequate conditions or the sports that areplayed along the length o the hall.

However, a common enhancement is to provideadditional switchable lighting systems or sportssuch as cricket or other sports played down thelength o the hall that have speciic competitionrequirements. In some cases, or where there arepriority activities with widely dierent orconlicting requirements, this can mean theprovision o separate lighting systems - see SportEnglands Affordable Sports Halls Appendix 9.

Standards o illuminance or indoor sports

BS EN 12193:2007 provides guidance on thelevels o illuminance or dierent sports, indoorand outdoor. However, this guidance conlicts in

some cases with NGB requirements. Levels oilluminance vary with levels o play. Internationalor Premier level o play will require higher lightinglevels than Club or Community level o play.

See Appendices 3 and 4 or a summary table withhighlights o key design considerations.

BS EN 12193:2007also gives the dimensions orthe principal area and total area o the ield oplay. Together with the required heights, theseareas deine the volume in which illumination isrequired and which the lighting design mustaddress.

Any other adjacent volumes such as those o anycirculation, spectator and storage areas that arevisually linked with the ield o play should alsobe considered.

In the case o a multi-sports acility, therequirement o each individual sport must beidentiied and prioritised. Considered early in the

building design process

Well integrated into thedesign of the facility

Not treated as a separatespecialist fit-out issue.

Sports lighting should be:


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Advantages Disadvantages

Maintains a link with the outside world.

Engenders a eeling o well-being among theoccupants o the space.

Can contribute energy savings by reducing the

hours that the artiicial lighting is switched on.

Can contribute to an unacceptably high levels o

direct and / or relected glare that can be a healthand saety risk or sports such as Badminton.

Sudden luctuations in the intensity o sunlight

penetrating into a sports hall through windows can

lead to problems in maintaining uniormity o

illuminance over the ield o play. This can lead to

reduction in the ability o participants to accurately

judge velocity o sports balls etc.

Requires north acing enestration in order to

minimise the eects o direct sunlight.

Can increase energy costs through increase levels

o heat loss.

Advantages and disadvantages o using daylight or illuminating sports halls

Consider the health andsafety risk of a flash ofsunlight causing badmintonplayers to lose sight of ashuttlecock flying towardsthem at 200 mph.

Other Sport England Design Guidance

There are several Sport England Design GuidanceNotes in which relevant inormation is provided:

Accessible Sports Facilities

Affordable Sports Halls

Badminton

Comparative Sizes Check List

Design for Sport on School Sites

Fitness and Exercise

Indoor Bowls

Sports Data Sheets

Sports Halls Design and Layouts

Swimming Pools

Swimming Pools Audit Check List

Village and Community Halls.

The use o daylight

The use o natural light in indoor sports spaces

to augment the artiicial lighting system thatwould normally be required is an issue that otengenerates conlicting interests.

For some NGBs, natural lighting o indoor spacesis completely unacceptable. The sun or areas obright sky seen either directly through windowsor by relection rom bright suraces within thesports hall can lead to a level o disability ordiscomort glare that will be unacceptable or

even dangerous. Any proposal to use natural lightrequires very careul consideration o how glarecan be controlled and how reasonably stable anduniorm levels o lighting can be ensured.

Some o the issues can be ameliorated within thedesign o the roolights themselves but generallythis will incur additional capital costs. Theseshould be careully considered against thepossible energy savings and other beneits thatmight be accrued across the lie o the building.

For example, roolights can be designed withscreening layers to diuse the incoming daylightand help distribute light evenly over the ield oplay. Automatic black out blinds can also beincorporated to eliminate the risk o glare at timeswhen critical sports such as Badminton areplayed. The light output o the artiicial lightingsystem can also be controlled through anautomatic dimming system to achieve aconsistent level o lighting.

Some o the advantages and disadvantages ousing natural daylight to illuminate all or part o asports hall are covered in the table below.


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Multi-sports halls

Introduction

Lighting or sporting applications involvesparticular characteristics, the sensitivity to whichis likely to dier between individuals. Opinions maythereore vary as to the level o acceptability o alighting installation. Nevertheless, the principalaims and objectives in lighting a sports hall include:

The provision o a sae, enjoyable environmentor players

The illumination o court markings and keyeatures such as nets and goals or the player

and match oicials

The provision o suitable and suicient lightingor spectators

The provision o lighting or televisionbroadcasting, where applicable.

The geometry and layout o a sports hall areatogether with the material, colour and suraceinish o internal abrics used all have an inluenceon the quality o the inal lighting produced. Forthis reason, it is important that lighting installationsor sports halls are considered as an integral part

o the initial architectural design with all othernecessary building services. Because o theirrelectance and colour, the walls, loor and ceilingo the sports hall all inluence lighting levels andquality and thus also aect the design and theoperating cost o the hall lighting system.

Playing suraces in sport should, theoretically,appear to have a constant brightness when viewedrom all appropriate directions. In practice,

however, the extent to which this can be achieveddepends largely upon the qualities o the playingsurace, including its spectral relectance and anysurace texture, as well as the manner in which itis illuminated.

Illuminance requirements

It is a requirement that every lighting installationcomplies with current statutory regulationsincluding BS 5266 Code of Practice for theEmergency Lighting of Premises and the BuildingRegulations.

NGBs recommended values o illuminance anduniormity ratio or dierent levels o activity in

some sports requently undertaken in sports hallsare given below. Appendix 3 includes a morecomplete list o sports, with the recommendationsgiven in BS EN 12193:2007 and with notesindicating where these recommendations dierrom the requirements o NGBs.

Multi-sports acilities

Design o the lighting installation or multi-sportshalls is a complex matter in which the conlictsbetween the requirements o dierent sports needto be resolved. This matter is considered in somedetail in Sport Englands Affordable Sports Halls.

Many sports halls stage several diering sportsand in an attempt to maximise the time and spaceallocation within a sports hall, some o thesediering sports may take place at the same time.This has the potential to produce a conlict ointerests in respect o simultaneous lightingrequirements. There must, however, be lexibilitywithin a lighting installation that will allow selectiveswitching and / or other methods o control to

Lighting requirements or current levels of playdeinitions rom Sport Englands Sports Data Sheets*

International Premier Club Community

Average

Lux

Min

Uniormity

Average

Lux

Min

Uniormity

Average

Lux

Min

Uniormity

Average

Lux

Min

Uniormity

Badminton 1000 0.7 500 0.7 500 0.7 500 0.7

Basketball 750 0.7 500 0.7 500 0.7 500 0.7

Netball ** 1500 0.7 750 0.7 750 0.7 750 0.7

Volleyball 1000 - 1500 0.7 500 0.7 500 0.7 500 0.7

Cricket (indoor) *** - - - - 750 0.8 750 0.8

Notes:

* See Developing The Right Sports Hall and Sports Data Sheets available rom the Sport England web site. (These supersede the

deinitions or levels o play in BS EN 12193:2007and CIBSE LG4 2006).

** See the Affordable Sports Halls (ASH) document or indicative designs based on 500 lux with switching down to 300 lux or school

/ training and other enhancements or higher levels o play.*** Recommended lighting levels, taken rom the ECBs TS3 - Indoor Sports Halls with Cricket Provision and Sport Englands Sports

Data Sheets.


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satisy the demands o diering sports that maybe played at varying levels o competition.

As a consequence o the oten signiicant diversityo lighting requirements within sports halls, it isusually recommended that the activity with themost stringent lighting requirements be used asthe basis or lighting design. The demands o othersports should, however, be met wherever practical.Where there is limited inormation on the likelyusage o a sports hall, it is generally recommendedthat a scheme is designed to suit the mostcommon use, usually badminton courts.

It is important to be aware that a sports lightingrequirements may involve luminaire placement,

both vertically and in the horizontal plane, as wellas lighting levels. The requirements o dierentsports may well be incompatible and this can leadto a need or, eectively, multiple lightinginstallations in one hall. Switching arrangementsor simultaneous use o a sports hall or dierentsports are likely to be complex and need to beconsidered careully.

Horizontal and vertical illuminance

Lighting reerences, best practice case studies anddesign guides generally speciy horizontalilluminance i.e. illuminance on the horizontal

plane. There is, however, a requirement or suitableand suicient vertical illuminance e.g. on thebodies o participants and on the equipmentrequired or the playing o sports.

Calculations are thereore based upon thereasoning that when the values o horizontalilluminance speciied are attained, thecorresponding values o vertical illuminancerequired or the sae and eicient playing o a sportare usually simultaneously achieved. Values overtical illuminance should not be less than 30%o the corresponding simultaneous horizontalvalues, measured at the same locations. Vertical

illuminance values are measured 1 m above courtlevel; horizontal illuminance is measured on thecourt surace. When vertical illuminance is critical,or instance or televised activities, it is separatelyspeciied, calculated and measured.

Illuminance gradient

Initial design considerations typically includesatisying horizontal illuminance and uniormityratio values. Additionally, with some sportsilluminance gradients are speciied so that rates ochange o illuminance are restricted, therebypreventing sharp changes in illuminance over shortdistances on the playing area. Among otherthings, this avoids the appearance o banding onthe playing surace.


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Badminton Englandrecommends 1000 luxfor international levels of

play and 500 lux for allotherlevelsof play.

Specialist sports halls

Badminton

Sport Englands Design Guidance NoteBadminton and the Badminton Sports DataSheets provide inormation on the design odedicated badminton acilities and on theintegration o badminton into multi-sports halls.

Badminton requires very careully designed lightingto enable the game to be played to a good level.When designing the lighting or badminton halls, itis essential to appreciate how the game is played.The shuttlecock can move at very high speedsover the net, requiring maximum light relectance

rom its white eathers. The white shuttlecock canbest be seen when illuminated against a darkerbackground. The path o the shuttlecock is otenhigh above the net and suicient verticalilluminance within the overall volume o the ield oplay must thereore be provided.

Players must be able to ollow the light o theshuttlecock against the background without beingtroubled by glare or having their attention distractedby bright light sources.

Luminaires must not be directly positioned overthe court. Doors and windows to other lit areas areall a potential distraction and arrangements should

be made or such light sources to be temporarilyscreened or switched o.

It is oten thought that badminton requires veryhigh Illuminance levels but this is not necessarilythe case.

Badminton requires lighting throughout the ullvolume o the ield o play and or the luminares tobe grouped centrally around the net. Any luminairestowards the rear o the court should ideally beturned o (or controlled) in order to darken thebackground to give a contrast with the whiteshuttlecock.

It is essential to consider lighting early in thedesign process so that the lamp type and locationscan be co-ordinated with the court layout andbackground colours. Lighting and colours shouldbe considered as an entity.

Field o play or lighting = 18 x 10.5 x 9.0 m

Section

Plan

Badminton England preerred lighting or a HighPerformance Centre

3m

max

3m

max

1m

min

3 luminaires on each

side of court

9.0 m

min

No illuminance in

7.5 m zone

5 m


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Badminton Englands requirements are based ontheir experience o creating the optimum lightingconditions or the sport. This advice does not ullyconorm with the recommendations o BS EN

12193:2007and is based on:

A preerred height above the loor o 5 m orthe luminaires

Illumination levels with the ollowing values:

Average At least 500 lux

Uniormity U1 At least 0.5

Uniormity U2 At least 0.7

3 luminaires located symmetrically on eachside o the net

Luminaires being > 1 m rom the side lines othe court or high perormance centres and0.75 m or other centres (with 1.5 m betweencourts)

Luminaires having glare control

Maximum illumination at the net area o thecourt

Background colours having relectance o30-50%

Ceiling relectance being 70-90%.

Separate

wind downlighting

5m

6.7 - 9.0 m

(See Sport Englands Badminton

Design Guidance Note, Table 3)

Wind-down lighting units and split or single high level lighting between badminton courts in a multi-sports hall

Section

In a multi-sports environment, luminaires mountedat 5 m above loor level are likely to cause a conlictor sports such as volleyball, trampolining andbasketball that require a greater clear height. This

can be achieved by using wind-down ittings orcareully controlling the location and light spreado high-level luminaires. A switching arrangementwhereby the ittings at the back o each court, iany, can be turned o will also be preerable.

See separate Sport England Design GuidanceNote Badminton.

Sport England DesignGuidance NotesBadminton and Sports

Halls: Design and Layoutsrecommend the followingpaint colours:

Colour Code

Blue 86 BG 43/321

Green 30 GG 40/290

Blue green 53 GG 50/360

87 GG 51/291

10 GG 48/366


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Indoor bowls

Sport Englands Design Guidance Note IndoorBowls provides inormation on the design oindoor bowls acilities.

Artiicial lighting in indoor bowls centres canundamentally aect the enjoyment and quality oplay. As well as being critical during a game, thequality o the lighting system can have a majorimpact on the overall ambience.

Artiicial lighting must be considered as an integralelement o the overall design and planning o allareas in the centre. The colours and types osurace must be careully selected in conjunctionwith the lighting scheme to achieve the optimumoverall visual quality or activities and to providean attractive environment.

Visual requirements are or players to clearly seethe jack and the locations o the woods around ittogether with being able to ollow the run o the livewood rom the ar end o the rink.

Because o the large, open playing area, theuniormity o the brightness o the green is veryimportant. The material o the green itsel mayinluence the apparent uniormity, because o itsnap which can give dierent impressions obrightness when viewed rom dierent directions.

An illuminance gradient o no more than 5% permetre is recommended.

Care should be taken in the layout and selectiono luminaires to ensure that the green is uniormlyilluminated with no discomort glare or theplayers. Arranging the lines o luminaires parallelwith the rinks allows operational economies,through lighting only rinks which are in use, andmay help achieve the required lighting uniormity.The underside o luminaires should generally bebetween 4.5 m and 6.0 m above the green.

Glare can also be controlled by reducing thecontrast between the luminaires and the hallsuraces. Ensuring that the ceiling and end wallshave the high levels o relectance recommendedby Sport England will help with this.

Minimum illumination standards

Sport England Design

Guidance Note Indoor

Bowls and EIBA

CIBSE Lighting Guide 4 / BS EN 12193:2007

Uniformity ratio > 0.9 > 0.8

Maintained average

illuminance on the

playing surface

> 500 lux > 500 lux

Illuminance gradient should be less than 5% per metre to

avoid a banding eect which can occur with low luminaire

mounting heights, because o refectance rom the mat.

Surface reflectance

End walls 70 % 40 % min

Side walls 70 % 40 % min

Ceiling 90 % 60 % minBowls carpet 30 % 30 % min

Example o high relectance rom ceiling and end wallsas recommended by English Indoor Bowls Associations

There are dierences between the advice romthe English Indoor Bowls Association (EIBA) andBS EN 12193:2007as shown in the table below.

Natural lighting can be used to support artiiciallighting and give a less oppressive eel to theplaying area. I natural light does penetrate theinterior o the green it must do so rom above.Vertical or V-proile bales should be itted toprevent glare. Natural lighting can improve the hallsatmosphere but suitable systems are expensive.

Sunlight must not all directly onto the bowlsplaying surace.


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2 See ECB Facility Bries and Guidance Notes, TS2 CricketSpecific Indoor Centres and TS3 Indoor Sports Halls withCricket Provision.

Indoor cricket

The Sport England Sports Data Sheets on IndoorCricket give inormation on the integration o cricketinto the acilities in a multi-purpose sports hall.

Cricket can take place indoors as both an indoorgame and as a training activity within a netted area.Both require high levels o lighting so that players,coaches and spectators can saely ollow theplayers actions and the rapid movement o the ball.

The cricket ball can reach very high speeds andrequires quick player reactions at close quarters.All phases o play need to be seen clearly: the runup, the movement o the bowlers arm and thedelivery o the ball need to be seen by the batsman;the bowler and ielders need a clear view o thewicket, batsman and the light o the ball.

CIBSE LG4 and BS EN 12193:2007 recommenddierent levels o lighting or indoor cricket and orcricket nets but the England and Wales CricketBoard(ECB) makes no distinction between lightingrequirements or practice nets and play2. This relectsthe potential or indoor sports spaces to be usedlexibly or a range o training and game activities inaddition to the more traditional cricket net ormat.The CIBSE Guide and the BS ENrecommend levelso lighting or Class II and III indoor cricket which theECB considers unacceptable.

Design illumination Design uniormity

Low-level Club / Local Club 750 lux average Emin / Eave = 0.8

Mid-Level Competition / Regional Club level 1000 lux average Emin / Eave = 0.8

Top-Level Competition / International / National level 1500 lux average Emin / Eave = 0.8

Examples o cricket schools with even levels o lighting with minimum glare and no shadows

The ECB requirements are related to the levels oplay in the table below. These dier rom theClasses deined in the CIBSE LG4 Guide and theBS EN.

There is also a strong preerence or the use onatural daylight in sports halls used or cricket andwith this approach, careul shading andcoordination with the playing areas is required toensure an even distribution o light and theavoidance o all direct sunlight.

The artiicial lighting should also reproduce daylightconditions as ar as possible. This is oten achievedwith multiple luorescent light ittings mounted athigh level. The light ittings can either run parallel

on either side o the wicket and in line with thedirection o play, or be mounted transversely withscreening to avoid the batsmans line o sight. Glarecan be controlled with the use o lamps withdiusers that give a low glare rating and by the useo a light coloured ceiling that reduces the contrast.

Careul coordination o the locations o the lighting,heating system, net tracks and the wicket will benecessary to avoid shadows and achieve uniormityo light distribution.

The recommended relectance o the walls andceiling is 70%.


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Lighting should help to create an attractive ambience

Fitness centres

The Sport England Design Guidance Note Fitnessand Exercise Spaces provides inormation on theoverall design and layout o itness centres. Adviceon the use and control o natural lighting isincluded.

Fitness centre users must be able to concentrateon their training in saety without distraction romthe lighting installation.

The ambient lighting level should be adequate orthe saety o the users. Good artiicial lightingdesign can also enhance the visual appearanceand appeal o the space and create an attractiveenvironment.

The recommended illuminance is between 200 -300 lux with a recommended uniormity ratio o0.8. The Sport England Design Guidance NoteFitness and Exercise Spaces discusses thedierent requirements or the various types ospaces within itness centres.

BS EN 12193:2007includes recommendations orGymnastics (see Appendix 3):

Light ittings should be careully located toavoid direct glare, particularly when theexercise requires the use o equipment in ahorizontal position. Many attractive itnessspaces make good use o natural lighting andexternal views.

Exercise areas should be brightly lit with noharsh direct lights such as spot lamps shiningin users aces. Lighting design should takeaccount o any mirrored suraces.

Dimmer switches may be useul or yoga,antenatal and relaxation classes. Some clubsmay require more sophisticated lightingsystems (e.g. colours or strobes linked tomusic) or certain classes, demonstrations,competitions and social events. The use oselective controls or dimming can be eectivein helping to create the desired ambience andcan also help to reduce running costs whendaylight is available.

Lighting controls should be accessible to staonly. Basement spaces, where no natural lightis available and where ceilings are oten low,can require particularly careul lighting design.


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Minimum illumination standards

Maintained average

illuminance within

the PPA3

Lux 600

Uniormity o

illuminance

(Emin/ Eave)

0.7

Maintained average

illuminance within

the TPA3

Lux 500

Uniormity o

illuminance

(Emin/ Eave)

0.6

Minimum colour

temperature 3min 3,600 k

Minimum height o

luminaires

6.5 m located outside

the PPA

Lighting levels or indoor tennis

3 See Appendix 1 or deinitions.

Indoor Tennis

Artiicial lighting is an important element in thecreation o indoor tennis acilities that are attractiveto users o all ages and abilities.

A good level o illumination and contrastingbackground colours are required so players,coaches and spectators can ollow the light o theball. The relectance values o the loor and wallinishes should be ully co-ordinated into thedesign and the selection o the lighting system.

Luminaires should be arranged so that they are notwithin the clear height zone o the court, above theield o play or within players normal sight-lines.This also applies to any natural lighting and usuallyinvolves placing the luminaires and roolightsabove the spaces on each side o or betweencourts. Care should be taken to avoid glarecaused by the location o ittings and / or thecontrast between light sources and the suraces

o the hall. Protection o the ittings rom damagemust be provided by the application o permanentproprietary guards or louvres in accordance withthe manuacturers recommendations. In additionto satisying the undamental requirements ounction, saety and economy, the design mustminimise uture maintenance needs and runningcosts (see Section 5 Lighting Cost of Ownership).

The operating switches or the lights should belocated centrally, at the Centres reception orinstance, so that the lights on each court can beswitched on and o as required.

The igures below provide the perormancestandards that are required. These are set court

by court and are measured when the courts areindividually lit.

A good level of illuminationand contrasting backgroundcolours are required so

players, coaches andspectators can follow theflight of the ball.

For further information, referto the LTA web site: www.lta.org.uk/


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Critical minimum angle 50 with water

surface to avoid glare / reections

Light reected from the water surface can

be a safety issue for pool side supervision

Screening to avoid a

reected view of the

sun or a bright sky

For a swimming pool, the ield o play should include lighting to the underwater volume

4 International Commission o Lighting (CIE) 62: 1984Technical Report: Lighting for Swimming Pools

Swimming pools

Introduction

The Sport England Design Guidance NoteSwimming Pools gives details on all aspects oswimming pool design.

The recommended levels o illuminance orswimming pools are 300 lux or most activities and500 lux or competition. For international events,FINA require 600 lux at the start and turn ends o thepool, while or Olympic swimming events therequirement is or 1500 lux over the entire pool.

Design aspects

There are a number o speciic design aspects tobe considered or pools including:

Relectance and glare

Luminaire types

Access or maintenance

Direct lighting

Indirect lighting.

Lighting, whether artiicial or natural, must minimiseglare and relections rom the surace o the pool.HSG 179 guidance stresses the importance olieguards having good visibility beneath the water

and suggests minimum numbers o lieguards beingon duty or programmed and un-programmedswimming sessions.

Light rom directly above the pool surround shouldcause no problems i the angle o incidence to thewater surace is high and there are high levels olight relectance rom the internal walls and loorsuraces o the pool basin 4. Problems generallyoccur when the luminaires or windows are locatedin the side walls, such that the angle o incidencecauses problems or attendants and spectators.When the angle o incidence is low and combinedwith wave action on the water, the relection

patterns on the water surace can make it

impossible or lieguards to see swimmers belowthe water surace who might be in diiculty. Thiswill depend upon the geometry o the pool hall andthe location o glazing and should be consideredat an early design stage. See Sport EnglandDesign Guidance Note Swimming Pools oroptions or controlling specular glare.

Light ittings

Light ittings must be located and angled to avoidglare or relection, rom the points o view both obathers in the water and o sta on the poolsurrounds.

The selection o the type o luminaire is important.

Indirect lighting is preerable, to avoid specularrelection.

Lights require regular maintenance and ensuringan easy and sae means o access to ittingsshould be a priority, particularly i they are locatedover the pool (see Construction Design &Management Regulations 1994).

Consider the position o light ittings in relation to therouting o air-handling ductwork and other servicesso that light distribution is not adversely aected.

The emergency lighting system should ideally bea maintained system. This is a battery-operated

system capable o maintaining sae levels oillumination in the event o ailure o the mainelectricity supply.

Underwater lighting

Underwater lighting can reduce the eect o veilingrelections on the pool surace and improve thegeneral evenness o illumination below the suraceo the water. This can increase pool saety and helpcoaches to study the technique o swimmers.

There are two basic types o underwater lighting;dry niche and wet niche. Dry niches containluminaires behind watertight portholes and wet

niches are recessed into the walls o the pool.


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Materials and corrosion

Corrosion o materials can be a major problemwhen they are located in the humid atmosphere oa swimming pool hall.

Experience has shown that all metals, includingstainless steel and aluminium, need high qualityprotection and eective maintenance to avoidcorrosion. This can be provided by the application

o a paint system, or in the case o aluminium, theprovision o deep anodising. A great deal oattention should be paid to all parts o theinstallation including cable trays, trunking, conduit,bracketing and ixings. Contact between dissimilarmetals in a humid atmosphere can lead to veryrapid corrosion.

It is recommended that luminaires should beconstructed to a minimum standard o IP54.

Uplighter type luminaires positioned over the pool surround and relecting rom the roo soit to give an even level olighting across the pool hall and the underwater volume. A raised lieguard chair is provided to give an enhanced viewover the water area.


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The potential for anadditional 1000 - 1500hours of use everyyear with floodlighting.

See CIBSE LightingGuide LG4.

4.0 Outdoor Sports Lighting

Floodlighting

Floodlighting used to be considered a specialisteature that was provided only or prestigioussporting events, but suitably scaled-downinstallations are now common in local communityacilities giving extended hours o play to a muchwider range o users.

Recent years have seen a rapid growth in thenumber o loodlit outdoor sports acilities.Outdoor sports lighting is now regularly seen at:

Artiicial grass pitches

Natural tur pitches


Tennis courts

Athletics tracks

Gol driving ranges

Dry ski slopes.

Outdoor sports lighting provides an important wayo extending the use and the overall value ooutdoor sports acilities. In the summer period,England enjoys long hours o daylight that give theopportunity to take part in sports and leisureactivities during the long summer evenings. Incontrast, the winter daylight can be as short as 7hours a day and can restrict opportunities or

outdoor sports to short periods during theweekends. In numerical terms, outdoor sportslighting can extend the playing hours by some1000 -1500 additional hours per annum and thiscan allow people to train or play evening matches7 days a week, all year round.

Feasibility

Beore deciding to install loodlights, it is importantthat the cost beneits o the lighting are considered.The increased use, lexibility and additional incomeshould be balanced against the initial capital costand thereater, the on-going energy costs, costs

o maintenance and the additional managementcosts necessary to maximise these beneits.

The ormulation o proiles o a typical weeks useduring the playing seasons, beore and ater theinstallation o loodlights, can help in thisassessment. Such proiles should include:

Club matches, training and coaching sessionsor all adult and junior teams

The likely casual use o the acility by otherclubs, teams and individuals - the sports orleisure department o the Local Authorityshould be able to help in this respect

Use by local educational establishments.

17

12

14 Hours +

Daylight

7

1st Jan 21st Jun 31st Dec

Hoursofdaylight


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Additional income

Increased use means greater potential togenerate additional income essential with thehigh capital cost o providing a MUGA or STP,although there will be increased wear and tearon the playing surace, reducing its service lie.

Usage options

A loodlit MUGA adjoining a sports hall canaccommodate activities such as ootball,netball and tennis, releasing more expensiveindoor space or other activities.

On the other side o the balance, there are several

disadvantages which are predominantly cost-related.These include:

Capital cost

Outdoor sports lighting schemes are generallyexpensive and require a high level o use tojustiy initial expenditure. Higher levels o usecan mean other additional expenditure onsuch things as increased car parking provisionand other inrastructure improvements, thecosts o which also need to be built in to anyassessment o inancial viability.

Energy costs

The on-going revenue costs o loodlights canbe a substantial inancial burden, particularlyor small sports clubs with limited inancialresources, and adequate provision must bemade to meet these (see Section 5).

Maintenance

All loodlights require regular cleaning andservicing to maintain illumination levels. Thiswork must be careully planned and can beexpensive and time consuming. Maintenanceconsiderations can be a determining actor in

the initial choice o a loodlight system (seeSection 5).

Management and supervision

The pressure to maximise a acilitys use tooset some o the costs above can havesigniicant additional management andsupervision implications. These can beparticularly onerous or small sports clubs withno ull time employees who rely on volunteersand club members to manage and maintain aacility.

Nuisance to neighbours

Floodlighting proposals are seldom welcomedby a sports clubs neighbours. There are

Comparing the beore and ater proiles canhelp to predict the likely levels o additional incomeand expenditure that providing loodlights willgenerate and will help clariy whether suchprovision is likely to be inancially viable.

It will also make clear whether there is a realisticprobability that additional sporting opportunitieswill be created. Such opportunities may arise rom:

Enabling the use o outdoor acilities all yearround by members o the local communitycurrently precluded e.g. those in ull-time

employment

Enabling the use o outdoor acilities all yearround or activities currently taking placeindoors, thus reeing up this space or otheractivities and user groups.

It may also be helpul to consult the LocalAuthoritys Sport and Recreation Strategyor theRegional Recreation Strategyand Sport EnglandsFacility Planning Model to ascertain whether aneed or loodlit sports acilities has been identiiedor the area.

Design Principles

The beneits o sports lighting include:

Increased use o acilities

Facilities with loodlighting can be used onwinter evenings, giving substantially higherusage rates than equivalent non-loodlitacilities and increasing choice and lexibilityo playing times or users.

Programming lexibility

Longer operating hours give acility managers

and users more reedom in programming andin initiating sports development programmes.


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Careful detailed designcan alleviate most

problems and should bebased on the followingprinciples:

Understanding thecharacteristics of theareas around the site

Use of appropriate levelsof illumination for aparticular sport(s)

Energy efficient designand operation /maintenance

Controlling spillage ontosurrounding areas

Considering the widervisibility from surroundingareas

Limiting the hours ofusage

Good commissioning andfuture maintenance.

Skate park loodlighting installation using tall columns

usually concerns over the potential night-timenuisance o light spillage and the visual impactin the daytime o the lighting structures.However, with careul design and properpresentation o the proposals, opposition canoten be mitigated.

Although planning authorities may have a generalpreerence or short columns as opposed to tallerones, there are good reasons or them to becorrectly proportioned to the size o the pitch tobe loodlit. For example, rom a user point o view,the lighting is likely to be more uniorm and therewill be ewer problems with glare.

From the point o view o neighbours, the maindisadvantage is the possibly increased daytimevisibility o the lighting columns. However, usingtall columns usually reduces the night-timevisibility o light sources and greatly reduces glare.All other things being equal, increasing columnheight can oten reduce overspill as well, thoughnot greatly.

A good loodlighting installation should be expectedto have only minimal overspill outside the pitchwhich is being lit. The intensity o the illuminationrom each loodlighting column should also belimited. The calculated source intensity o the worstcase loodlighting column rom a particularviewpoint, such as the window o the nearestneighbouring house, should also be checked toensure that guideline limits are not exceeded.

See the Institution o Lighting Proessionals (ILP)Guidance Notes for the Reduction of ObtrusiveLight GN01:2011 which can be downloaded romthe ILP website. ILP was ormerly known as theInstitution o Lighting Engineers (ILE):

http://www.theilp.org.uk/

https://www.theilp.org.uk/documents/obtrusive-light/

The design o outdoor sports lighting can rangerom relatively simple lighting columns aroundoutdoor pitches to more complex integrateddesigns or major sporting venues. The design oloodlighting is complex and best undertaken by aspecialist consultant or lighting manuacturer.Beore brieing either, however, there are issuesthat should be addressed by any potential client iabortive eort, time and ees are to be avoided.


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Useful light

Area to be lit

Safety zoneand circulation

Light diminisheswith distance

Light diminisheswith distance

Lightspillage

Light spillage

Safety zoneand circulation

Landscaping and orientation to

protect neighbouring areasAvoid luminaires that have an

upward lighting componentX

Diagram 1: Sectional view o light rom an individual column

Diagram 2: Sectional view o lighting viewed rom a distance 5

5 Limits of Floodlight Source Intensity(ILP Guidance Notesfor the Reduction of Obtrusive Light GN01: 2011 : Table 1).

The use o luminaries with double asymmetricbeams designed so that the ront glazing is keptat or near parallel to the surace being lit should, icorrectly aimed, help to keep obtrusive light to aminimum.

Mounting the luminaires high i.e. on tall columns,will help to direct the lighting down onto the pitch,although this must be balanced against the

increased daytime visibility o the installation.

Sports requirements

The sports catered or, along with the anticipatedlevel o play, will determine the loodlightingrequirements.

It should be noted that conlicting guidance mightsometimes be given by dierent organisations orpublications regarding the recommendedstandards o lighting or dierent sports. In suchinstances, reerence should be made to theappropriate NGB or the sport(s) concerned.

Where a acility is to be used or activities orwhich dierent lighting levels are needed, the

lighting must be installed to cater or the most

Well focused lighting will limit the

visible area of the oodlighting

Landscaping and contours can help

protect sensitive viewing points


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demanding set o lighting requirements. Oten itwill be possible to provide a reduced level olighting or the activities with lower lightingrequirements, by selective switching o the lights.Note that dimming o discharge lights i.e. in thiscontext, metal halide and high-pressure sodiumlights, is not possible; the lights are either on or o.

The overall system

Procurement o a sports lighting system will involvethe cooperation o a number o separatesub-disciplines to ensure that many dierentactors are taken into account:

Planning, landscaping, orientation and layout

The location o the pitch to give optimum useo available space and avoid sensitive planningissues.

Lighting

Choice o luminaire mounting height, locationand conigurations to achieve the requiredillumination on the playing area and avoid lightpollution.

Column

Structural stability o columns and oundations

to suit site conditions.

Electrical

Design o the electrical installation; cabling,power distribution, control and saety systems.

Maintenance

Selection o all components and thearrangement o the whole to allow cost eectivemaintenance and the replacement ocomponents at the end o their lie.

Foundations

Wind-down

column for

maintenance

Field of

play

Electrical

control

system

Electrical supply

Main elements in an outdoor sports lighting system

Site coniguration

It is important that appropriate analysis and easibilitywork is undertaken to establish the optimumconiguration o the site. The aim should be to

identiy all the issues that might inluence the overallproject. Issues must be identiied and considered atan early stage in the process. The Planning Authoritywill require evidence that the possible eects o theproposed lighting on the neighbours and thesurrounding landscape, whether rural or urban, havebeen considered and are acceptable. For example:

Neighbouring housing may raise concernsabout light shining into bedrooms or gardens

Nearby highways and roads can be aectedby lights

Visibility o loodlighting columns romsurrounding areas during the daytime.

Well-designed and properly installed loodlightingshould minimise light spillage, whilst landscapingand careul orientation and positioning o the pitchwithin the site can reduce the daytime visibility ocolumns.

Specialist help may well be appropriate to considersuch matters as:

A survey o the ambient night time lighting levelat key points around the site

I ambient lighting levels around the site arealready high, disturbance rom the proposedsports lighting will be less signiicant.


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However, the ILP Guidelines are or totalobtrusive light levels i.e. the sports lightingand other sources o light taken together.

The optimum orientation o the playing areas

Changes to the alignment or orientation o theloodlights with respect to roads can have aneect on road saety.

Critical distances rom the pitch to the siteboundary

Selecting the right location and orientation othe pitch within the site can help to minimiseany overspill or obtrusive eects o the lightson neighbours and surroundings.

The adequacy o the existing electricity supply

Clearly, the electrical supply must have thecapacity to power the proposed lights, as wellas the existing loading on the site (the lighting,possibly heating, rerigeration, cooking, airconditioning etc.). To know whether the supplyhas the capacity, the existing supply will needto be inspected; the existing loads will need tobe assessed and the requirements o theproposed lighting system added. I the supplycapacity is less than the total (with a margin

or saety and uture expansion), an upgradeto the power supply will be needed.

It is important to know this at an early stage inthe project as power supply upgrades can bevery expensive, and an appropriate inancialprovision will need to be in the project costs.

Subsoil conditions and oundations or columns

The design and dimensions o the concreteoundations or the lighting columns will needto be based on the soils and wind exposurecharacteristics o the particular site. The

chemical properties o the soils are alsoimportant, since they can aect the type ocement needed in the concrete. The mechanicalproperties o the soils are important, since theywill determine the dimensions o the oundation.

Consultation

The provision o loodlighting can be contentious,particularly i the sports area is adjacent toresidential areas or within a particularly sensitivelocation. Local consultation should be undertaken.Neighbours should be inormed o the lightingproposals at an early stage in the project, beore itis too late to make changes to address anyconcerns neighbours may have. Depending on the

scale o the lighting proposals, a public exhibitionmay sometimes be appropriate. In due course, thePlanning Authority will circulate the proposals to theneighbours, as part o the process o consideringthe application. It is preerable or the neighboursalready to have had a chance to have some inputin the preparation o the proposals, rather thanhearing o them or the irst time when the PlanningAuthority asks or their views.

The sports catered or may, rightly or wrongly, leadto assumptions regarding the user proile at theacility.

There is a perceived association betweenparticular sports, particular age groups and humanbehaviour. This leads to assumptions regardingthe noise and nuisance generated by outdoorsports and the additional noise and nuisance likelyto be generated, thereore, through increased useenabled by the provision o loodlights.

For the latter reason in particular, it is vital in aresidential area to involve local residents whenconsidering loodlighting provision. Throughconsultation and their involvement at an earlystage, addressing any concerns they might have,the planning process can be simpliied.

Even when housing is quite close to a loodlighting installation, with careul design and accurate aiming o the luminaires,nuisance through light spill and glare can be minimised


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Visual impact

Many Local Authorities have publishedclassiications or the night-time environment andlighting levels or particular sites. Some have setlimits on acceptable levels o obtrusive light, whileothers may reer to the ILP Guidance. HighwayAuthorities may also set limits on lighting spillageonto roads, or on the source intensity o the lights,seen rom the road. There are strict limits onlighting in aerodrome and airport runway approachcorridors as well.

The wider visibility o the pitch rom the surroundingareas should also be considered and screeningwith tree planting can help to protect particularly

sensitive view points.

The photograph below shows an example owell-controlled lighting that is directed onto thepitch and avoids light pollution into surroundingareas and into the night sky. However the eectcaused by a combination o relection rom thesurace and the illuminated space may be visiblerom some distance.

Specialist consultants or design / installationcompanies can produce environmental impactstudies that include contour plans and sections toshow the extent o the area around the pitch whichwould be aected by light spillage. These arehelpul or initial easibility studies and decisions

about the optimum location o a pitch on the siteand are likely to be required to support applicationsor statutory consents.

Since the Wildlife & Countryside Act (1981) makesit illegal to kill, injure, capture or disturb bats, someauthorities will require a study o the likely eectso the proposed lighting on bats. This may requiremonitoring the site or the presence o bats over aperiod o several evenings. Opinions vary as to thedegree o the eect o artiicial lighting on bats, butmost authorities agree that they are detrimental.Care must be taken to minimise the eects, byavoiding lighting the corridors - usually hedgerowsor lines o trees - along which bats commute intheir search or ood.

Obtrusive light

The ILP Guidance Note GN01 deals with the

problem o obtrusive light at length.

The avoidance o obtrusive light rom poorlydesigned or badly maintained outdoor sportslighting is important or a number o reasons.

It represents wasted energy that will eectoverall sustainability

Remember that every lumen emitted by thelights must be paid or. It is in the pitch ownersinterests to make sure that as much o the lightas possible alls on the area where it is wanted.

It has the potential to cause a nuisance to

surrounding areas

Unwanted light can be an intrusion into theneighbours properties and lives. None o uswelcome uninvited disturbance.

It can damage the night environment throughglare, sky luminance and site aura

Introducing loodlighting into the darknesso the night can lead to spillage omisdirected light into areas or volumes otherthan those where it is needed, changing thenatural state o the night-time environment.

This can be a nuisance to people and canseriously impact on nocturnal wildlie. Glarecan be minimised by careul design o thelighting installation. When properly aimed,modern double-asymmetric loodlights shouldnot emit any light above the horizontal plane.

Sky aura, meaning the glow which appearsabove a lit pitch when it is viewed rom adistance at night, results rom a combinationo the relectance o the pitch surace and lightscattering by dust or moisture in the air abovethe pitch. As such, it is a consequence oactors other than the lighting itsel and is

largely unavoidable.

Well directed lighting onto the pitch avoids light pollutioninto surrounding areas and into the night sky.


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I.L.P. Guidance Note GN.01 Reduction o Obtrusive Light (2011): Table 1 - Environmental Zones

Zone Surrounding Lighting Environment Examples

E0 Protected Dark UNESCO Starlight Reserves, IDA Dark Sky Parks

E1 Natural Intrinsically darkNational Parks, Areas o Outstanding NaturalBeauty etc.

E2 Rural Low district brightness Village or relatively dark outer suburban locations

E3 SuburbanMedium district

brightnessSmall town centres or suburban locations

E4 Urban High district brightnessTown / city centres with high levels o night-timeactivity

I.L.P. Guidance Note GN.01 Reduction o Obtrusive Light (2011)

Environmentalzone

Sky GlowULR

(Max %) 1

Light Intrusion

(into windows)

Ev (lux) 2

Luminaire Intensity

I (candelas) 3

BuildingLuminance

Pre-curew 4

Pre-curew Post-curew Pre-curew Post-curew Average, L (cd/m2)

E0 0 0 0 0 0 0

E1 0 2 0 (1*) 0 0 0

E2 2.5 5 1 2,500 500 5

E3 5.0 10 2 7,500 1000 10

E4 15.0 25 5 25,000 2,500 25

Key / Notes:

ULR Upward Light Ratio of the Installation is the maximum permitted percentage of luminaire flux thatgoes directly into the sky.

Ev Vertical Illuminance in Lux - measured flat on the glazing at the centre of the window.

I Light Intensity in Candelas (cd)

L Luminance in Candelas per square metre (cd/m2)

Curew The time after which stricter requirements (for the control of obtrusive light) will apply; often acondition of use of lighting applied by the local planning authority. If not otherwise stated - 23:00hrs

is suggested.

* Permitted only from Public road lighting installations

1

Upward Light Ratio Some lighting schemes will require the deliberate and careful use of upwardlight, e.g. ground recessed luminaires, ground mounted floodlights, festive lighting, to which these

limits cannot apply. However, care should always be taken to minimise any upward waste light by theproper application of suitably directional luminaires and light controlling attachments.

2 Light Intrusion (into windows) These values are suggested maxima and need to take account ofexisting light intrusion at the point of measurement. In the case of road lighting on public highways

where building facades are adjacent to the lit highway, these levels may not be obtainable. In suchcases where a specific complaint has been received, the Highway Authority should endeavour to

reduce the light intrusion into the window down to the post curfew value by fitting a shield, replacingthe luminaire, or by varying the lighting level.

3 Luminaire Intensity This applies to each luminaire in the potentially obtrusive direction, outside ofthe area being lit. The figures given are for general guidance only and for some sports lighting

applications with limited mounting heights, may be difficult to achieve.

4

Building Luminance This should be limited to avoid over lighting, and related to the general districtbrightness. In this reference building luminance is applicable to buildings directly illuminated as anight-time feature as against the illumination of a building caused by spill light from adjacent luminaires

or luminaires fixed to the building but used to light an adjacent area.


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Local site issues

Local issues need to be actored into the overalldesign and are likely to be important in theplanning application. Early liaison should takeplace with the Local Planning Authority tounderstand their policies and strategies relating tothe night-time environment. These may include:

Use o recognised standards

A lighting designation or the particular site 6

Sustainability

Existing ambient luminance in the area

Control o light spillage

Promoting a standard design method 7.

Planning Authorities are likely to reer to theInstitution o Lighting Proessionals (ILP) GuidanceNotes when deciding on the standards that areappropriate or the limitation o obtrusive lighting.

Example o a lighting overspill diagram likely to be required by planning authorities showing the spread o light around the pitch

Planning Authorities need to be satisied that anyproposed sports lighting installation has beendesigned with all possible steps taken to protectthe interests and amenity o users and neighbours.Lighting overspill diagrams, showing the spread olight around the pitch are likely to be required - seediagram below. These can include OS mappingdata, to relate the proposed lights to surroundingbuildings and roads.

The brie or a loodlighting project should becareully considered and the design, installationand commissioning should involve appropriatelyskilled proessionals. Each site will have its owncharacteristics and sensitivities and early surveysshould be undertaken to establish:

The surrounding night time environment

Critical viewpoints.

6 BS EN 12193:2007gives maximum permitted levels o obtrusive light or various environmental zones (ranging rom E1 =National Parks and protected area to E4 = town centres and commercial areas).

7 See table or standard design method based on CIE 150.

Crown copyright and database rights 2012 Ordnance Survey licence number 100033111


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Tennis

Beneits o outdoor sports lighting or tennis

As with many other outdoor sports, lighting givesthe opportunity to play tennis or an increasedamount o time through the year and encourageand support participation, coaching anddevelopment or all levels o play. See page 25 orDesign principles section.

Playing time available

Taking bad weather into account, an all-weathercourt in the South East o England is available orabout 2,500 hours o daylight playing time per year.Lighting increases playing time by about 40%, or

1000 hours. Clubs with lighting have an enormousadvantage over those without lighting, attractingcoaches, more players, extending playing timesand providing increased revenue rom court eesduring the winter months.

These same beneits will also accrue to loodlitcourt providers in all other sectors e.g. schools,colleges and Local Authority sports centres. Theproblem is that, o the estimated 30,000 courtsavailable to tennis players in Great Britain, lessthan 1.5% are loodlit.

Tennis venues with court loodlighting are able to

attract and retain coaches o the highest standardsince they are able to carry out their work or agreater proportion o the year, enabling them toearn a decent living and giving them an incentiveto develop their proessional skills. As a result, alltheir players will beneit, but there are even greaterbeneits or talented players with their sights oncompetition and success.

Full time coaches based at centres with loodlitcourts are also able to promote and to carry outdevelopment activities in order to introducenewcomers to tennis, particularly women andthose rom social groups who might not previously

have been attracted to the game.

Lighting requirements

The ollowing lighting levels or artiicial lighting withinthe prescribed areas are recommended by the LawnTennis Association (LTA) or dierent standards oplay. Illuminance is measured at the playing surace.The standards apply on a court-by-court basis,irrespective o the control switching arrangements.However, it must be stressed that the lighting levelsare recommended igures and that individualrequirements may vary.

Standard Minimum Recommended

Maintained average

illuminance on PPA 400 lux 500 lux

Maintained average

illuminance on TPA300 lux 400 lux

Uniormity o

illuminance on PPA

(Emin/ Eave)

0.7 0.7

Uniormity within

TPA Emin/ Eave0.6 0.6

Lighting levels or tennis

The uniormity o the lighting across the ield o playis an important actor and should be identiied in thedesign brie. Greater uniormity will generally beachieved by systems using taller columns and / or alarger number o light sources.


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Athletics

In considering lighting or athletics, events can bedivided into two groups. These are:

Those events which take place essentially atground level track events, horizontal jumpsand shot putt

Those events which involve the spacesigniicantly above ground level - throwingevents (except shot) and vertical jumps.

For events in the irst group, it is suicient toconsider horizontal illuminance at ground level.

For events in the second group, the ull volumewithin which the event takes place must beconsidered or instance, the maximum height othe light o the javelin or hammer and themaximum height o the pole vault bar.

In most cases the stadium or indoor arena will belit to a standard where the requirements o bothgroups o events are met simultaneously. (Seesections 5.0 & 6.0 o CIBSE Lighting Guide 4).

Level o play Horizontal Illuminance Colour renderingindex

Glare rating

Outdoor Athletics

Eave lux Emin/ Eave

International / Premier 500 0.7 > 80 > 50

Club 200 0.7 > 65 > 50

Community 100 0.5 > 20 > 50

Notes

Glare should be controlled by careul positioning o luminaries, e.g. over the pole vault area.

The vertical illuminance at the inishing line should be at least 1000 lux or photo inish equipment.

For outdoor tracks (community level o play), the level o horizontal illuminance can be reduced to 50 lux orjogging (see Section 5.0 o CIBSE LG4, Stadia - large and small).

Proper lighting o the ull volume required orevents in the second group is a very importantsaety consideration. It is essential or the hammerand javelin and discus to be visible throughouttheir light. High jumpers and pole vaulters mustbe able to see the bar. Note that it can be veryexpensive to light the volume above an athleticstrack. For an outdoor track which is not enclosedby a stadium, lighting this volume withoutproducing overspill light and without creating glareor distant observers may be very diicult. I, orwhatever reason, it is not practicable to light theentire volume or a given event, that event shouldnot take place under lights.

The Table below gives a partial summary o therecommendations o the International Associationof Athletics Federations (IAAF), as published in theTrack and Field Facilities Manual 2008 Edition. Fortelevised events, dierent standards will apply.


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A community MUGA may well stand unused ormuch o the day, when children are at school andthe employed are at work, and be usedpredominantly in the evenings and at weekends.Without lighting, the use which is possible in winteris severely restricted.

Lighting on a MUGA must always cater or theactivity which has the most demandingrequirements. For instance, a MUGA which ismarked out or both Netball and Footbal

artificial sports lighting design guide 2012 - 051112

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