artificial intelligence lec 1

8/6/2019 Artificial Intelligence Lec 1

1/31

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:

UNLOCKING THE NEXT

GENERATION COMPUTING


2/31

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

fThe branch of computer science concerned

with making computers behave or think like

humans.


3/31

HISTORY OF AI

f In 1956 John McCarthy regarded as the father of AI,

organized a conference to draw the talent and expertise of

others interested in machine intelligence for a month of

brainstorming. The Dartmouth AI Conference broughtabout those involved in research in AI: John McCarthy

(Dartmouth), Marvin Minsky (Harvard), Nathaniel

Rochester (IBM), and Claude Shannon (Bell Telephone Lab)

brought together researches in computers, natural language

processing, and neuron nets to Dartmouth College.


4/31

HISTORY OF AI

fIn 1956, John McCarthy designed LISP, the

first AI programming language.

fIn 1962, Tim Hart and Mike Levinimplemented the first LISP compiler at MIT

in 1962 for the IBM 704.


5/31

CURRENT SCENARIO IN AI

fCurrently, no computers exhibit full artificial

intelligence ; that is, are able to simulate human

behavior.

fThe greatest advances have occurred in the field ofgames playing. The best computer chess programs are

now capable of beating humans. In May, 1997, an IBM

super-computer called Deep Blue defeated world chess

champion Gary Kasparov in a chess match.


6/31


fIn the area of robotics, computers are now widely

used in assembly plants, but they are capable only

of very limited tasks.

fCurrently, robots have great difficulty identifying

objects based on appearance or feel, and they still

move and handle objects clumsily.


7/31


fIn the early 1980s, expert systems were believed to

represent the future of artificial intelligence and of

computers in general.

fTo date, however, they have not lived up to

expectations. Many expert systems help human

experts in such fields as medicine and engineering,

but they are very expensive to produce and are

helpful only in special situations.


8/31


fToday, the hottest area of artificial intelligence is

neural networks, which are proving success in a

number of disciplines such as voice recognition and

natural-language processing.


9/31

MAJOR AREAS OF AI

CognitiveScience

Expert Systems

Learning Systems Fuzzy Logic

GeneticAlgorithms

NeuralNetworks

Intelligent Agents

Robotics

Visual Perception

Tactility Dexterity

Locomotion

Navigation

NaturalInterface

Natural

Languages SpeechRecognition

MultisensoryInterfaces

Virtual Reality


10/31

COGNITIVE SCIENCE


11/31

COGNITIVE SCIENCE

fArea of AI based on research in biology,

neurology, psychology, mathematics, and

allied disciplines.

fFocus on how the human brain works and

how humans think and learn.


12/31

EXPERT SYSTEM (ES)

fProvide decision support to end users in the

form of advice from an expert consultant in

a specific problem area.fOne of the most practical and widely

implemented applications of artificial

intelligence in business.


13/31

APPLICATION OF EXPERT SYSTEMS

fDecision Management

fLoan portfolio analysis

fEmployee performance evaluation

fInsurance underwriting

fDemographic forecasts


14/31


fDiagnostic/Troubleshooting

fHelp desk operations

fSoftware debugging

fMedical diagnosis


15/31


fMaintenance/scheduling

fMaintenance schedule

fProduction scheduling

fEducation scheduling

fProject management


16/31

BENEFITS OF EXPERT SYSTEMS

fFaster and more consistent

fHave the knowledge of several experts

fDoes not get tired or distracted byoverwork or stress

fPreserve and reproduce the knowledge of

experts


17/31

LIMITATIONS OF EXPERT SYSTEMS

fLimited focus

fInability to learn

fDifficult and costly to develop and maintain

properly


18/31

ROBOTICS


19/31

ROBOTICS

fThe science and technology of robots, their

design, manufacture, and application


20/31

TYPES OF ROBOT

fIndustrial Robot

fDomestic Robot

fHumanoid


21/31

APPLICATION OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOT

fCar production

fPackaging

fElectronics


22/31

APPLICATION OF DOMESTIC ROBOT

fAutomated fruit harvesting

fIn the home

fElder care


23/31

CAPABILITY OF A ROBOT

fPowers of sight, or visual perception

fTactile capabilities, or touch

f

Dexterity, or skill in handling andmanipulation

fLocomotion, or the physical ability to move

fNavigation, or the intelligence to properly

find ones way to a destination


24/31

NATURAL INTERFACE


25/31

NATURAL INTERFACE

fConcern with the development of computer

interaction method that emulate that way

human interact with each other.

fEssential to the natural use of computers by

humans.


26/31

NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING (NLP)

fA sub-area of artificial intelligence

concerned with the interactions between

computers and human (natural) language.fMany problems within NLP apply to both

generation and understanding of human

language.


27/31

MAJOR APPLICATION OF NLP

fNatural Language understanding

fOptical character recognition

fSpeech recognition

fText-to-speech

fText simplification

fText proofing

fForeign language reading aid


28/31

SPEECH RECOGNITION

fThe process of converting an acoustic signal,

captured by a microphone or a telephone, to

a set of words.

fThe recognized words can be the final

results, as for applications such as commands

& control, data entry, and document

preparation.


29/31

APPLICATION OF SPEECH RECOGNITION

fVoice Dialing

fAppliance Control

fSimple Data Entry

fSpeech-to-Text processing


30/31

VIRTUAL REALITY

fComputer simulated reality

which allows us to interact

with computer-simulatedobjects, entities, and

environments as if they

actually exists.


31/31

VIRTUAL REALITY APPLICATION

f Scientific Experimentation

f Flight simulation

f Product demonstration

f Employee training

f Entertainment

f Computer-aided design

f Medical diagnostics and treatment

artificial intelligence lec 1

Documents