articles of confederation · articles of confederation •during the revolutionary war and the 2nd...
TRANSCRIPT
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Articles of Confederation
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Do Now
• How is power divided in our country today?
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SWBAT • Analyze government problems under
the Articles of Confederation
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Activity
• Review the “Articles of Confederation” chart and answer questions on your own
• With a partner read each case study and complete each question
• We will discuss your responses as a class
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Articles of Confederation
• During the Revolutionary War and the 2nd Continental Congress, the first constitution was drafted Articles of Confederation
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Food for Thought
• What weaknesses can you identify in the Articles of Confederation?
• If you could change the Articles of Confederation to make the national government stronger, what changes would you make?
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Weaknesses 1. 1 vote per state regardless of size 2. Congress couldn’t collect or levy taxes 3. Congress powerless to regulate foreign trade & interstate commerce 4. No executive to enforce laws 5. No national court system to interpret laws 6. Could only amend with consent of all states 7. 9/13 majority required to pass laws
“a firm league of friendship”, nothing more…
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Weaknesses • Therefore: Articles
of Confederation were only an alliance—they did not give Congress any real power to govern
• Why????
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Wrap Up
• What was the structure of the new government under the Articles of Confederation?
• Why did the national government under the articles face bankruptcy?
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Homework
• Read History Might Not Have Happened This Way
• Answer questions on a separate piece of paper
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Opposition to the Articles
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SWBAT
• Explain the significance of Shay’s Rebellion
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Articles of Confederation
• Written in 1777 (not approved until 1781)- a set of laws adopted by Congress to govern the U.S.
• Provided a limited (weak) national government - states had most power
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Terms to Know • Confederation – an alliance of states
formed to coordinate their defense and relations with foreign governments
• Congress – gathering of representatives from 13 states who met to conduct business
- combined the functions of executive and legislative branches
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Opposition to the Articles
1. Wealthy people feared it gave too much power to the people
2. Created debt problems (states created economic chaos because printing too much $$$)
3. States began to tax each other which led to disputes between states
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Opposition to the Articles
• By early 1780’s—wealthy elitists began to call for a stronger, national government to confine the behavior of the states
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Nationalists • Worked to make National Government
stronger
• Military Officers, Congressmen, Merchants, Planters, and Lawyers
• Feared U.S would not get respect abroad
• 1783- 1789: “The Critical Period”
- Why do you think this period was given this term?
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Shay’s Rebellion
Shays Rebellion - 1786
• Cause: MA raised its taxes, farmers couldn’t pay, attacked tax collectors they lost their land to the bank
• Daniel Shay led a revolt of farmers against the state of Massachusetts
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Shay’s Rebellion
• Neither the state nor the national government (Congress) had $ or an Army to stop it
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Shay’s Rebellion • Result of Rebellion: - Example of what would happen if we
continued to use the Articles of Confederation
- People defy the government when the government goes against peoples’ wishes - Americans would sacrifice social order for individual freedoms - Leaders were urged by the event to go to
Philadelphia to write a new constitution
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Constitutional Convention • Held in Philadelphia – 1787
• 55 delegates attended (James Madison, Ben Franklin, George Washington, and Alexander Hamilton)
• Not there: Thomas Jefferson and John Adams (out of the country- diplomats in Europe); women, Native Americans, African Americans, and poor white men
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• Independence Hall- Declaration of Independence, Continental Congress, Constitutional Convention, the Constitution
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Constitutional Convention • Goal: To amend the Articles
• What really happened:
- Decided to write a new constitution
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Task • Read, “The Constitution & the Idea of
Compromise” and review questions with a partner
• Crash Course: The Articles, The Constitution (8 min)
• America Gets a Constitution
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Discussion
• Would a dictatorship-the very government Washington was afraid of creating-be able to solve the problems of the United States today more easily than a democracy? Explain.
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Constitutional Convention
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Constitutional Convention • Group Activity:
- Class will be divided into two groups
1. Small States
2. Large States
- Read the Plan for the new Constitution that your group has come up with and
complete the questions as a group
- What are the major differences between the groups?
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SWBAT
• Describe compromises made during the Constitutional Convention
• Do Now: Why didn’t all states agree on a structure for the new Constitution?
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Constitutional Convention Virginia Plan
• Bicameral Legislature
• State representation depended on population
• Favored Large States
New Jersey Plan • Unicameral
Legislature
• Equal representation for all states
• Favored Small States
VS.
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Great Compromise aka Connecticut Plan
• Issue of representation was solved
• Known as the Great Compromise
• Created Congress as we know it today!
• A bicameral legislature
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Congress
Senate
• Upper House
• Each state gets 2 representatives
House of Representatives • Lower House
• # of representatives based on population of state
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Three-Fifths Compromise
• Debate over slavery and power
• Who would want slaves to be counted in the population for representation reasons?
• Southern States
• Didn’t want slaves counted when it came to taxes though!
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Three-Fifths Compromise • Northern States objected claimed if slaves could not vote, they should
not be counted in the population • Result: For every 5 enslaved people, 3
would be counted for representation and taxes
• Predict what would have happened if opponents of slavery at the Constitutional Convention had insisted on abolition?
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Fugitive Slave Clause
• Applied to fugitive slaves who ran away from their slave owner
• The law required the slave be returned to their enslaver
• However, the law did not provide a way to carry out this plan
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Activity!
• Review the Federalist and Anti-Federalist Arguments with a partner.
• Summarize the 6 arguments made by each side in the right-hand column.
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The Great Debate Federalists
• Strong national government
• Bill of Rights unnecessary
• Gov’ts power limited by Constitution
Anti-Federalists • Weak national
government
• Bill of Rights necessary
• Felt gov would abuse it’s power and President King
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The Great Debate Federalists
• G. Washington, J. Madison, A. Hamilton, John Jay, John Adams
• Feared people more than government
• Better organized
Anti-Federalists • Patrick Henry, George
Mason, Thomas Jefferson
• Felt Constitution was a betrayal of the Revolution
• Feared government more than people
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The Great Debate
• Federalists favored ratification of the new constitution
• Anti-federalists opposed ratification
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The Great Debate
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The Great Debate • 9 states ratified the Constitution by
1788
• Virginia & New York were not included in those 9
• Success of the new government depended on ratification by NY & VA
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Wrap Up
• What are some reasons the Federalists had more support than the Antifederalists?
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Regents Review
• Complete the Regents Questions for a quick review
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Ratifying the Constitution
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SWBAT
• Explain Madison’s arguments in Federalist 51
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Do Now
• What compromises were made to appease delegates at the Constitutional Convention?
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Federalist Papers • The Federalist Papers were:
- A series of 85 essays written anonymously, and published in a New York newspaper
- GOAL: to convince New Yorkers of the need to ratify the Constitution
- Written by: Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, & John Jay
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Wordle
• Federalist 51
• Task: Analyze the Wordle for Federalist 51 and predict: What do you think Madison will write about in this essay?
• Think-Pair-Share
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Federalist Papers
• Read the summary of Federalist 51 and answer reflective questions with a partner
• We’ll discuss as a class
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Federalist Papers • FEDERALIST No. 51
• The structure of the government must provide the proper checks & balances between the different departments
• FEDERALIST No. 78
• The Judiciary Department
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Write a Letter
• You are a passionate Federalist, campaigning for New York to ratify the new Constitution
• Write a letter to your neighbors in support of ratification, urging them to campaign with you and why
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Bill of Rights
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Do Now
• What was the major compromise to achieve ratification of the Constitution?
• THE BILL OF RIGHTS!
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Bill of Rights Activity!
• Using “The Bill of Rights- Plain and Simple”, respond to the questions on your Bill of Rights Activity sheet with a partner.
• We will review and discuss as a class.
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Bill of Rights Summary
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SWBAT
• Explain the Bill of Rights in their own words.
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Bill of Rights • Guarantees basic rights of the people
against the power of the federal government
• Analyze the Bill of Rights. Put them into your own words & come up with an example of where we “see” this in society today.
• Review the first four amendments of the Bill of Rights & rank in order of importance to you:
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Bill of Rights • 1st Amendment: Freedom of religion, speech,
press, to assemble peacefully, & to petition the government
• 2nd Amendment: Right to bear arms
• 3rd Amendment: Government may not require people to house soldiers during peacetime
• 4th Amendment: Protects people from unreasonable searches & seizures; warrants can be issued only if there is probable cause
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Bill of Rights • 5th Amendment: If accused of a crime, right to
be formally accused in court; not to be tried twice for the same crime after acquittal or conviction (double jeopardy); not to be forced to give evidence against yourself; to receive a fair trial; receive fair compensation if gov. takes private property for public purpose
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Bill of Rights • 6th Amendment: If accused of a crime,
right to be told of charges; receive speedy & public trial with impartial jury; face prosecution witness; have a lawyer; witness to testify on your behalf
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Bill of Rights • 7th Amendment: Right to a jury trial
• 8th Amendment: Prohibits excessive bail & cruel and unusual punishment
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Bill of Rights • 9th Amendment: Rights not mentioned in
the Constitution belong to the people
• 10th Amendment: Powers not delegated to the national government are reserved to the states or people (aka Federalism)
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Bill of Rights Case Studies
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SWBAT • Apply the Bill of
Rights to case studies
• ACTIVITY:
Bill of Rights Review!
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3 Branches of Government
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Do Now
• How did the Bill of Rights satisfy the Anti-Federalist argument?
• It provided for the protection of individual’s rights
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Due Process • The Due Process Clause in the 5th
Amendment & the Right to an Attorney in the 6th Amendment ensure fair treatment for people accused of a crime
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Cartoon Analysis
• What’s the meaning of this cartoon?
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US Constitution: • Popular Sovereignty- source of
authority to govern is the people
democracy
• Limited Government- governmental power is defined & limited by the law
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US Constitution: • Separation of Powers- power to govern
is divided: legislative, executive, judicial no branch is more powerful than another!
• Flexibility- The US Constitution is a “living document”
- continuously interpreted & able to change
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Separation of Powers
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3 Branches to Government • LEGISLATIVE (Congress): Makes Laws
1. Overrides presidential vetoes
2. Approves presidential appointments
3. Approves/ratifies treaties
4. Collects taxes to provide services
5. Declares war & provides defense
6. Regulates & coins money & trade
7. Impeaches officials
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3 Branches to Government • EXECUTIVE (President): Enforces Laws &
Treaties 1. Can veto laws 2. Appoints high officials (ie. CJ of SC) 3. Conducts foreign policy 4. Enforces laws & treaties 5. Commander-in-Chief of the military 6. Recommends bills to Congress 7. Reports the state of the Union to
Congress
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3 Branches to Government • JUDICIAL: Interprets & Explains Laws
(According to the Constitution) 1. Settles legal disputes between states 2. Settles state & federal disputes 3. Settles disputes between US & foreign
nations 4. Hears cases with foreign ambassadors 5. Settles disputes between Federal
government & individuals
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“Unwritten Constitution”
1. Political Parties
2. Cabinet (President’s Advisors)
3. Judicial Review- Supreme Court’s right to declare laws unconstitutional
4. Committee System in Congress
5. Lobbyists- influence gov. views
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Wrap Up
• Why did the founding fathers provide a Bill of Rights? 3 Branches of Government?
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Checks & Balances
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Do Now • Which Constitution principle is represented in this
cartoon? • What message is the cartoonist trying to get across? • What symbols does the cartoonist use?
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SWBAT
• Apply the idea of Separation of Powers to explain the system of Checks and Balances
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Checks and Balances • Checks and Balances- each branch
has ways to check/control the other branches
President
Supreme Court
Congress
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Checks and Balances • Review “The Checks and Balances
System” diagrams carefully
• “Declare Your Powers” Group Activity: Please listen for directions!