article11 distribution refuse producing activities at hadza residential base camps

8/11/2019 Article11 Distribution Refuse Producing Activities at Hadza Residential Base Camps

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The Interpretation ofArchaeological

Spatial Patterning

ELLEN M. KROLL d

T DOUGL PRCEsi Wnsin

n Wsin

Plnum ss Nw Yok nd London


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Chapter 3

Distribution ofRese-Producing Activities

at Badza Residentialase Camps

Implications for Anayses of ArchaeologicalSite Strucure

JE F. 'ONNELL, KRTEN E, NDCHOl LRON JONE

NTRODUCTON

Recet research o prehistori huter-gatheer site stctue ctes t beoceed pmaly wth the dentitio of dsete, actvyspecfc reaswithi sites (e.g Carr 1984; Heaa 984; Faey 986). Howeve a creasingy rge body of etoarchaeogica data sugges that suh aea may bere the archaeg reord, especiay amog mdde ad watitdefrgers (Yee 977 O'ne1987) Here we ese addtin dta ptie

JES F O'CONELL KISTN HAWS Depament of Univest fUt, St Ct t NICHOlA BRON O Ga Schol fEducatn an epams Ahopl Psyh, nerty f Cf t Ls ngeess ngs, C 9004

1


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6 R f O'E

h c, : fm rn ilwork on Hadu. of n z Pmiy nli indice hat lhough cvity rs a be idiwihi Hdz be am g of tis ssoiad w Lah r bra

an boay iil fm e t ar \ssumpns oy d by rhis o th eal iibtn civit ly kl poteby .

Cmpisn o ad at ith te on oher hntr-gt showi gnal rs- milar n ite tucur bt alo inia dierns in h itibui of refu-roducng ciii ii sitTl incs u hge rlgicl assumpons anndl nee or a btr, more cop:hniv udrtdg th laoship b human bhir d i truu Rc tnarceolga

:ser gs that it ctur m rec, mg thr th vonn rormen haring, nd orge atic Ti rpig pspctdses nn Frhr 'narhaogl earh my b spiall nnti

H H

e aza a a up 60 t 8 pel wh rr \upa m ouh eas o Eysi n nh nzn u o isrqiNI i uh d d vre w mixe $vnh Wl jumnd larg rbor, nbl :p uf, eb, an eal p fanp, ar c mn !Smih 1980) he lmat d d; nnlr in;JJ is i t : t ne o i lli 6th sson m Nmber o pr cult l97).

\ te tim f s u(n ont an h ini hi n,

nl e dz pi h Vodb - n x hn aet d r hntin gthrin i Bdzha1. ur gualnamn >


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Table Sie Popuain, Ste Are ad Nears eor Dsnce a Sx Hadza Bae Cm

Ma dc

N f a w s

t Ma Fa Wm dss Tt Rss (2) gh m)

b 12 tmb 85 5 2 1 8 10 4.2+11

b C 24 tmb 85 7 4 1 2 49 7 5851

Muga 24 m 85 6 5 2 3 46 1250 7336

ma 1 cb 85 6 4 2 2 60 65+3

ma 13 Arl86 7 3 2 12 39 65 56 9

ugha 21 ay 86 6 3 2 11 575 6019

;

g


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64 JES F. O'COEU ET A

The Hadza we observe pursued a seasonally vaable, cea-bae foagingstate (see Woob 968a or adiioal escipion). Dg he seson

whe mem to age gme anmals were cocee near water sorces adultme acce boh ecoter an tercept hung Bnfor 1978), helater om blds ear waer source or along hevily sed game oth wereycay soa acves, ahogh acg wouned rey sy ivolvedpares of men n boys Weapons were me to he bow and aow (oeosoed); traps an saes were no emoye excet rrely or smal bisSmall game were not oen aken by me, hough hey eqety shot a grouesg brs Groups o wome foage aily or roo n baobab i I he

we seso when gme aims were speed, inercet hig was abanone Me cotinued ecouner hng agan my for meim o largemammals, oen i he conex o honey coUecg ps wh ther wves Paeo wome also oage searately or beries ad ros ny o hee resouceswere consme away om cam bt sbstatial uaniies were so broughback for redisrbio, pcessg, a cosmtio

. DZ RESIDETI SE CPS

S aa base cams a which we ved had oaios o 35 o 5dviual, ad cove area of abo 55 to 25 m2 a the tme hey were stmae (abe 1) (Woobu [72 reoed camp poplatos of o idvus.) A were oate wh walg isace (saJy wthin 5 mes,somemes up to 6 mues o a eoay reable sorce of waer weressocate wth rocky ocros ha, accordig o he aa, rove oteialreuge fom eeha

Base amp poaios were ed ino seeing groups whose membersay haed he ame sheer or seeg aea each ngh hey were camphree yes of seeng gs co be defie on the bais o age an sexcomoso:

Nr f These cose of a ma, his we ad her preaolescet chiren hey ge in sze om wo to egh dal,

aveage abo or o ve, ad were reavely stable in compositio2 Od hese groups cosste o oler unmrred or wdowed

wome her marie aolescet daghters or gaaghters, adtheir readoescet chilren or grandche They nclude a may e membe, but sy mbee wo o thee eior wome n schgoups were oe sse or rst-geeaton couss. Ther comostonchanged eety as nvas move beeen cams

3. d Theses gros ced teeage a yog ad of hesame se usuaUy maes hey clded two o ve membe bu aveged


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IN

DITRIBON OF REFE-PRO AS

bout hree. Memers wee sometimes ( not always) coely eted;group compoo nged eqetly.

4. ACTM1 AAS

All avtes n resdential bae cs took plae one of tree nds ofre: hoseol omma, ad ecial ativy Figre oeo

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UMBB88

M

f

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\

.

0

0

mm

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F 1. Disbuon of houehold ad commun actvty ara a Umea B, 3 986 Seetxt for de


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F OCOE ET

were occuped ad used by one of te seeping group pes menoned(Figre 2 They were e setings for a wide rage of domesti actvities ncudng he prepton d consumpton o od, and he manufacture and man

tenance o toos cothng nd other equipment Each was marked by a cre ofceared ground 2 to 6 m n dameter Each conned a smpe sheter and one ormore hearhs and was ned by one or more seconda reuse areas Shetersvaed in fom dependng on he seson othe year Dung he wet season theywere usuay smpe dome-shaped hts 2 to 3 m in diameter and about 16 mn height wth a woven brus ame ad gass over mr huts were so buitnhe d seson ough nrooed or pay roed bsh wndscreens of abothe same size were aso common then heters were oen posiioned o one side

of ter respeve avty bu somemes covered or encosed hem ompetey

Househod sheers suay contaned hearhs These were sm eaturesabou 3 m n dameter ocated at the enter of te hu oor or jus nsde teenrance Outde heths were aso common d were generay postonedwthn o 3 m o the hu entrance Le neror hearhs they were reaiveysm but were oen aned by two to three arge stones hat served as stnds foroong vesses

Actvty areas were kept ear of efse ma by eqent sweepng w

ohold ava at a sidenl mp, Secody dsposal a tmgns f leared se.


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DTRBUTO OF REFUERODUG ATTE 61

ea bugh r grss brms. Heas were as pedy ceared f ash. Mucof ceard mater was deps n scda rfs ras ng e dge f

acvt area Thre t appeare a difs sr, n se crcuar rubcircular ccens up 2 m i amtr r i we-dned windrowsang dg f e wpt zne Sme sze srg ccure n disl epndg n dness r pnetabilty f he grud surface n th actvty areaLg tms wre aways key b remve bu whre semen were sft rs sme ctin f e smller tems were rapd t e grud rertan swpt t scd spsa ara (f Grd-a ! 85Rese w as canay depsitd n sml es up 30 m in diameratd just e sde f e ut ence es "dr mdns usuaysted f sma tems f fd waste g small be agmns r t i)wc accumuae durng mes aken sid u

ommal a (Fgure 3) wr us fr sslly ame ag factves a usd ar but were nt scatd wh ny pacuar us r spng grup mrs f dffrt usds wr uy sn ntee ar, n i singl-sx gups Sm ae wer used by e sex t templte r ear cmpet exclusin f te he; hers wre used y memrsf t ses ut nt f smulaneusly Cmmua rs wre lways markdby te prsc f n r mr ehs and wr edy swp clear f rfus

g Cmmual e a dealb ap M 986 l ha meal aoe k wh mel hme; m a p e o h; m e leahe bg he l hg.


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68 JE F ON T

Most vaed n sze om 4 to 6 m aoss Scturs of any nd were seldomond win these area nor dd people oen sleep n tem a nigt

pecal ac aea (Fgre4)

ncled bedrock gndng faclies andefeo aeas Te ome wee large, reavey at-toppe outcrops o gnteor sct wose sraces we markd by small pecked polshed paces 30o 0 m mee, wee baobab an oe ad sees wee grond maanstones were eqenty fond n assocton wth sch eare. resdenta bae camps a tese acltes whc sggests ter presece w a deermn o camp ocaon Defecaon rea were octed at te margns o poen omng a dscontnos ng aon

5. DISTRIBUTION OF ACT AREAS WITHI CAPS

Hoseold area were oen arayed n a roghy ccl pate whnearest negbors 4 to 7 m apar cener of aea to cener of ae see Fgre 1)In some cmps oseold area were groped n loosely dee cstes note hey were not Te poston o ndal oseold area probably re

ece n elatonsps among oseod membes pmay n cmped cosetogeter ess closey elate nvas rer apar (see aso Woodb 92)Compehensve nlyss o s pec o camp ogzaton a no yet been

Fg 4 Wma ce b n a rk ur at a resdea e cm A 1986Chd watch cy vezed


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DTRBU OF FUE-ODUG AT/TE

undeake. Communa areas were usually foud both wh a at he magisof camps Their precse ocation was eemie pmay y e dsbuio of

mog sunght and mday shade Speca acivity were mos awayspephe o the camp

6 DSRBTO OF TMTES WTHN PS

Oe of he ppe objecives of our edwork ws o ob inomao o

me ocaio among he Haza owar this ed, we pursued a program osystematc behavo sc smpg or "spo check of the acviies of adiv pren cmp at sected teas urg e coue of each day 1974; Bogerho Muer an Caro 985 Hawkes e l 9) Datarecorde cuded each dviua's deny,ocao camp actvy equpmen an facites nvoved,f any More tha 2500 indvdua obseaos wererecored at seve eren camps ung e 14-mo stuy peio. A subse ofhe ata been sueced to preimay ayss wih atteon o picatosfor ste suctue We repot some resuts of he preimay sudy here

aa anayze were om scas peomed o e ays over a 21day period,rom 26 March6 pr 196, a a cmp cae Umba Fgue ) he scasyede aout 0 ivua behavoa osevaio The camp eained essenay e same conguao of hoseho a speca actiy ares throughout s peo I cossed of 2 hoseho aci 6 usd by ucerfmes y a adu ma tempoy sepae om hs wife, 3 y olderwome, ad 2 y aoescent Four commua acviy reas were used euey, 2 A ad ) ocate at he ceer of he camp, 2 C a ) at s norhe

nd wse edgeOur paicur coce hee s with e buo of res-poducig

acvites wthi e amp Four road egories of ties wer ee: ()weapons maieace, 2 cohg mienace, () oo maence, (4)foo procesg Wepons mateance cudes actve reaed o he maufacture repir of mes hung ger he mos commo sge actv nths aego was arow mag Cog mateance cues e manufactrea repar of gamen oo mence reers to he mauacure ad epr

of a mpemes oher ha wpons may womes ggg sk Fooprocessing icudes steps in e processg of foos for cosumpo. urghe peio under consieraton, oy abou 16% o fd-pocsg actitisnvovd me, e rs p ood processg ad e mitenace owomes dggng sicks aso oen ook pace away om camp other reuseproung actvies not

ae 2 shows how oen ese acviies were obseved at the se ayghhours uing the sampe peio he sampe is fy age about 20 dv


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0 JE F O' ET A

ab 2. Rs-rducng civis Obsd Uba 8 26 March16 rl96

ctr

Men Wome Tta

Avity

aps aitc 12 12

Clhig ite4 1

T ite 1 11

Fod oessig 2 2 4

Tot 13 18

obseaos Ths shod be sce o provde a rogh dcato of te eaiveeqec of daye acviies peored a he se as a hoe d a vriosoos th he sie he os coo acivi by r as eapos aeace hich accoed for 5 of he oa be of obseaos Foodpocessg accoed fo 22 of he oa cohg epa 7 ad oo aece 6 abe 2 so shos the dsbto o hese actvies by sex Thedisicos ae vey cea: Weaposreaed acviies ere associaed ecsvey

t e a ohe acives especay food pcessg) pay ih oe

abe 3 shos he dsrbo of acivtes by octio To paes aeedaeyappare rs, acivi areas be dsgished by he eecyof acves of a ypes recoded a each The ge ajo of acviies 6 ofte oa obseved, ook pace i he fo co aeas he eag 4ee dtbed aog the 2 hosehod aeas Secod co acv aeasocaed o he perphe of he sie res ad D; gre der shay oboh ceay ocaed coa aeas Aeas Aad ad hosehod areas hereave popotos of ssocaed acivtes Peiphe aes ee excsivey

assoced ih ae acives ore t of the oa obseved) yeapos eace ey ocaed coa aeas ad hosehod areasessed a bode ge of acviies assocaed it boh e ad oeMes activies accoed fo abo 9 of he ot obseved boh cetco areas ad abo 2 of those hosehod areas Weapos aeace epeseed abo 7 of te acives observed i cera coaares 4 i hosehod ares hsare es dice tha deeces heeave eqecy of actives associaed h hosehod ad cey oced


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S

le 3 Spil iition of eeu U B 6 M6 6 u h

( = 12)A B c D

n % % n % % n %

tvty

Wans anan 8 46 27 7 57 97 100 11 1

C ee 5 3 7 3

Tl mana 4 0 5 - - - 07

F ping 1 31 2 7 - 1 4

tal 39 00 57 00 59 00 00 7 00


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72 JS F OCO ET A

communal aeas respectively are no siificant gven the sampe szes underconsideraton.

7. DSCSS

These data are suficient to suppo sevea preliminay obseaions Firstthe stucure of Hada residentl ase camps s a vaiant of a enerl pattedened on te ss of recent ethnoarchaeoloicl work amon the yawaa,!Kun d (less cetnly he Nunamut (een 9 Binfod 193 O'Connell

9 Amon each of these roups residential se cmps conin househodcommunal, and special activy aeas Household areas wness a wide ne ofdomestic activtes and are the most common activity aeas in the cmp ommunal areas (caed shaded areas amon the yawaa ad !Kun) are setins foressentially the sme ane of activites hey conain some of the same facilesut are ess equenty repoted Specia areas see a much narower ne ofactivies usully only one per area. They are enelly periphea to householdareas nd oen peiphea to the site s a whoe hey are comptvely uncom

mon amon te Hada Kun and Ayawara ut are apparenly encounteedqute euenly amon the Nunamiut

he spacin of hese rea diers sincaty om roup o roup Amonthe Hadza ad !Kun househod aes are locted on aveae aout 4 to mapa whereas amon the Alyawaa and other centra Ausl oups (Gouldnd Yellen 9 aret and Hayden 19 Chapter this voume te disncare in the 5 to 5 m rane or the Ach o easte Pauay who lso displaya vaan of tis same patt of resden ste orazaton, he mea ter

household distance no more than 3 to 3.5 m (Jones 9) A suey yWhitelaw 93 shows susnl vriaton in tis aspect of site stucture amonehnophilly known hunter-aherers worldwide

Hada camps also dier om ose of the Kun and Alyaw wt respecto e quntive distriuon of daytime rese producin activiies Dat presented here show tat amon te Hadza more thn o hese actvities occurin communal activty areas ls t in household areas imiar daa on heAyawaa (enham 9 Mosak and Tuckr 9 show jus he oppose: ore

than 9 of actives are conined to househod e ess tan 1 ncommuna areas elen (peonal communcaion rpor he latter patte fore Kun he Ach aandon forain mps dun the day ut in he lateafteoon and early moin hous when e cmps are in use, te disbuionof activities is like tat desced for te Kun and Alyawa unike tha for theHadza (Lupo 19.

ata presented here indicae that Hadza camps dispay litle siniatvaaton in the relative popoions of dferent reusepoducin actives pur


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RBU OF FU-RODUG ATE 73

sued in commna and hoeold area. The exception o ti genelizaion arepephelly loted commnl area, whc are domnated by men' active

articlay wen mntenance Hoehod and cenry loated commnare l wne eentilly the ame nge of acvie in abot the amepropotion Anyi of a arger ample o behavorl cn data od enable to diting oder women hoeold are om ncer family and centammnl are by te abence of men' acvitie Ppotion o other activitiein thee area hold be ly contan Smilar or perap omewha morerononced patte of ineroehod vaation in he relative impotnce ofale ver femle activtie hod be preen aong he yawar altogh

hi ha no yet been demontted qnttively (b ee O'Connell 9relimina anyi o n ample dat om he Ac ow no vidence of cha patte Lpo 97 All hoeold acivity are wine te me range oativitie in abot e ame propoon

8 RCOLOGICAL IPLICATIOS

A common objecve o ite ca analy i te identifction of acivtyare and too kt ed in te p (ar 9 Hietla 94 Flanney 96Recent approace to i go are bed on ome common amption amonghem a actvie wl be dieenlly dtbed whn ite ad tha the we a content qanttae relationhip between e peomnce of patclaractivitie nd e depoton of cein caegorie of refe Note tat he rt ofhee ampton doe no neceary reqire at dieren actvie b com

pletey egregated, only ta they be peomed in ome area more oen tan note If hee condon prevailed ding te fomaon of a ite, then antitatve nay o te paial dtibton of vao ctegoe o ree odreveal covaran et ocated with parclar activie

e Hada data provide only imed ppot for he t mpton Mennd women pre dncve e of ree-prodcing avite whic direntially dtrbted over te ite a a whole Given a conent antitaveelaionhip beween e pefomance o toe activte and he depoition of

certin o ree (it remn to be een weher c a relaionip actllyexit; c Ammean and eldman 94) i mght be poble to dtngihmen om women' actvitie and to detene heir dibon and elatveeqenc dferen of the ite c a exercie wold rere analyi oa large ampe of activity area incldng pepel commnal or older women'hoehod area en' and women' active wold o be dingihabe in annly o cet commnl and/or ncle amy oehold ea aone oreover, patial any at any cae wod be nabe to epare te three refe


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E F O ET

producing activities most oen prsed by women becase heir relative eqeny is apparenty corelated in the in which they ke place.

Comparison of the Hadza with oher modem hunter-gaherers her imithe condence we can place in ssumptions commonly made about the segregation of aciies Segregaion by sex d sereated activity may be commonbeeen househod areas among the Alyawara, and among the Nnamiut bothwihin hosehold ares ad between such areas and specil activi ares is notcommon among the Ach and apparently of only limited signicance among the!Kung

These results shoud not be srpising; Yellen 1977) made esseny the

same point 10 yeas ago Nevetheless its impotance oen remains unappreciated For eample in an anysis of site stcture at Gila Naqui, Fney(1986) and his coeagues mke the initil operating asumption that men'sactiviies will be spatilly sepaated om womens No ethnogphic sppopernent to matters of site stcture is cted Pattes obsered the disrbtionof debris within he site are intepreted pri in tems of the initial opeatingsumption. Alteate explaaio gronded the recent ethnoarchaeologicallitetre on site stcture are never considered

Ehnoarchaeolocl dat reviewed here underine the ippropiateness ofthis approach Alyses of site stcture mst be based on a theorecay andempiriclly justied set of expectations about behavior and is archaeologicareection

he research repoed here contbtes to this gol Our descripon of theada ad comparison with other grops reveals boh a generl patte and somemrked diences in he se of space among hunter-gaterers he fact thatthree groups compared, the ada, Kng, and Alyawara live in supecilly

similar environments makes the derences espey intriging Some of tesedierences have received attention and m be at lest prty eplained. Forexmpe Whitelaw 93 old and ellen (987, arget and ayden 97and O'onnell 1987) have speculated on the relationship between interhosehold spacing and the reative imporance of food shang and predator pressureOConnell (1987 and Binford 1987 have aribted cerain dierences thefor and relative eqency of specil activity eas among foragers nd collectorsto he relate importance of food storage he resons behind other diferences

especlly the competely nancipated conrast in he distribtion of actvitiesbetween communal and hosehod area between the ad Ayawara, dKung remain nclear Like oher aspecs of site sctre, they may relect baicdierences in ocal ecologic circmstnces paticulaly reated to food procrement and redistibion

hogh stil only tenatively sggested these relationships have geat potentia interest: Qestions conceing food procurement sharig and storagehave long been of general conce to stdents of hm evolon he research

needed to explore his potenti is also clery indicated Instead of connuing to


16/17

DIRIBUTIO O REUE-PRODUCIG ACTIVE

took or acviy aas and ool s, we mus begn o s how an why eavio

s oganized as i s wihin ses ow a organaion is reeed in e ds-buio of se and wee ou kowedge o e eaionsp n be appled

n aaeoogia onex Tese quesons oy be aswered were obeavior and s archaeoogil eecon n be oserved direcy a is nnoaaeoogi siuaions.

ACOWEDGENTS

s wo ws suppoed aniay by he Naioal Siene Foundaion ewa Fund, Ms B anro e Uiersiy o U and e Unvesy o Cal-oa (Los Ageles) We a i z aon Resrch Coui orpeisso o pusue edwo L m o inroducing us o e Hada ando acess o upuised da ygo ad J any o ia assisane i eied d e C loway nd D Z or ep i lysis D Me DGyson ad Yee oered use ommens; Gie and Lch provdedecia suppo

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