article type paper

Design of Sustainable Concrete Pavement Using Recycled Concrete Aggeregates

in Lupao, Nueva Ecija

Project By

Dominguez, Dominique C.

Manahan, Jefferson Kyle C.

Manansala, Blessy D.

Submitted to the School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

(SCEGE)

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

BENEFICIARYS COPY

RECEIVED BY:

Design of Sustainable Concrete Pavement Using Recycled Concrete Aggeregates

in Lupao, Nueva Ecija

Dominique C. DOMINGUEZ

Student, BSCE

School of Civil, Environmental and

Geological Engineering

Mapua Institute of Technology

2nd Flr. South Building Mapua Institute

of Technology, Muralla Street,

Intramuros, Manila, Philippines

Mobile: +639275597954

E-mail: [email protected]

Jefferson Kyle C. MANAHAN

Student, BSCE







Mobile: +639055580207


Blessy D. MANANSALA

Student, BSCE







Mobile: +639275433932


Abstract: Brgy. Sto. Domingo, one of the several barangays situated in the

municipality of Lupao, Nueva Ecija is in a rural setting. With that being said, most of the

roads within the area are rough and unpaved which limits the efficiency of the transport

system. Such road condition gives its users difficulty in their trip along their way. There is a

clear path along the way but only a few portion of it is paved and the rest of the path going to

the site of the beneficiary is left rough. Thus, providing a concrete pavement for the rest of

the unpaved path will offer its users improvement in their transportation and accessibility to

goods and services.

The design of the concrete pavement will employ the concept of sustainability by

incorporating the use of recycled concrete aggregates as an alternative for local natural

aggregates. The most common use of recycled concrete aggregates is for road base and/or

subbase which is used as foundation for the roadway pavement. In todays situation where conservation of natural resources is a must, the practice of recycling construction materials

will help in reducing detrimental environmental impacts of the construction industry.

The principal beneficiaries of the project are the residents of Brgy. Sto. Domingo,

which includes the nuns of the Franciscan Sisters of the Immaculate Concepcion and the

farmers. The secondary beneficiaries will include the motorists who will enjoy the easier

access to go back and forth in the area. Recreational visits from tourists might earn them

RECEIVED BY:

more funds for further projects. Increased level of mobility is expected making the time of

travel less-consuming.

Recycled concrete aggregates might came from old and abandoned structures like old

houses and commercial buildings within or near the area which are left due to age and

decline in function. When put into use, quality specifications and gradations of recycled

concrete aggregates must be met like a natural aggregate.

Key Words: concrete pavement, transportation, recycled concrete aggregate, sustainability

I. INTRODUCTION

Transportation and accessibility to services is generally considered to be a fundamental factor

of economic growth of an area. Rural transport and accessibility has been one of the major

factors that limit an area from opportunities due to restricted access. Having the existence of

a good quality road will automatically lead to the provision of public transportation and

improved access to services.

The target area of the project, Brgy. Sto. Domingo, Lupao, Nueva Ecija is in a rural setting

and most of the road found in the area are classified as rough road. The current condition of

roadway limits the transfer of people and goods from one place to another. Mobility in this

rural area is only pursued through means of motorized vehicles, i.e. tricycle and motorcycle,

kuliglig (tractor) and on foot. Also few jeepneys pass by to deliver goods within the area. As

a result, opportunities are also limited.

This paper aims to design and develop a road pavement to address this problem, might as

well to improve the mode of transportation in the area. Improving mobility is a vital element

in allowing access to services even in far distances. Not only will it offer new opportunities

but will enhance the efficiency of work within the area. Further development of the place is

also expected to take place if there is an improved road. People will be encouraged to visit

the place, thus providing more income to the residents living in the area.

The design of the concrete pavement will incorporate the use of recycled concrete aggregates

in the design of the concrete pavement. Promotion of sustainable pavement is being

considered in the project. These are usually derived from activities involving breaking of

used concrete, i.e. demolitions and repair works. Using recycled concrete aggregate in the

design reduces the need for virgin aggregates which in turn reduces the environmental impact

of the aggregate extraction process. Recycling of concrete remains an increasingly known

procedure of disposing of the rubble thus making landfill spaces conserved.

At present, most recycled concrete is used as a subbase layer of roads. And from a

sustainability viewpoint, these low-grade uses currently provide the optimal outcome in most

circumstances.

2. PROJECT OBJECTIVES

The primary objective of the project is to provide improvement in the transportation system

in the barangay. The project aims to design the roadway from the farms of Brgy. Sto.

Domingo all the way to the town proper of Lupao, Nueva Ecija. Introduction of a concrete

road will also offer improvements to the localities of the area including its residents, the nuns

and the farmers. Increased level of mobility is expected in the area and lesser time of

transportation will be accumulated. Transfer of goods will be a lot faster due to the improved

road. More visitors will come over the place thus giving more income to the residents.

The secondary objective of the project would be considering alternatives in the construction

of a road pavement, thus promoting sustainable design, i.e. using recycled concrete

aggregates as road base/subbase to minimize the use of natural aggregates.

3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1. Project Rationale Transportation system is very important and plays a vital role in the development of a certain

place whether it is either rural or urban areas. The sole purpose of this project is to provide

better accessibility to the goods and services as well as for the people in for the development

of socio-economic status of the community by the construction of a sustainable concrete

pavement.

On the other hand, recycling concrete for use in recycled aggregate on-site would also

provide benefits of reduced use of landfill space, lower costs in acquiring and transport of

aggregates and might as well, improve efficiency of road pavements. Not only efficiency of

the transport system will be improved but also the conservation of resources used in the

process of road construction, both environmentally and economically.

3.2 Project Information Brgy. Sto. Domingo is about 8 kilometers from the town proper of Lupao. From our

beneficiary's area, the existence of rough road is evident because of its current condition, i.e.

unpaved and undeveloped road. Construction of a concrete pavement is desired to improve

the condition of the transport system in the said area. With that said, employing the use of

recycled concrete aggregates as road bases and/or subbases will make the concrete pavement

more sustainable.

Recycled aggregates that are produced from used concrete from demolished structures such

as old buildings, pavements, or even bridges and foundations were crushed and processed

into various size fractions. In order to prevent contamination by dirt or other waste building

materials such as plaster or gypsum, embedded items such as reinforcing steel were removed.

Also they are advised to be stored separately from other demolished materials to avoid the

same cause.

Recycling plants make use of primary and secondary crushers which reduces the sizes of

materials before they are being screened to separate one material size from another. Quality

assurance and quality control is being considered to avoid any problems. Reclassification is

made when low quality crushed material is observed.

With that information, the project is set to provide a design of a 1 kilometer concrete road,

and leaving the rest of the 8 kilometer road for recommendation.

3.3 PROJECT LOCATION

The location of the project is in Brgy. Sto. Domingo, which is a part of the municipality of

Lupao, in the province of Nueva Ecija, in Central Luzon. The target area is estimated to be 8

kilometers northwest of the Poblacion Proper of Lupao. The total land area is roughly 12

hectares.

Figure 1. Project Location of Target Area (Lupao, Nueva Ecija)

Figure 2. Map showing existing streets and roads within the area

4. THE PROJECT BENEFICIARY

The principal beneficiaries of the project will be the residents of Brgy. Sto. Domingo, which

include the nuns of the Franciscan Sisters of the Immaculate Concepcion and the farmers.

Increased level of mobility is expected and the transfer of people and goods from in and out

of the area would be easier and less time-consuming.

On the other hand, the secondary beneficiaries will include the motorists who will enjoy the

easier access to go back and forth in the area. Recreational visits from tourists might earn

them more funds for further projects.

5. MAJOR AND MINOR FIELDS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

The project will cover three fields of Civil Engineering as follows:

Transportation Engineering The aspect of the study of transportation engineering aims to propose the most efficient

transport route that can be possibly made in this project. Other transportation engineering

elements that would be considered include the design of simple curves, road widening and

superelevation.

Structural Engineering The design of the concrete pavement will be covered by the field of structural engineering.

This will also cover the different elements that are needed to be determined such as the

pavement thickness, the number of steel bars and dowels to be used, etc.

Construction Engineering Management The field of construction engineering management will focus on the proposition of using

recycled crushed aggregates for the subbase of the concrete pavement in replacement of

using the natural aggregate, i.e. gravel.

6. THE INNOVATIVE APPROACH

The project will be utilizing the modern technology by employing the use of existing

computer software to produce better designs as well as to lessen time accumulation during

the duration of this project. The following software are to be used in the project.

AutoCAD 2010 The structural layout and details of the concrete pavement will be presented with the use of

this software.

Google SketchUp This software is used as a tool to have the walkthrough of the desired roadway. The

perspective of the roadway will be shown here.

ESAL Calculator The project will make use of an internet software that will compute the necessary equivalent

single-axle load or ESAL, which conformed to the standards set by the American Association

of State Highway Officials (AASHTO). This will serve as the design load for the project.

Microsoft Excel The software will be used for data tabulation and for cost estimation.

MS Project This software will be used to create the project schedule which will serve as a guide for the

activities to be done in the construction of the pavement.

7. SUSTAINABILITY DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT

Roads have always been an essential part of the social and economic well-being of a place

since every daily needs is being transported by or accessed from the road network. Although

benefits are assured from having an efficient mode of transport, road construction and its use

may have an impact on the environment. Thus, a balance between the benefits the people are

earning from it and its impact on the environment should be considered in the project.

A sustainable pavement design would promote safe, efficient and environment-friendly

pavement that would offer maintainable benefits, might as well not giving any hinder in the

transportation in the future. Also, a sustainable design will uphold the minimization of

energy utilization, natural resources, and related emissions, while performance standards and

conditions are met. Through this, environmental impacts would be greatly reduced and so no

any other harm would occur.

Using recycled concrete aggregate in using for the construction of the concrete road

pavement will be employed to promote sustainability in the design. Recycled concrete

aggregates are a feasible way to reduce the environmental impact of construction practices.

Using RCA will reduce the environmental costs of mining and transporting virgin

aggregates, and in return will reduce the amount of material sent to landfills.

8. THE RESEARCH COMPONENT

The research component of the project shall focus on the following:

Design of Pavement The design of the concrete pavement will include the procedure on how to come up with the

necessary structural details of the concrete pavement.

Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCAs) The research component of the project will also give way to the study of other materials

which can be also used in the construction of road pavement. For this project, the research

team will incorporate the use of recycled concrete aggregate instead of using virgin

aggregates like gravel which will serve as the road base. Economy and sustainability will be

promoted in the use of such road aggregate. Performance of using such will also be covered.

Basically, the flow of the study will go as follows:

Figure 3. Methodology

9. DESIGN NORMS CONSIDERED

The design norms that are to be considered would include safety, economy, functionality and

sustainability. The project would ensure that there would be a safe design of work for the

concrete pavement. Safety for all future users will also be guaranteed once the project is

completed. Economy and sustainability is also considered, not only in the design, but also in

its maintenance. The project would make use of recycled materials to minimize use of

natural/virgin materials, thus reducing amount of money to be spent on the duration of the

project operation. Lastly, the functionality of the project shall be regarded, i.e. the roadway

will be used for transportation processes, and will be able to maintain its strength. Maximum

quality but with optimum cost should be observed in the design and construction of the road

pavement.

Road constructions in general, by their nature, can be environmentally disturbing. It is

important therefore to observe environmental-friendly design and construction of the road so

that the expected impacts would be as small as possible. The physical characteristics,

biological, socio-economic characteristics, and the nature and level of present and future

environmental pollution shall be considered.

10. THE DESIGN COMPONENT

The project is about the design of a road pavement in Brgy. Sto. Domingo, Lupao, Nueva

Ecija. The type of pavement that will be designed is rigid, so the use of concrete will be

applied. The rigid pavement is laid in slabs with steel reinforcement. Elements of the road

pavement that will be needed to be determined will include the pavement thickness, bar

spacings, development length of dowels, etc. The design of the road pavement will make use

of recycled concrete aggregate as the subbase layer of the pavement.

11. STRUCTURAL DESIGN

The design of the pavement in this study will conform to the AASHTO method which will be

used in order to come up with the design thickness of subgrade, subbase, base and concrete

slab. In the computation of Design Equivalent Single Axle Load (DESAL), the equivalent

single axle load (ESAL) calculator was used. It is a concept developed from the data

collected at the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHTO) Road test to

establish a damage relationship for comparing the effects of axles carrying different loads.

The reference axle load is an 18000 lb, single axle with dual tires.

All of the assumptions made are based on the data of the population growth and traffic count

of Lupao, Nueva Ecija. Figure 4 shows the output of the ESAL Calculator, which is the total

equivalent single axle load for the design period. Figure 5, on the other hand, shows the total

ESALS, i.e. 157, 479.

The design of the road base, subbase and concrete slab are also determined. The concrete

pavement thickness is 500mm, with a reinforcement of 6-16 mm bars per 4.50 meter length,

and 800-mm dowel bars.

Figure 4. Inputs in ESAL Calculator

Figure 5. ESAL Calculator Output

12. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

The architectural design of the concrete pavement is created through Google Sketch-up.

Below is the perspective of the design.

Figure 6. Design Perspective of the Concrete Pavement

13. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The design of the concrete pavement incorporating the use of recycled concrete aggregates as

an alternative material for a road subbase would help in the reduction of use of naturally-

occurring aggregates and would also eliminate the need for disposal by using the readily

existing concrete as a source for aggregates for new concrete or other applications. The use

of recycled concrete aggregates in the construction industry, be it on the vertical or horizontal

structures, might be helpful in minimizing amount spent in construction materials. Using

recycled concrete aggregates in the country is not yet dominant, but presenting this kind of

project might help increase the demand of using such recycled aggregates in the construction

than the natural aggregates.

Recycling of concrete is relatively a simple process since the process would only include

breaking, crushing, and removing of embedded materials to prevent contamination. Possible

sources of recycled concrete aggregates would include old abandoned structures such as

houses and commercial areas which are no longer used in the area. Including a subbase as

one of the layers in the concrete pavement would help in the achievement of a longer service

life for the pavement due to its capabilities of draining away excess water which can be

detrimental to the life of the pavement.

Providing the area of Brgy. Sto. Domingo a sustainable concrete pavement will help its

residents as well as motorists to have a more efficient travel in and out of the area.

Accessibility and mobility will be increased. Less time travel will be established due to the

improvement of unpaved roadways. More opportunities will come its way to improve the

social and economic way of life of Brgy. Sto. Domingo, Lupao, Nueva Ecija.

14. RECOMMENDATIONS

The use of recycled concrete aggregates should be properly managed especially in choosing

the quality of used concrete that will be recycled. The quality of the recycled aggregate will

be dependent upon the quality of the used concrete to which it will be derived. Also, the

proper gradation or sizes should be taken into consideration. Once the project is put into

construction, laying out of each layer should be properly managed, i.e. each layer must be

levelled and properly compacted.

Source of recycled concrete aggregates shall be identified. To promote economy in the

design, it is also essential to have a cost analysis to compare the virgin aggregates and

recycled concrete aggregates throughout the length of the road. Assumed ground/soil

mechanical properties along the road shall also be identified prior to the construction of the

road pavement.

Since the project concerns only in the transportation, structural and construction engineering

field, it is also efficient to recommend a hydrologic and flood study for the road drainage

system. It is essential since the project area is in rural setting and flow of runoff should be

properly managed. Additional sections of U-canals can be provided at other sections of the

entire length of the road to ensure effective drainage system.

Aside from the sample mix design presented previously in related literature, it would also be

essential to provide a trial mix for the project and subject it to compressive strength test, and

be able to compare it with the conventional concrete pavement. Comparisons of slump

requirements, strength and other concrete properties shall be identified.

When recycled concrete aggregate is used as base material, environmentally, it is necessary

to wet the material so as to prevent fugitive dust particles from becoming airborne just like

any other aggregate base material that contains dust. Proctor testing, typically required for

conventional base materials, is not required when RCA is specified for a base. Excessive

working of the RCA base should be avoided as it will segregate the base materials. Minimum

shaping of the RCA base material should occur. Compaction of the RCA base should be in a

saturated state to aid in the migration of fines throughout the mix. Moisture levels are

maintained and compaction is continued until the maximum level of compaction is achieved

for the equipment being used.

Road construction operations must comply with the guidelines presented by the Department

of Public Works and Highways.

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