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Baku, Azerbaijan| 107

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. 4. No. 4. July, 2012

S. Omidinia, M. Masrom, H. Selamat. Adopting ICT for interactive learning: smart school case in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research Part B; 2012; 4(4), 107-115. DOI: 10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.16

ADOPTING ICT FOR INTERACTIVE LEARNING:

SMART SCHOOL CASE IN MALAYSIA

Siavash Omidinia1, Maslin Masrom2, Harihoddin Selamat3

1Centre for Advanced Software Engineering, International Campus Jalan Semarak, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, 2College of Science and Technology, International Campus, Jalan Semarak, 54100 Kuala Lumpur,

3Faculty of Computer Science and Information System, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) 81310, Skudai, Johor (MALAYSIA)

E-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

DOI: 10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.16 ABSTRACT Computer assisted learning in educational institutions is one of the priority areas aimed to help students to

adopt Information Communication Technologies. Using ICT’s for interactive learning require ICT infrastructure including updated software’s, multimedia systems and courseware’s, computer laboratories and literate staff. In current information age, systematically reinvented smart schools are considered channel for improved teacher learning practices as well as promoting awareness about multimedia technologies among students. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the computer assisted learning among smart school teachers as well as students. Data was collected from ‘Selangor’ state of Malaysia using case study approach. Data was collected from 14 smart schools using random sampling technique. Results indicated that use of ICT and multimedia technologies are successful contributors towards smart schooling success. Most of the teachers prefer to use multimedia technologies for improved computer assisted education and interactive learning. Students believe that use of ICT’s and multimedia technologies in school improved their interest toward usage of computer and internet. Though few teachers have personal web pages but most of the schools have internet, computer laboratories and prefer internet based assignments. It is suggested that for improved computer assisted education, schools were provided with updated software’s, computers and knowledge. Ministry of ICT have to allocate a portion in financial budget to continue computer based learning in smart schools. There is need to improve number of listed smart schools in country to get benefit from information era.

Key words: Computer Assisted Education, Interactive learning, smart schools, ICT infrastructure, Multime-

dia technologies 1. INTRODUCTION The emergence and evolution of the internet technologies leads towards development of useful and interact-

tive tools, as a result computer based learning is becoming increasingly important and is making the learning process more easy and effective in many contexts. With the advancement in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), numerous new techniques are adopted by educational institutions. Change in teaching methodology with usage of ICT not only improves the learning methods, but also change the conception of teaching as well (Robin, 2009).

Information and communication technology (ICT) is an increasingly powerful tool for participating in global markets; promoting political accountability, improving the delivery of basic services and enhancing local development opportunities. The rapid development of (ICT) affects the development of technology implementation in every aspect of life, from business, entrainment, socials and education especially. The benefit of ICT’s role in education had been realized since 1990’s, along with the declining price of personal computer, the widespread of internet access, the increasing of information technology( IT) application in the documentation functions, and the availability of animation software development (Ong and Lai, 2006).

In order to take advantage of new technologies, there is need that developing countries should transform their education system under the guidance of their national education policy. Education system must be creative, thought provoking and informative rather than memory based. Malaysian National Philosophy of Education states that “developing the potential of individuals in a holistic and integrated manner, so as to produce individuals who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically balanced and harmonious”. Malaysian vision 2020 also includes ICT Master Plan 2001, which focus on use of ICT in education especially in three major areas: (1) reduce the digital gap by creating awareness of ICT among students in schools (2) ICT must be used as teaching and learning tool in class rooms (3) improve management system efficiency through ICT (Rohani, 2002).

Limited developing nations in Asia are successful in implementing ICT framework in schools. Malaysia is among one of the successful countries, who promoted education through ICT using smart school practices. Malaysian government had initiated smart school system since 1996. In every state of country, there are number of smart schools having ICT framework for students. Ministry of education reserved almost 30 percent of annual budget for connecting rural areas with internet. Smart school system is working in country from more 15 years. The objective of this paper is to analyze the determinants of smart school system success in Malaysian.

108 | PART B. SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES


2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE The idea of the smart school is actually to revolutionize the education system through a holistic approach to

a development that focuses on the individual, making value based education available to anyone, anytime and anywhere. The smart school vision brings together the vital components required to exploit technology to improve the system and delivery of education to our children, and to achieve the objectives of improving technology awareness among workforce; preparing work force for information age; democratize education and increase opportunities to improve individual strengths and abilities (Strategic Plan for Smart School, 2005).

The smart school is a learning institution that has been systemically reinvented in terms of teaching-learning practices and school management in order to prepare children for the Information Age (The Malaysian Smart School Implementation Plan, 1997). A smart school will evolve over time, continuously developing its professional staff, its educational resources, and its administrative capabilities. This will allow the School to adapt to changing conditions, while continuing to prepare students for life in the Information Age. To function effectively, the smart school will require appropriately skilled staff, and well-designed supporting processes.

Smart school system atmosphere encourages an active thinking process. For example, a new teaching methodology must be developed to facilitate discussions, probe questions, encourages students to think and stimulate creativity. In addition, this methodology must encourage students use personal computers (PCs), the Internet and intranets as research and communication tools (Koshan, 2007).

Abas (2003) identified that there are there are three main concepts of smart schools need to be applied to the domains of professional responsibilities of teachers. Significant changes in professional practice will only occur when these concepts are effectively translated into the professional development of teachers. He suggested that these three concepts include appropriate use of technology, thinking and creativity enhancement and value inculcation.

Appropriate use of technology to enhance learning among students is major responsibility of teachers in smart schooling system. Technology is used as a tool and should be integrated into the curriculum rather than be taught separately as an end in itself. It is best learned within the context of meaningful tasks. Similarly, improving thinking and creativity among students is another bright aspect of smart school. Towards achieving this, teachers have to allow the students to determine for themselves when and how they learn. Teachers must have to learn methodologies including student-centred instruction, team teaching, and interdisciplinary project based instruction and individually paced instruction. Similarly, usage of interactive multimedia, internet and co-operative learning skills can help teachers in increasing student interest towards new technologies. While teachers can inculcate value by developing and improving students sound moral reasoning skills to reach the higher stages of moral development. Teachers need to integrate activities that focus on moral development which include forming values, organizing a value system and developing consistent philosophy of life (Abas, 2003).

2.1. Smart School technology drivers in Malaysia Technology alone will not make a school smart. Only improved teaching-learning strategies, management

and administrative processes, and capable, well-trained people with enthusiasm for their work can do that. However, information technology can enable the process of transforming traditional schools into smart schools. Consequently, a nation-wide system of smart schools will depend on advanced information technology at the school, district, and national levels. Technology has many roles to play in a smart school, from facilitating teaching and learning activities to assisting with school management. Fully equipping a school might include the following("A Smart School in Action, MSC Success Stories," 2002):

Classrooms with multimedia courseware and presentation facilities, and e-mail or groupware for

collaborative work. Library/Media Centre with a database centre for multimedia courseware, and network resources

like access to the Internet. Computer laboratory for teaching, such as Computer Studies as a subject, and readily accessible

multimedia and audiovisual equipment. Multimedia Development Centre with tools for creating multimedia materials and catering to varying

levels of sophistication. Studio/Theatre with a control room for centralized audiovisual equipment, videoconferencing

studio, and preview room for audio, video, or laser disc materials. Teachers’ Room with on-line access to courseware catalogues and databases, information and

resource management systems, professional networking tools, such as e-mail and groupware. Administration Offices capable of managing databases of student and facilities, tracking student

and teacher performance or resources, and distributing notices and other information electronically. Server Room equipped to handle applications, management databases, and web servers; provide

security; and telecommunications interface and access to network resources.

Figure-1enlist some useful technologies adopted by Malaysian schools. Implementing smart schools successfully will be a complex task, requiring changes to existing policies, procedures, and practices, both written and unwritten. It may also require formulating entirely new policies and regulations. A few of the important issues to be addressed include in the areas of the teaching-learning processes; management functions; people, skills and responsibilities; and technology.



Fig. 1. List of Some technologies used in smart schools

The ‘brain’ of the solution, the Smart School Management System or SSMS (Figure 2) has a comprehensive

application software system developed to facilitate efficient and effective management and administration of resources and processes required to support the teaching and learning functions of the education institution. It is designed with a browser based user interface and is able to operate both on a local and wide area network infrastructure.

Fig. 2. Smart Schools Features 2.2. Smart school system success factors Transforming traditional schools into smart schools represents a major undertaking. It will require a

significant commitment of resources, but the nation will benefit from the change for many years to come. Success of smart school system require (Strategic Plan for Smart School, 2005):

support from many stakeholders, including all agencies in the educational system; sufficient funds to establish and maintain smart schools; appropriate policies, norms, and guidelines to support the schools; effective and efficient administrative practices in each school; sufficient deployment of information technology to enable the smart schools to function properly; Continuing professional development for teachers, principals, and other educational personnel.

Andersson and Grönlund have been studied and analyzed several related papers regard to e-learning activities in different developing countries and finally they developed a conceptual framework for e-learning



(Andersson & Grönlund, 2009). They discussed on challenges of e-learning in developing countries and they found 30 challenges and summarize them in four categories: courses, individuals, technology and context.

Table 2.1. Conceptual framework of challenges in e-learning

Categories Sub-Groups Challenges Individual Student

Motivation Academic confidence Technological confidence Social support (support from home and employers) Gender Age

Teachers

Technological confidence Motivation and commitment Qualification and competence Time

Course Course Design

Curriculum Subject content Teaching and Learning Activities

Support Provided

Support for students from faculty Support for faculty

Contextual Organizational

Knowledge management Economy and funding Training of teachers and staff

Social /Cultural

Role of teacher and student Attitudes on e-learning and IT Rules and regulations

Technological Access Cost Software and interface design Localization

Adapted from Andersson & Gronlund (2009) They stated that “The overall conclusion of these challenges are equally valid for both developed and

developing countries; however in developing countries more papers focus on access to technology and context whereas in developed countries more papers concern individuals”(Andersson & Grönlund, 2009). Because challenges are interrelated, based on their findings a conceptual framework of emerging issues for e-learning in developed and developing countries was provided by them. They suggest that this framework (Table 2.1) can be useful to guide both practice and research.

2.3. Determinants of smart school success Andersson & Gronlund (2009) highlighted some challenges of e-learning in smart school system. These are

key issue which contribute in smart schooling success as well. Halim et al., (2005) suggested four parameters which contribute in success of smart schooling system. These four parameters are curriculum, pedagogy, assessment and teacher-learning materials.

2.3.1. Curriculum The smart school curriculum shall be meaningful, socially responsible, multicultural, reflective, holistic,

global, open-ended, goal-based, and technological. It shall promote holistic learning, allowing children to progress at their own pace, and catering for students’ varying capabilities, interests and needs. It will seek to ensure that children are educated with critical and creative thinking skills, inculcated with appropriate values, and encouraged to improve their language proficiency. Thus, the curriculum will be designed to help students achieve overall balanced development; integrate knowledge, skills, values, and correct use of language; state explicitly intended learning outcomes for different ability levels; offer multidisciplinary, thematic, and continuous learning; Foster the knowledge, skills, and attitudes appropriate for success in the Information Age (Jaafar, 2008).

2.3.2. Pedagogy The smart school pedagogy will seek to make learning more interesting, motivating, stimulating, and

meaningful; involve the children’s minds, spirit, and bodies in the learning process; build basic skills to prepare children for greater challenges over time; and cater for a range of needs and capabilities among the students. The pedagogy shall use an appropriate mix of learning strategies to ensure mastery of basic competencies and promote holistic development; accommodate individual different learning styles, so as to boost performance and foster a classroom atmosphere that is compatible with different teaching-learning strategies. Key features of good online resources, from a student’s perspective, include (BackroadConnectionsPtyLtd, 2003b); accessibility (fast to download, easy to read, easy to navigate), use of appropriate online features and good content design, i.e. the learning content is enhanced by careful selection of appropriate and current learning resources; the contents are motivational; the learning material is clearly presented and accurate, and appropriate level of instruction given. Similarly, the content is written in appropriate style and format for online, and is complemented with downloadable, printable material (NCVER 2002).



2.3.3. Assessment The smart school’s assessment system will be distinctly different from current systems to help realize the

National Philosophy of Education It shall be element-based and criterion-referenced to provide a more holistic and accurate picture of a student’s performance. Teachers, students, and parents will be able to access on-line assessment items. Smart school assessment will be flexible and learner-friendly, while assuring the quality of the assessment information by using multiple approaches and instruments. It will lead to living certification, which will not only show to a student’s cumulative accomplishments but will also be open to continued improvement on a lifetime basis.

2.3.4. Teacher Learning Material Smart schools will need teaching-learning materials designed for the new teaching strategies. These

materials will accommodate students’ differing needs and abilities, resulting in fuller realizations of their and potential, and allow students to take greater responsibility for managing and directing their own learning.

2.3.5. Environment School environment is another crucial factor to facilitate learning process. Environment must be supportive

and encouraging which provide learning opportunity to both students and teachers. There is need that teachers must be equipped and awared about latest technologies. Schools have to update teachers through learning workshops and conferences. It facilitates teachers to convey updated knowledge to students. Similarly, awareness about new software’s and latest technologies help students to fulfil the requirement of market needs.

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS There are sixteen states in Malaysia. The data of this research was collected from one state i.e. Selangor.

Selangor is very near to capital city Kualalumpur. There are total 88 registered smart schools in Malaysia, while data was collected from only 14 selected schools of Selangor state. Participants include both males and females students as well as teachers. Total of 211 questionnaires were distributed among teachers and 430 among students. Questionnaires were personally administered by researchers and contain assessment information about curriculum, environment, assessment, challenges and opportunities for career.

3.1. Descriptive Statistics Analysis of teachers shows that most of the female teachers (84.4%) are teaching in smart school, while the

percentage of male teachers is only 15.2 %. In smart schools, teachers belong to three ethnicities i.e. Malaysia (84.8%), Chinese (8.5%) and Indians (5.7%). Almost all the teachers in smart school are young and experienced. Almost above 60 % of respondents belong to age group of 30-50 years of age. Almost 83.4 % of respondents hold degree as their qualification, while only 9.5 % of staff has master degree.

Table 2. Demographic information of respondents

Teachers

Categories Items Percentage Gender Male

Female 15.2 84.8

Ethnicity Malaysian Chinese Indian Others

84.8 8.5 5.7 0.9

Age 20-30 Years 30-40 Years 40-50 Years > 50 Years

27 35.1 30.8 7.1

Education Certificate Diploma Degree Master Others

1.9 4.7 83.4 9.5 0.5

While in case of students, data was collected from starting year 1 to year 6. Most of the students in sample

belong to Year 3 (43.9 %), Year 4 (20.6%), Year 5 (14.8%), Year 6 (4%), Year 2 (11.1%) and Year 1 (5.3%). 3.2. Instrumentation In case of student, questions were asked about computer based education, environment, challenges,

curriculum assessment and skills. In computer based education, students were asked about their interaction with computer as general and usage of different Microsoft packages including Microsoft word, Excel and power point. Environment deals with internet usage by students in hours at school and home and advantage which have due to usage of internet at home on other students. Challenges to students were recorded by asking them about old computers in laboratories, untrained teachers, guidance, class size and unavailability of updated software’s. In



curriculum assessment, students were asked about ‘how teachers assess them in computer based subject’ and usefulness of contents taught in computer classes; while in skills for employment, students perception about future employment with respect to computers were recorded.

4. RESULTS The result section is divided in to two portions i.e. student results and teacher results. Student results

section contain information about computer based education, environment, challenges, curriculum assessment and skills; while teacher section contain information about their interest and training, curriculum assessment, challenges, environment and career.

4.1. Student Results Evaluation Table-1 shows the total number of observation, mean values, standard deviation and standard mean error

for all the variables. Results shows that mean value for success is high and most contributing variable in success is Interest and training curriculum assessment and school environment. The mean value of success is 60.8891, interest and training is 23.0551, curriculum assessment is 12.911, challenge is 7.44, environment is 9.917 and for career mean value are 7.55.

Table 1. Descriptive Statistics of Major Variables

Variables Total Sample Mean Score Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Success 211 60.8891 4.72662 .32539

Interest & Training 211 23.0551 3.69149 .25413 Curriculum Assessment 211 12.9119 2.04911 .14107

Challenges 211 7.4457 1.37673 .09478 Environment 211 9.9171 1.49847 .10316

Career 211 7.5592 .89716 .06176 Table 2 shows the results for β coefficient as well as for T-test. Results shows that career (t = 122.39, P <

0.05), environment (t= 96.34, P< 0.05), challenges (t= 78.56, P< 0.05), curriculum assessment (t= 91.53, P< 0.05) and interest and training (t=90.72, P< 0.05). Value of T-test is significant for all the variables as significance value for all the tested value is under 0.05 i.e. less than that of confidence interval. It means all the variable has positive effect on success of smart schooling system, so we accept the entire null hypothesis and reject alternate hypothesis. Moreover, the value of β coefficient (39.71) is higher than that of standard error (0.764), which is again strong evidence to accept all H0.

Table-2 T- Test Results

Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta

1 (Constant) 39.717 .764 27.563 .00 Career 1.000 0.55 .190 122.390 .00

Environment 1.159 .043 .317 96.134 .01

Challenges 1.003 .046 .291 78.560 .03

Curriculum Assessment 1.129 .030 .434 91.531 .02

Interest & Training .918 .017 .781 90.721 .00

a. Dependent Variable: Success α = 0.05 Table-3 shows the summary of regression results. In regression model, R-square provides statistics about

goodness of fit of model. It is also called coefficient of determination which measure how well the regression line representing the real data set. A value of R-square equal to 1.0 indicates that the regression line is perfectly for with the data set and proposed model is perfectly accurate to predict the scenario. While Durbin-Watson test is a statistical test used to determine the presence of auto-correlation in data set. If the value of Durbin-Watson test is less than 1, it means data has co linearity problem. Table results show that value for R-square is 0.753, which shows that model explain 91% of variability. It means that model is reliable as predictors i.e. interest and training, challenges, career, curriculum assessment and environment explained the dependent variable successfully. Similarly, value of Durbin-Watson test is satisfactory and above 1, which mean that model has no auto-correlation problem.



Table-3 Model Summary b

Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate Durbin-Watson 1 0.868a 0.753 0.751 2.35893 1.8

a. Predictors: (Constant), interest &Training, Challenges, Career, Curriculum Assessment, Environment b. Dependent Variable: Success 4.2. Teacher Results Evaluation Table-4 shows the total number of observation, Mean, Standard Deviation and Standard error for Student

data for smart schooling system. Mean observed value for success is 58.475, computer based education (25.75), Environment (15.95), challenges (7.36), curriculum assessment (5.227) and skills (4.170), while the values for standard deviation for success is 9.5 and standard error is 0.4622.

Table-4 Descriptive Statistics of Major Variables

Variables N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

Success 430 58.4752 9.58631 .46229

Computer Based Education 430 25.7543 6.40022 .30865

Environment 430 15.9535 2.54428 .12270

Challenges 430 7.3690 1.61685 .07797

Curriculum Assessment 430 5.2279 2.18475 .10536

Skills 430 4.1705 1.35486 .06534

Table 5 shows the results for β coefficient as well as for T-test. Results shows that computer based

education (t = 83.44, P = 0.00 < α = 0.05), environment (t= 130.0, P = 0.00 < α = 0.05), challenges (t= 94.10, P = 0.00 < α = 0.05), curriculum assessment (t= 49.62, P = 0.00 < α = 0.05) and skill (t= 63.83, P = 0.00 < α = 0.05). Value of T-test is significant for all the variables as significance value for all the tested value is under 0.05 i.e. less than that of confidence interval. It means all the variable has positive effect on success of smart schooling system as reported by student response results, so we accept the entire null hypotheses and reject alternate hypotheses. Moreover, the value of β coefficient (36.88) is higher than that of standard error (1.330), which is again strong evidence to accept all H0.

Table-5 T-Test Results

Model Un standardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta

1 (Constant) 3.688 1.130 .849 .02 Computer Based Education 1.054 .011 .704 83.443 .00

Environment 1.027 .027 .273 130.024 .00 Challenges .917 .030 .209 94.510 .00

Curriculum Assessment 1.091 .041 .184 49.621 .00 Skills .897 .048 .141 63.831 .00

a. Dependent Variable: Success α = 0.05 Table-6 shows the summary of regression results. In regression model, R-square provides statistics about

goodness of fit of model. It is also called coefficient of determination which measure how well the regression line representing the real data set.

Table-6 Model Summary b

Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate Durbin-Watson

1 .956 a .914 .914 2.81078 1.778

a. Predictors: (Constant), SKILL, CURASSESS, Environment, Challenges, Computer Based Education

b. Dependent Variable: Success



A value of R-square equal to 1.0 indicates that the regression line is perfectly for with the data set and proposed model is perfectly accurate to predict the scenario. While Durbin-Watson test is a statistical test used to determine the presence of auto-correlation in data set. If the value of Durbin-Watson test is less than 1, it means data has co linearity problem. Table-6 results shows that value for R-square is 0.914, which shows that this model explain 75% of variability. It means that model is reliable as predictors i.e. interest and training, challenges, career, curriculum assessment and environment explained the dependent variable successfully. Similarly, value of Durbin-Watson test is satisfactory and above 1, which mean that model has no auto-correlation problem.

5. DISCUSSION Smart schooling system is newly established concept, support ICT framework for improvement in learning.

Teachers are considered as key actors in smart schools for delivering knowledge to students. Results show that smart schooling system in Selangor paying less attention towards teachers training and development course. Reported teachers participation in development activities including workshops, teachers club, Internship programs, teacher resource centres and conferences is high. This means that administration of smart school is keen in professional development of their staff. Most of the teachers in schools are interested to excel their expertise in computer science courses. Most of them are interested in learning web designing, graphics, network application, databases and operating system including their expertise in hardware. Most of the teachers are interested in online and web based learning rather than course based learning. School administration has to deploy such trainings which enhance teacher’s expertise in these mentioned specific areas.

Using ICT framework makes learning easy and effective. Most of school teachers are using different computer based applications in delivering knowledge to their students. Usage of different computer based applications according to preference is power point course slides, spread sheet, excel sheet, desktop publishing, network management applications and interactive video session especially for mathematics courses. In few schools class size is less than 20 students in class, while few school teachers reported class size of 40. Small class size help teachers to concentrate on every student development, while in large class, teachers mostly discuss on course contents rather than student development. It is important for people in administration including staff and principles in smart schools to acquire computer related skills which help them to update their schools according to the required standards of smart schools. Findings of previous researchers also highlighted that teachers are not aware, how and which technologies they have to integrate for different subjects. Integrating technologies help to improve learning process of students and increase their mental strength towards adopting new technologies.

There are few limitations in smart schools which need to be highlighted for better progress of these schools. Although students are interested to learn internet but few teachers have observations about student abuse use of internet. Most of the teachers give internet based assignments and consider this as double learning source i.e. expertise in computer usage and searching required topic. Providing such opportunities to students help them to enhance their critical thinking as well as their self directed learning; it increase their motivation and willingness to work independently at their work place.

6. FUTURE IMPLICATIONS There is need to define some key rules for smart school project team which help participants to better

contribute in success of smart schooling system. All the participants in project team will be provided with opportunity to share their visionary ideas with provide solutions to smart system problems. This will helps in improving high inspiration among team members as well as help in learning leading concepts and comprehensive course standards for smart schools. Such collaborative work help in attaining world class standards in smart school. Teachers will have to play their role of guide such as they will identify goals, define direction for their students, match this progress with defined goals and adopted a step back methodology, therefore provide students with greater opportunity to learn at their own space. Teacher side by side check the students progress periodically, identify weaknesses and decide the future course of action for their students.

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