art of greater gandhara

History of Art 688

The Art of greater Gandhara

(Bactria, Margiana, Gandhara)

Professor John C. Huntington

___________________

Lecture 02

Alexander III of Macedon

and the Seleucid Empire

Reading Assignment for thislecture

http://www.seleukids.org/index.html

The website above, contains a rather detailed history of the Seleucids

(or °kids). It is mostly a tale of betrayal within the family and of brother against

brother or uncle against nephe, fighting over power and killing each other in

battles. However, the complexity and details of this totally inhumane activity are

both instructive and cautionary. Unfortunately, his was the standard for political

life in the greater “Persian” region. It would seem that war was almost “the”

sport of the time.

As an exercise (to fully understand the implications of this total waste

of resources, make a list including each king, whom he killed and who killed

him. I think you find it both fascinating and ugly. Remember it is the Seleucid

period that sets the stage for the Saka-Parthian period, and their successors the

Kushans

Map of Seleucid Empire

The Conquest of Persia,etc by Alexander the Greatof Macedon

Alexander III (356-323 BC),

King of Macedonia, conqueror of the Persian Empire. Born in

Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia, Alexander was the son of

Philip II, king of Macedonia. Greek philosopher Aristotle was

Alexander's tutor, instructing him in rhetoric and literature and

stimulating his interest in science, medicine, and philosophy.In

336 BC Philip was assassinated, and Alexander ascended to the

throne. He quickly solidified his rule at home and then attacked

Thessaly to restore Macedonian rule there. In 335 BC he defeated

the Thracians, penetrating to the Danube River. On his return he

crushed the Illyrians before hastening to Thebes, which had

revolted. He razed the city, sparing only temples and the house

of Pindar, a Greek lyric poet of the 5th century BC.


Other Greek states promptly submitted to Alexander's

rule.Alexander began his war against Persia in the spring of 334

BC, defeating a Persian army near the ancient city of Troy.

Subsequently, all the states of Asia Minor submitted to him.

Advancing southward, Alexander defeated the main Persian

army, commanded by King Darius III, at Issus, in northeastern

Syria in 333 BC. He then took Tyre in 332 BC. Alexander next

captured Gaza and traveled into Egypt. He secured control of the

entire eastern Mediterranean coastline and founded, at the mouth

of the Nile River, the city of Alexandria, which later became the

literary, scientific, and commercial center of the Greek

world.Alexander next reorganized his forces and started for

Babylon. In 331 BC he again defeated Darius, and Babylon

surrendered. Alexander then forced his way to Persepolis, the

Persian capital, and plundered it.


By 327 BC his domain extended along and beyond the southern

shores of the Caspian Sea, into much of central Asia.In 326 BC

Alexander invaded the Punjab. At this point the Macedonians

rebelled and refused to go farther. Alexander spent about a year

organizing his dominions and completing a survey of the Persian

Gulf in preparation for further conquests. He arrived in Babylon

in the spring of 323 BC, but then he contracted a fever and died.

Alexander was noted as a brilliant military tactician and troop

leader. He founded a number of cities, most of them

named Alexandria. These cities were well located and

settled by Greek veterans from his army. Thus, Greek

culture was spread and the Greek language became widely

known.


Examples of Alexander III Coins Minted by Alexander

Alexander the Great lifetime stater, 8.61g, official issue from Abydos, Troas, AsiaMinor, c. 328-323 BC, The obverse depicts Athena wearing a crested Corinthian helmetornamented with a coiled snake, wearing an earring and a necklace, her braided hairfalling straight down the back of her neck and visible as wavy locks beneath her helmetto the side. The reverse depicts Nike holding a wreath and ship stylis (ornament) or amast, Hermes or a generic male wearing a chlamys (small cloak fastened at theshoulder), a mint control mark consisting of the Greek letter xi under Athena's rightwing, and the inscription "Of Alexander”

http://rg.ancients.info/alexander/staters.html


Examples of Alexander III Coinage Minted by Alexander

http://mysite.verizon.net/vze3xycv/RulersCoins/AlexTGreat.htm

Portrait of Alexander struck during his life time, Afghan Treasure of Mir-ZakahObv. Alexander wearing the elephant headdress, the aegis of Zeus (thunder cape that deflects enemies) and the ram’s horn of Amon an Egyptian god that the Greeks identified with Zeus). Rev. Elephant facing right and greek leter xi aboveStater , weight and diameter unknown (“about the size of penny”)


Examples of Alexander III Coinage post lifetime


Portrait of Alexander minted by his General and friend, Ptolemy I, with in 18 years of Alexander's death. Egypt, Ptolemy I, 310-305 B.C. rare bare breast variety AR Tetradrachm, 15.67g. 28mm. struck c.310-305 B.C. Head of the deified Alexander the Great r. wearing elephant skin. Rv. Athena striding r. holding spear and shield; eagle on thunderbolt at feet; monograms in fields to l. and r.; test cut in field to l.


Examples of Alexander III Coinage



Examples of Alexander III Coinage post lifetime


Portrait of Alexander struck 42 years after his death in 281-280 bce. THRACE, Kings of. Lysimachos. 323-281 BC. AR Tetradrachm. Lysimachia mint. Struck Head of the deified Alexander right, with horn of Ammon / BASILEWS LUSIMACOU, Athena seated left, holding Nike in her extended right hand, left arm leaning on her shield; lion head left above elephant left in inner left field; QE monogram on throne.


Examples of Alexander III Coins post lifetime

KINGS of MACEDON, Alexander III. 336-323 BC. AR Tetradrachm (31 mm, 17.2 gm). Mesembria mint. Struck circa 250-175 BC. Obverse: Head of Herakles in lion's skin right. Reverse: Zeus seated left, holding eagle and sceptre; Corinthian helmet left, monogram below throne BASILEWS ALEXANDER King Alexander --

http://www.vcoins.com/ancient/ancientcaesar/store/viewItem.asp?idProduct=536&large=0

02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

After the death of Alexander the Great in the afternoon of 11 June 323

BCE, his empire was divided by his generals, the so-called Diadochi. One

of them was his friend Seleucus, who became king of the eastern

provinces - more or less modern Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and

Lebanon, together with parts of Turkey, Armenia, Turkmenistan,

Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. His kingdom had two capitals, which he

founded in c.300: Antioch in Syria and Seleucia in Iraq. Babylon was a

third important city. The empire was, like the empire of Alexander,

actually the continuation of the empires before: Persia, Babylonia and

Assyria.

Seleucus I’s reign lasted from 312 to 280.

02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

in c.246, during a short interregnum, the Seleucids lost much territory

in the east, where the Parni settled themselves in the satrapy of Parthia

-in northern Iran- and the satrapy of Bactria -Afghanistan- became

independent. The Seleucid king Antiochus III the Great was able to

reconquer these territories between 209 and 204. In the southwest, the

Seleucid kings fought several wars with the Egyptians; in 200, their king

was forced to cede Palestine to Antiochus III. Seleucid power was at its

zenith. Antiochus III the Great In 196, Antiochus III crossed the

Hellespont in order to add Thrace to his empire (which happened in

194). This was something that the Romans could not allow to happen,

and war between the two superpowers broke out in 192. Antiochus

received support from many Greek towns and help from the famous

general Hannibal, but was defeated and forced to pay a tremendous

sum of money. Moreover, the Seleucid empire lost its possessions in

what is now Turkey.

02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

The tide was turning against the Seleucid monarchy. In the west, Rome

became too powerful to resist; they backed the Jews, who liberated

themselves in the years after 165 (the so-called Maccabaean revolt).

At the same time, Central Asian Nomads, the Parni founded the

Parthian empire, which seized away the eastern provinces. The towns in

Babylonia, a.o. Seleucia and Babylon, were captured between April and

June 141. New losses followed, until in 64, the Roman general Pompey

the Great made an end to the Seleucid kingdom.

02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 1:

Seleucus I NicatorJune, 311 - September281

Louvre

02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 1:

Seleucus I Nicator 1(?) June, 311 - September 281

Seleukid Kings of Syria Seleukos I Nikator AR TetradrachmAttribution: SC 3.3a, Date: 282-281 BCObverse: Head of Herakles right, wearing lion's skinReverse: Zeus Nikephoros seated left; monogram in left field, AS below throne.Size: 25.89 mm Weight: 17.08 grams

http://www.vcoins.com/ancient/ancientimports/store/viewItem.asp?idProduct=11940&large=0

02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 1:


KINGS of PERGAMON. Philetairos I. 284-263 BC. AR Tetradrachm (16.70 gm).Diademed head of Seleukos I right / Athena enthroned left, holding shield andspear; ivy leaf before, bow behind, A on throne.

http://mysite.verizon.net/vze3xycv/RulersCoins/seleucidPic.htm

02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 1:


Tetradrachm of Seleucus I, 300 280 B.C.; SeleucidIran, excavated at Pasargadae SilverPurchase, H. Dunscombe Colt Gift, 1974 (1974.105.9

http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/04/wam/ho_1974.105.9.htm

02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 2:

Antiochus I Soter September 281 - 2 June 261

Antiochus I, Soter, 280 to 261 BC Tetradrachm, diademed heard right / nude Herakles seatedleft on rock, lion skin draped over rock, club in right hand. Magnesia ad Sipylum mint.


02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 3:

Antiochus II Theos 261-252 (Youth)

Seleucid Empire: Antiochus II Theos, 261-246. AR Tetradrachm (16.99 gm; 28 mm). Series I,261-252 BC. Antioch. Diademed head right / BASILEWS - ANT-IOCOU. Apollo seated left onomphalos holding bow and arrow. Monogram in left field. WSM 1135. Good metal and strike.Well-centered.

http://www.vcoins.com/ancient/parscoins/store/viewItem.asp?idProduct=3181&large=0

02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 3:

Antiochus II Theos 261-252 (middle age)

SELEUCID KINGDOM: Antiochus II Theos (261 246 BC). AR tetradrachm (16.84 gm). Seleuciaon the Tigris. Diademed head of Antiochus I right / BASILEWS ANTIOCOU, Apollo seated lefton omphalus, examining arrow held in right hand and resting left hand on bow, monograms inouter left and right fields. SC 587.4a. ESM 178.

http://www.vcoins.com/ancient/freemanandsear/store/viewItem.asp?idProduct=547&large=0

02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 3:

Antiochus II Theos 261-252 (older)

SELEUCID KINGDOM: Antiochus II Theos (261 246 BC). AR tetradrachm (16.34 gm). PerhapsTemnus. Diademed head of Antiochus I right, rejuvenated and idealized / BASILEWSANTIOCOU, Heracles seated left on rocks, resting right hand on club before him, cantharus inouter left field , HD monogram in exergue. Rare! SC 497. WSM 1510..

p://www.vcoins.com/ancient/freemanandsear/store/viewItem.asp?idProduct=654&large=0

02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 2a:

Interregnum 246-244 [Antiochus I]

Interregnum, 246-244BC, Silver Tetradrachm, Houghton-Lorber SC-641, CSE-421 (same dies), EHC-335, struck 246-244BC at Antioch, 16.78 grams, 27.8 mm. Nice VFObv: Diademed head of Antiochus I facing rightRev: Apollo seated facing left on omphalus, testing arrow, hand on grounded bow

http://www.vcoins.com/ancient/glennwoods/store/viewItem.asp?idProduct=5398&large=0

02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 3:

Antiochus Hierax, 246 to 227 BCE

Tetradrachm, Diademed draped bust right / Apollo seated left on omphalos holding arrow and bow. Cilician mint.


02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 3:

Seleucus II Callinicus July/August 246 - after 18 September 226

SYRIA, Seleukid Kings. Seleukos II. 246-226 BC. AR Tetradrachm Uncertain mint, perhapsAntioch. Diademed head right / Apollo standing left, holding arrow in right hand, restingleft elbow on tripod.

02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 4:

Seleucus III Ceraunus (or Soter) before 10 April 225 - summer 223

Seleukid Kingdom: Seleucus III Keraunos (Ceraunus) AR tetradrachm-Date: 226-223 BC, 17.00gm, Antioch mint, 27.2mm. Obv: -Diademed head right. Rev: Apollo, naked, seated left on omphalos holding arrow, -bow set on ground, SELEUKOU to left, BASILEWS to right, monograms to outer left and right.-Newell WSM 1029; Houghton/Lorber SC 921.1. aEF/EF

http://www.vcoins.com/ancient/apollo/store/viewItem.asp?idProduct=437&large=0

02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

Ompalos? What’s that?

The demigod Heracles went to the edges of the earth to meet the legendary Amazons, theHesperides and the monster Geryon. Of course, Greece was the center of the world, and theGreeks believed that they could prove it. Once, in the mythological past, the supreme godZeus had released two eagles at the edges of the earth, and they had met each other atDelphi. A monument was erected to celebrate the outcome of this mytho-scientificexperiment: it was called the omphalos ('navel'). Probably, the story was invented to givesignificance to a very ancient monument, the meaning of which was no longer understood. Infact, it is likely that the Delphian omphalos originally was a baetyl, a 'house of god' that iswell-known from the ancient Near East.

http://www.livius.org/ea-eh/edges/edges.html

02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 5:

Antiochus III the Great summer 223 - 3 July 187

Antiochus III, the Great, Seleucid, Greek, 223-187 BCE, Tetradrachm, AR, 16.9g, 1 1/8" dia., O: Diademed head right; AB monogram behind R: Apollo seated left on omphalos, holding arrow and bow. "King Antiochus", Legend on reverse: ANTIOCOU BASILEWS, (ANTIOCOU BASILEWS), King Antiochus


02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 5:

Antiochus III the Great summer 223 - 3 July 187

Seleukid Kingdom Antiochus III AR Drachm / ElephantAttribution: S 6940, Houghton CSE 1186Date: 223-187 BCObverse: Bust right Reverse: Elephant walking right, legends Size: 18.11 mmWeight: 3.9 grams Description:


02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 6:

Seleucus IV Philopator 3 July 187 - 3 September 175

Seleucus IV, 187-175 B.C. AR Tetradrachm, Antioch mint. Diademed hd. of Seleucus r.Rv. Apollo seated l. on omphalos hld. bow and arrow; wreath and palm in field to l.


02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 7:

Antiochus IV Epiphanes 3 September 175 - November/December 164

SELEUCID KINGDOM: Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175-164 BC). AR tetradrachm (16.66 gm). Antioch, circa 173/2-169/8 BC. Diademed head of Antiochus IV right / BASILEWS ANTIOCOU QEOU EPIFANOU, Zeus seated left, holding Nike and scepter topped with lis, DI monogram in exergue. Mørkholm 12.

http://www.vcoins.com/ancient/freemanandsear/store/viewItem.asp?idProduct=850&large=0

02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 8:

Antiochus V Eupator November/December 164 - after 29 October 29 162

SYRIA, Seleukid Kings. Antiochos V. 164-162 BC. AR Tetradrachm (16.44 gm). Antioch mint. Diademed head right / Zeus seated left, holding Nike and sceptre; monogram outer left.


02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 9:

Demetrius I Soter before September/October 161 - beginning of June 150

SYRIA, Seleukid Kings. Demetrios I. 162-150 BC. AR Tetradrachm (16.68 gm). Antioch mint. Diademed head right, within wreath / Tyche seated, holding baton and cornucopiae, Nereid supporting throne; monogram outer


02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 10:

Alexander I Balas summer 152 - beginning of August 145

Seleucid Kingdom, Alexander I Balas AR Tetradrachm, Rare Seleucia on the Tigris Mint Obv-Diademed head of Balas right in Eastern style.Rev-Zeus Nikephoros enthroned left with scepter.


02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 10:

Alexander I Balas summer 152 - beginning of August 145

http://www.vcoins.com/ancient/cng/store/viewItem.asp?idProduct=3857&large=0

SELEUKID KINGS of SYRIA. Alexander I Balas. 152-145 BC. AR Tetradrachm (33mm, 16.81 g, 12h). Ake-Ptolemais mint. Marriage commemorative, struck 150 BC. Jugate bust of Cleopatra Thea (as Tyche), veiled, diademed, wearing kalathos, cornucopiae over her shoulder, and head of Alexander, diademed, right; A behind / Zeus Nikephoros seated left; Nike stands facing, holding a thunderbolt. (A3/P-; unlisted rev. die); SNG Spaer 1483; Houghton 407

02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 11:

Demetrius II Nicator (first reign) before 8 September 145 - July/August 138

Demetrius II, silver tetradrachm of 27 mm, 13.15 grams. Struck at the mint of Tyre in 129/8 BC. Diademed bust Demetrius II/Eagle stands left, wings closed, club to left.


02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 12:

Antiochus VI Dionysus beginning of August 145 - summer 140?

Seleukid Kingdom Antiochus IV AR TetradrachmAttribution: SGN Spaer 973Date: 175-164 BC (sic)Obverse: Antiochos IV, bust right Reverse: Zeus enthroned left ASize: 31.51 mmWeight: 16.4 grams


02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 12:

Antiochus VI Dionysus beginning of August 145 - summer 140?

Antioch mint. Radiate and diademed head of King right. Reverse Helmet with cheekpieces and ibex horn. Right field: KING ANTIOCHUS, BASILEWS ANTIOCOU (BASILEWSANTIOCOU) Left field: DIONUSOU EPIFANOUS, Dionysos Epiphanes. TPY, which stands for Tryphon, between horn and helmet.


02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 13:

Diodotus Tryphon summer 140? - after August 138

Tetradrachm, Diademed head right / Macedonian cavalry helmet with ibex horn, thunderbolt on cheek guard, all within oak wreath. Very rare, choice portrait of this short lived usurper.

02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 14:

Antiochus VII Sidetes (or Euergetes) July/August 138 - after 20 May 129

Seleukid Kingdom: Antiochos VII Euergetes AR tetradrachm, 138-129 BC, Antioch mint, 16.48gm, 28mm. Obv: Diademed head of Antiochos VII right. Rev: BASILEWS ANTIOCOU EUER-GETOU; helmeted Athena standing half-left, holding Nike in her right hand above monogram and A; holding spear and shield with aegis in her left hand; small monogram above left hand; all within wreath.

http://www.vcoins.com/ancient/apollo/store/viewItem.asp?idProduct=252&large=1

02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 15:

Demetrius II Nicator (second reign) first months of 129 - 126/125

Syria, Seleukid Kings. Demetrios II. Second Reign. 129-125 BC. AR Tetradrachm(16.53 gm). Year 185 (128-127 BC). Damascus mint. Diademed and bearded head of Demetrios right / [B]ASILEW[S] DHMHTRIO[U] right, QEOU NIKATORO[S] left, Zeus seated left on throne, holding Nike and sceptre; XD below throne, EPR in exergue.


02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 16:

Alexander II Zabinas 129 - 123

Tetradrachm, Diademed head right / Zeus left holding Nike in right hand, lotus tipped scepter right hand.


02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 17:

Seleukos V 125


No known Coins

02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 17:

Cleopatra Thea 125-6

Rare

02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 18:

Cleopatra Thea and Antiochus VIII Gryphus 126/125 - 121

Seleucid Kingdom, Cleopatra Thea/Antiochos VIII Jugate AR Tetradrachm, Rare Phoenician Mint Obv-Jugate busts of Cleopatra and Antiochos VIII. Rev-Zeus Nikephoros enthroned with royal titles of both King and Queen


02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 20:

Antiochus VIII Gryphus 121 - 113 (first Reign)

SYRIA, Seleukid Kings. Antiochos VIII. First Reign. 121-113 BC. AR Tetradrachm (16.54 gm). Antioch mint. Diademed head right / Zeus Oranios standing left, holding star and sceptre


02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 20:

Antiochus VIII Gryphus 108-96 (third reign)

SYRIA, Seleukid Kings. Antiochos VIII. First Reign. 121-113 BC. AR Tetradrachm (16.54 gm). Antioch mint. Diademed head right / Zeus Oranios standing left, holding star and sceptre


02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 21:

Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 114/113 - 95

Antiochus IX, tetradrachm. Diademed head right / Athena standing half left holding Nike in her right hand, shield and spear in her left.

02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 22:

Seleucus VI Epiphanes Nicator 96 - 95

SYRIA, Seleukid Kings. Seleukos VI. 95-94 BC. AR Tetradrachm Antioch mint. Diademed head right / Zeus seated left, holding Nike and sceptre; letters and monogram outer left, A under throne.


02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 23:

Antiochus X Eusebes Philopator 95 - 92 or 83

SYRIA, Seleukid Kings. Antiochos X. 94-92 BC. AR Tetradrachm (14.55 gm). Antioch mint. Diademed head right / Zeus seated left, holding Nike and sceptre; monogram and A to left, monogram under throne.


02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 23:

Demetrius III Eucaerus (or Philopator) 95 - 87

SYRIA, Seleukid Kings. Demetrios III. 95-88 BC. AR Tetradrachm (14.88 gm). Damascus mint. Year 222 (91/90 BC). Diademed head right / Cult-statue of Atargatis facing; N and A in left field, BKS and monogram in exergue.s


02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 23:

Antiochus XI Ephiphanes Philadelphus 93- 92

Rare

02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 23:

Philip I Philadelphus 95 - 84/83

SYRIA, Seleukid Kings. Philip Philadelphos. 89-83 BC. AR Tetradrachm (15.78 gm). Uncertain mint in Northern Syria or Cilicia. Diademed head of Philip right / Zeus seated left, holding Nike and sceptre; NK monogram/A left, AP monogram at knee, monogram under throne.


02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 23:

Antiochus XII Dionysus 87 - 84

Tetradrachm, 86-85 BCE, Diademed head right / Cult statue of Haddad standing facing on double basis, flanked by two bull foreparts, holding grain stalk in right hand.

02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 23:

Tigranes II the Great of Armenia 83 - 69

KINGS of ARMENIA. Tigranes II, 95-56 BC. AR Tetradrachm PCW-G997-KINGS of ARMENIA. Tigranes II, 95-56 BC. AR Tetradrachm (16.98 gm; 28 mm). Antioch mint. Draped bust right, wearing tiara with star and eagles; two-pellet points on tiara / BASILEWS TIGRANOU, Tyche of Antioch seated right on rock, holding branch; below, river-god Orontes swimming right; monogram on rock. Nercessian Group 6 (A56); CAA 33; AC 33.

http://www.vcoins.com/ancient/parscoins/store/viewItem.asp?idProduct=3916&large=0

02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 23:

Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 69 - 64

Rare

02 the Selucids

Seleucid Chronology

King list 23:

Philip II Philoromaeus 65 - 64

Roman rule 64 BCE on

Rare

02 the Bactrian

Bactrian Chronology

King list 1: Diodotus I r. c.250-240 BCE

art of greater gandhara

Documents

century bc

alexander nextcaptured

in336 bc philip

king of macedonia

king darius

ancient capital of macedonia

greatof macedonby

greatof macedonalexander