art of ancient egypt part ii upload
TRANSCRIPT
Art of Ancient EgyptReading:Stokstad, 62-79
Range:1975-332 BCEMiddle Kingdom, New Kingdom, Late Period
Terms/Concepts:Clerestory, Hypostyle, Rock-Cut Tomb, Ankh, Amarna, Peristyle, Book of the Dead, Pylon, Block Sculpture, continuous narrative, Aten, monotheism, polytheism, canon of proportions, clerestory,
Monument: Not in Book, Seated Statue of
Amenemhat III, Middle Kingdom, 1844 BCE
3-14, Rock-Cut Tomb, Beni Hasan, Middle Kingdom, 1938-1756 BCE
3-20, Hypostyle Hall in the Great Temple of Amun at Karnak, New Kingdom, 1292-1190 BCE
3-21, Votive Statue of Hatshepsut, New Kingdom, 1473-1458 BCE
3-26, Akhenaten and his Family, New Kingdom, 1353-1336 BCE
3-31, Judgment of Hunefer from his Book of the Dead, New Kingdom, 1285 BCE
Timeline of the Ancient Near East
Egypt: Chronology
• Predynastic Period 5000-2920 BCE• Early Dynastic Period (I-III) 2920-2611 BCE• Old Kingdom (IV-VIII) 2575-2465 BCE• First Intermediate Period (IX-XI) 2134-2040 BCE• Middle Kingdom (XI-XIV) 2040-1640 BCE• Second Intermediate Period (XV-XVII) 1640-1532 BCE• New Kingdom (XVIII-XX) 1550-1070 BCE• Third Intermediate Period (XXI-XXV) 1070-712 BCE• Late Period (XXV-XXXI) 712-332 BCE• Greco/Roman Egypt 332 BCE-359 CE
Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom
3-14, Rock-Cut Tomb, Beni Hasan, Middle Kingdom, 1938-1756 BCE
Not in Book, Seated Statue of Amenemhat III, Middle Kingdom, 1844 BCE
Second Intermediate Period (XV-XVII) 1640-1532 BCE
New Kingdom (XVIII-XX) 1550-1070 BCE
East
West
Thebes
Mortuary Complexes
Political and Religious Center
East
West
Temple of Amun
Karnak
Senusret I (1971-1926 BCE)
Plan
Reconstruction
Middle Kingdom Temple
This temple doesn’t really survive.
New Kingdom Developments: 1493-1213 BCE
Thutmosis I-Ramses II
New Kingdom Developments: 1493-1213 BCE
Thutmosis I and Thutmosis II
Hypostyle Hall: Sety I and Ramses II (1290-1213 BCE)
ColumnsPlan
3-20, Hypostyle Hall in the Great Temple of Amun at Karnak, New Kingdom, 1292-1190 BCE
Plan
A hypostyle hall is a large hall or room with a roof supported by columns
Clerestory: The area of windows that rises above other parts of the roof.
3-20, Hypostyle Hall in the Great Temple of Amun at Karnak, New Kingdom, 1292-1190 BCE
Clerestory: The area of windows that rises above other parts of the roof.
Lotus = Upper Egypt
Papyrus = Lower Egypt
Capitals = The (Re)unification of Egypt
Pylon I – 30th DynastyPylon II – 18th DynastyPylon III – 18th DynastyPylon IV/V/VI – Thutmosis IPylon VII – 18th Dynasty
Pylon: Massive gateway, often at a temple, with sloping walls.
Pylons 18th Dynasty-30th Dynasty
Pylon VIII – 18th DynastyPylon IX – 18th DynastyPylon X – 18th Dynasty
Pylon I, seen from front. Temple of Amun, Karnak, Egypt.
Pylon I, seen from front. Temple of Amun, Karnak, Egypt.
Plan of sacred precinct of Amun at Karnak, Egypt.
Sacred lake
First pylon
Most holy of places
Hypostyle hall
View of Temple at Karnak.
Hypostyle Hall
Pylon I
Most Holy of Places
Sacred Lake
East
West
Thebes
Mortuary Complexes
Political and Religious Center
3-21, Votive Statue of Hatshepsut, New Kingdom, 1473-1458 BCE
False Beard
Nemes (Headdress)
Hatshepsut, New Kingdom Pepy I, Old Kingdom
Other representations of Hatshepsut’s gender.
Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri, 18th Dynasty, New Kingdom, 2009-1997 BCE.
*Tomb miles away in a rock-cut tomb.
The Reliefs of Hatshepsut Defaced, Temple of Amun at Karnak, 18th Dynasty, New Kingdom, 1473-1458 BCE (Built), 1458-1428 (Defaced)
Defaced Cartouche at Deir el-Medina
The “Amarna Period”1353-1336 BCE
3-26, Akhenaten and his Family, New Kingdom, 1353-1336 BCE
Aten: The Sun DiskAnkh: Hieroglyph for Life
East
West
Karnak
Temple to the Aten
“you are the man, and you are the woman.”
Akhenaten Tutankhamun
Vulture (Nekhbet) Upper Egypt
Cobra (Wadjet) Lower Egypt
+
The Unification of Egypt
=
3-31, Judgment of Hunefer from his Book of the Dead, New Kingdom, 1285 BCE
The Declaration of Innocence: “I have not caused pain, / I have not caused tears. / I have not killed, / I have not ordered to kill, / I have not made anyone to suffer.” This section ends with him declaring that he is “pure” and that “no evil should befall [him].”
The Declaration of the 42 Judges: “O Bone- smasher, who comes from Hnes, I have not told lies.”
3-31, Judgment of Hunefer from his Book of the Dead, New Kingdom, 1285 BCE
The Address to the Gods: “[I] have given bread to the hungry, / Water to the thirsty, / Clothes to the naked, / A ferryboat to the boatless.”
3-31, Judgment of Hunefer from his Book of the Dead, New Kingdom, 1285 BCE
“The First Interrogation” The deceased is tested on the mysteries of Osiris and the gods. When is knowledge is confirmed by his answers he is told, “Come then, enter the gate of this Hall of the Two Truths, / For you know us.”
3-31, Judgment of Hunefer from his Book of the Dead, New Kingdom, 1285 BCE
“The Second Interrogation”: The hall itself tests the deceased further. With each challenge the deceased must respond with the challenger’s name. “ ‘I shall not open for you,’ / Says the bolt-clasp of this gate, / ‘Unless you tell my name,’ / ‘Eye-of-Sobk-Lord-of-Bakhu is your name.’ ”
3-31, Judgment of Hunefer from his Book of the Dead, New Kingdom, 1285 BCE
The Weighing of the Heart
3-31, Judgment of Hunefer from his Book of the Dead, New Kingdom, 1285 BCE
HuneferAnubis
Heart Maat
Maat
Ammut
Thoth
Anubis
Hunefer
Horus
Osiris
Isis and NephthysNekbhet
The Judgment of Ani, From the Papyrus of Ani,
Critical Thinking Questions1. How does the book of the dead function in ancient Egyptian
ritual? How are the themes found in these “books” connected to other artifacts?
2. What is the Amarna period? How does it represent a great divergence from the nature of Egyptian art and religion?
3. Define the term “stasis” in reference to the history of Egyptian sculpture. Why might this concept be important to the Egyptian worldview and the resulting art?
4. How are issues of gender and kingship approached on the statuary of Hatshepsut?
5. Describe the development of tomb architecture from the Early Dynastic period to the New Kingdom. How have practical considerations impacted how the Egyptians provided for their pharaoh’s afterlife?