art history sketchbookreview[1]

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Art History Sketchbook Reviews

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Page 1: Art history sketchbookreview[1]

Art History

Sketchbook Reviews

Page 2: Art history sketchbookreview[1]

Pre-Historic ArtEurope in 30,000 BC – 2,500 BC

Gravettian Culture – AustriaVenus of Willendorf24,000 – 22,000 BC

Oolitic limestone – yellowish, traces of ochre

One of three figurines recovered from Paleolithic archeological sites at Willendorf in Austria

One of many similarly shaped, female carvings - known as "Venus Figurines” - found across Europe and made during this time period

Discovered in 1908 by Austrian archeologist Josef Szombathy

11 cm high and a max. of 4 cm wide Thought to represent fertility, OR a higher

social status – obesity leading to abundance of food, etc.

Page 3: Art history sketchbookreview[1]

Pre-Historic ArtEurope in 30,000 BC – 2,500 BC

Nearly 2,000 figures, grouped into three categories - animals, human figures and abstract signs

Mostly horses (364 total, 90 are stags); also cattle, bison, felines, a bird, a bear, a rhinoceros, and a human

One of the bulls is 17 feet long Crossed hind legs show the

ability to use perspective No vegetation or environment is

portrayed around the animals Discovered in 1940 2000 – fungus appeared; 2006 –

black mold; 2008 – cave closed except for 20 minutes once a week to monitor conditions

Southwestern FranceCaves of Lascaux

15,000 BCpainted onto walls using mineral pigments as well as incised into the stone

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Pre-Historic ArtEurope in 30,000 BC – 2,500 BC

1st phase – a bank & ditch arrangement called a henge, built 5,000 years ago

Temple for worship of ancient deities?

Astronomical observatory? Prehistoric calendar? Sacred site for burial of high-

ranking citizens? 100 feet diameter, 24 feet tall 89 stones weighing up to 4 tons

each Years later stones weighing 40-

45 tons were moved in Blue stones are made of spotted

dolerite (volcanic rock) so rare it’s only found in one known location which is 20 miles west of Stonehenge

England, County WiltshireStonehenge

3,000 – 2.000 BCLarge standing

bluestones and sarsen stones set within

earthworks

Page 5: Art history sketchbookreview[1]

Non-European Art30,000 BC – 1,600 CE

Benin, NigeriaThe Ivory Mask (African)

16th CenturyIvory, Iron, Copper

Among most celebrated pieces of African art

Keep evil away from the Edo peoples Portrait of Idia, mother and close

advisor to one of the tribes most powerful leaders

Hollowed back suggests that it was both a pendant and a receptacle possibly containing medicines to

protect the king during ceremonial occasions

9 3/8 in. tall Top decorated with heads,

symbolizing Portuguese – alliance with and control over Europeans

Page 6: Art history sketchbookreview[1]

Non-European Art30,000 BC – 1,600 CE

Yucatan state in MexicoThe Temple at Chichen Itza

750 – 900 CEStone

Large Pre-Columbian city built by the Maya Civilization

Famous for it’s “traveling serpent”

Step pyramid demonstrates the accuracy and importance of Maya astronomy

365 steps – one for each day of the year… each of the temple’s four sides has 91 steps, and the top platform makes the 365th

named one of the New Seven Wonders of the World

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On Spring & Fall equinox the serpent descends from the heavens along the temple walls

As sun sets, shadowy snake descends steps to join a stone serpent head at the base of the staircase

Page 8: Art history sketchbookreview[1]

Non-European Art30,000 BC – 1,600 CE

ChinaTomb of Emperor Qin aka The Terracotta

Army246-209 BC

Terracotta Sculptures

Discovered in 1974 by farmers digging a water well Form of funerary art buried with Qin To protect Qin in afterlife, and to make sure that he had people

to rule over Figures vary in height according to roles, with the tallest being

the generals Three pits containing the Terracotta Army Over 8,000 soldiers, 130 chariots with 520 horses and 150

cavalry horses, the majority of which are still buried

Page 9: Art history sketchbookreview[1]

Non-European Art30,000 BC – 1,600 CE

Manufactured in workshops by 700,000 local craftsmen

Head, arms, legs and torsos were created separately and then assembled

Eight face molds most likely used, and then clay was added to provide individual facial features

Vary in height, uniform and hairstyle in accordance with rank – all life-size

Most originally held real weapons such as spears, swords, or crossbows

Were painted vibrant colors

Page 10: Art history sketchbookreview[1]

Egyptian3100 BC – 30 BC

Sculptor: ThutmoseNefertiti Bust

1345 BCLimestone, Gypsum, Crystal, Wax,

Stucco Nefertiti: literally "the beautiful one has come”

The bust is 19 in tall, weighs about 44 lbs

Face is completely symmetrical and almost intact, but the left eye lacks the inlay present in the right

Pupil of the right eye is of inserted quartz with black paint and is fixed with beeswax

Exact function of the bust is unknown, though it is theorized that the bust may be a sculptor's model

Page 11: Art history sketchbookreview[1]

Egyptian3100 BC – 30 BC

German archaeological team led by Ludwig Borchardt discovered the bust in 1912 in Thutmose's workshop in Amarna, Egypt.

Kept in several locations in Germany

Was CT scanned in 1992 and 2006

Wrinkles found on neck and bags under her eyes, suggesting the sculptor had tried to depict signs of aging

Inner face has creases around her mouth and cheeks and a swelling on the nose

Become "one of the most admired, and most copied, images from ancient Egypt”

Page 12: Art history sketchbookreview[1]

Egyptian3100 BC – 30 BC

West Bank of the Nile in GizaGreat Sphinx of Giza, with

the Pyramid of Khufu2558 - 2532 BC

Carved Limestone Bedrock

Oldest known monumental sculpture

Statue of a reclining sphinx (a mythical creature with a lion's body and a human head)

66 feet high and 240 feet long from front paws to tail-end

Built by ancient Egyptians during the reign of the Pharaoh Khafra

Possibly covered with plaster like bust of Nefertiti

Pharaoh Khafre is believed to be the man responsible for building the Sphinx

Theory is that the erosion was caused by wind sandblasting the figure, however it was concluded that the erosion was caused by rainfall

Page 13: Art history sketchbookreview[1]

Egyptian3100 BC – 30 BC

THEORIES: Sphinx was originally a statue

of the Jackal-Dog Anubis, the God of the Dead

Face was recarved in the likeness of a Middle Kingdom pharaoh, Amenemhet II

Traces of paint seen around one of the Sphinx's ears - believe that it was once colorfully painted

Page 14: Art history sketchbookreview[1]

Egyptian3100 BC – 30 BC

The Book of the DeadUsed from 1550 – 50 BC

written on papyrus and tomb walls

It is not a book – modern name of an ancient Egyptian funerary text

Consists of magic spells intended to assist a dead person's journey through the underworld into the afterlife

most commonly written in hieroglyphic or hieratic script on a papyrus scroll

190 – 200 spells are known Once prepared, the collection

of spells was packed carefully away with their other grave goods, to be placed in their tomb

Page 15: Art history sketchbookreview[1]

Egyptian3100 BC – 30 BC

They imagined the afterlife as a kind of journey you had to make to get to paradise – but it was quite a hazardous journey so you’d need magical help along the way

Papyrus of Ani is one of the finest and most complete examples of this type of Egyptian funerary text to survive. The Papyrus of Ani now resides in The British Museum, London.

Page 16: Art history sketchbookreview[1]

Greek850 BC – 31 BC

Greek Pottery1050 – 600

BCClay, Slip

Most of what we know about Greek art comes from the pictures they painted on pottery – about daily life, and they were used in daily life

Pots came in all sorts of shapes and sizes depending on their purpose

Painted scene reflected what the pot was used for

Greek painted pottery changed over time

Tells us about how life was in Athens and other ancient Greek cities

Greeks believed that goddess Athena invented earthenware pots, and was the patroness of Greek potters

Pots are the most valuable tools archeologists use for the study of ancient Greek history

Thought of the pots as if they were people - used human terms to describe parts of the pots… mouth, lip, neck, shoulder, and body.

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Greek850 BC – 31 BC

Periods of Greek Pottery: Protogeometric Geometric Orientalizing Black figure Red figure White ground technique Hellenistic Period

Forms of Greek Pottery Amphora – olive oil as prize

for winning athlete Krater – for mixing wine with

water Kantharos – drinking cup Alabastron – perfumes & oils Hydria – collecting water

Page 18: Art history sketchbookreview[1]

Greek850 BC – 31 BC

Alexandros of Antioch

Venus de Milo130 – 100 BC

Marble Currently at the Louvre Museum in Paris One of most famous works of ancient

Greek Sculpture Believed to depict Aphrodite, the Greek

goddess of love and beauty She is 6 feet 8 inches high Discovered on April 8, 1820 by a peasant

named Yorgos Kentrotas, inside a buried niche within the ancient city ruins of Milos

Comprised of several parts which were sculpted separately (bust, legs, left arm and foot) then fixed with vertical pegs, a technique which was fairly common in the Greek world

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Greek850 BC – 31 BC

She may have held an apple, a crown, a shield, or a mirror in which she admired her reflection.

Right side is worked more carefully and finished in greater detail than the left side or back, indicating that the statue was intended to be viewed in profile from its right.

Would have been painted, as was the Greek custom for statuary

Originally wore metal jewelry – bracelet, earrings, and headband – only the fixation holes remain

Page 20: Art history sketchbookreview[1]

Greek850 BC – 31 BC

Iktinos, Kallikrates, KarpionThe Parthenon447 – 432 BC

Limestone, Pentelic Marble

Dedicated to the goddess Athena Pallas or Parthenos

Main function was to shelter the monumental statue of Athena that was made by Pheidias out of gold and ivory

Temple of the Doric order: 8 columns at the façade and 17 columns at the flanks, conforming to the established ratio of 9:4. *Ratio governed the vertical and horizontal proportions of the temple as well as many other relationships of the building like the spacing between the columns and their height

Page 21: Art history sketchbookreview[1]

Greek850 BC – 31 BC

All Greek temples designed to be seen only from outside - viewers never entered a temple and could only glimpse the interior statues through the open doors

Epitomizes all the ideals of Greek thought during the Classical era through artistic means.

Concepts in Athens that set them apart from barbarians: idealism of Greek way of living, attention to detail, understanding of a mathematically explained harmony in the natural world

Represented in perfect proportions of building, intricate architectural elements, and anthropomorphic statues that adorned it

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Roman500 BC – 476 AC

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Medieval500 – 1400

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Renaissance1400 – 1500

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Baroque1600 – 1750

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Impressionism1865 – 1885

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Post-Impressionism1885 – 1910

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Expressionism1900 – 1935

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Cubism1905 – 1920

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Surrealism1917 – 1950

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Abstract Expressionism1940s – 1950s

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Pop Art1960s

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Assemblage1970 +

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Recycled1970 +