Art and literature during Manifest Destiny

REFORM IN THE ARTSART LITERATURE

NATURE

ART • A group of Artist became very popular at this

time. They were called the Hudson River School • Hudson River School paintings reflect three

themes of America in the 19th century: discovery, exploration, and settlement.

• The artist Thomas Cole is generally acknowledged as the founder of the Hudson River School.

LITERATURE• Transcendentalism is a religious and philosophical

movement that was developed during the late 1820s and 1830s in the Eastern region of the United States as a protest against the general state of spirituality

• Transcendentalists believe that society and its institutions—particularly organized religion and political parties—ultimately corrupt the purity of the individual

TRANSCENDENTALIST WRITERS • Ralph Waldo Emerson's - 1836 essay Nature• Henry David Thoreau was an American author,

poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, He is best known for his book Walden pond , a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings,

• and his essay Resistance to Civil Government (also known as Civil Disobedience), an argument for disobedience to an unjust state.

NATURALIST

• John James Audubon was a French-American ornithologist, naturalist, and painter. He was notable for his expansive studies to document all types of American birds and for his detailed illustrations that depicted the birds in their natural habitats.