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Benthic invertebrate exposure and chronic toxicity analysis for cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes: A probabilistic approach
Kent B. Woodburn, Rita M. Seston, David E. Powell, and Jaeshin Kim
Supporting Information
Table S1. Environmental concentrations of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) in sediments (mg/kg-OC). Values in italics are estimates, based on one-half of the detection limit reported in associated study. A ‘ – ’ indicates that no value was reported.
Source Site Details D4 D5 D6Powell et al. 2009 USA; L Pepin I.1 0.045 4.03 0.680Powell et al. 2009 USA; L Pepin I.2 0.038 3.64 0.628Powell et al. 2009 USA; L Pepin I.3 0.036 3.62 0.734Powell et al. 2009 USA; L Pepin I.4 0.037 3.52 0.627Powell et al. 2009 USA; L Pepin I.5 0.046 3.08 0.588Powell et al. 2009 USA; L Pepin II.1 0.043 4.24 0.912Powell et al. 2009 USA; L Pepin II.2 0.039 3.38 0.736Powell et al. 2009 USA; L Pepin II.3 0.042 3.41 0.836Powell et al. 2009 USA; L Pepin II.4 0.035 2.81 0.692Powell et al. 2009 USA; L Pepin II.5 0.039 2.12 0.655Powell et al. 2009 USA; L Pepin III.1 0.045 3.38 0.803Powell et al. 2009 USA; L Pepin III.2 0.045 3.40 0.826Powell et al. 2009 USA; L Pepin III.3 0.041 3.71 0.776Powell et al. 2009 USA; L Pepin III.4 0.046 3.90 0.944Powell et al. 2009 USA; L Pepin III.5 0.043 3.26 0.773Powell et al. 2009 USA; L Pepin IV.1 0.051 2.47 0.722Powell et al. 2009 USA; L Pepin IV.2 0.049 3.74 0.999Powell et al. 2009 USA; L Pepin IV.3 0.045 3.58 0.905Powell et al. 2009 USA; L Pepin IV.4 0.055 3.67 0.970Powell et al. 2009 USA; L Pepin IV.5 0.047 2.39 0.710Powell et al. 2009 USA; L Pepin V.1 0.048 2.99 0.884Powell et al. 2009 USA; L Pepin V.2 0.049 3.10 0.965Powell et al. 2009 USA; L Pepin V.3 0.049 3.21 0.956Powell et al. 2009 USA; L Pepin V.4 0.053 2.91 0.848Powell et al. 2009 USA; L Pepin V.5 0.052 2.66 0.828Boehmer and Gerhards 2003
Germany; Rhine R Wiesbaden, km 523 – 0.075
–
Boehmer and Gerhards 2003
Germany; Rhine R Koblenz, km 603 – 0.075
–
Boehmer and Gerhards 2003
Germany; Rhine R Leverkusen, km 712 – 0.075
–
Boehmer and Gerhards 2003
Germany; Rhine R Emmerich, km 874 – 0.075
–
Boehmer and Gerhards 2003
Germany; Rhine R Hollands Diep, km 1306 – 0.075
–
Boehmer and Gerhards 2003
UK, marine Las St Abbs Mid 5 Surface – 0.075
–
Boehmer and Gerhards 2003
UK, marine – 0.075
–
Boehmer and Gerhards 2003
UK, marine – 0.075
–
Boehmer and UK, marine – 0.07 –
Gerhards 2003 5Boehmer and Gerhards 2003
UK, marine – 0.075
–
Boehmer and Gerhards 2003
UK, marine – 0.075
–
Boehmer and Gerhards 2003
UK, marine – 0.075
–
Boehmer and Gerhards 2003
UK, marine – 0.075
–
Boehmer and Gerhards 2003
UK, marine – 0.075
–
Boehmer and Gerhards 2003
Germany; Rhine R Koln, km 672 – 0.300 –
Boehmer and Gerhards 2003
Germany; Rhine R Karlsruhe , km 377 – 0.600 –
Boehmer and Gerhards 2003
Germany; Hall Dike Creek
3.5 km downstream from STP – 1.82 –
Boehmer and Gerhards 2003
UK, marine River Mersey – 2.65 –
Boehmer and Gerhards 2003
Germany; Rhine R Krefeld, km 761 – 4.55 –
Boehmer and Gerhards 2003
UK, marine Cardiff Bay – 11.4 –
NILU 2007 Norway; Inner Oslofjord
Lysaker 2 0.775
4.65 0.425
NILU 2007 Norway; Inner Oslofjord
Lysaker 1 0.825
10.0 1.35
NILU 2007 Norway; Inner Oslofjord
Oslofj A1 0.600
12.5 1.20
NILU 2007 Norway; Inner Oslofjord
Oslofj A2 0.575
14.0 1.10
NILU 2007 Norway; Inner Oslofjord
Bekkelagsbassenget BB14 0.950
34.5 3.60
NILU 2007 Norway; Inner Oslofjord
Bekkelagsbassenget BB5 0.100
46.0 5.00
Norden 2005 Faroe Islands Kaldakfjordur 0.250
0.125
0.100
Norden 2005 Sweden Nissan 0.050
0.025
0.015
Norden 2005 Sweden Nissan 0.075
0.025
0.025
Norden 2005 Denmark Coast area Kattegat 0.075
0.050
0.025
Norden 2005 Denmark Oresund, Lynetten 0.125
0.075
0.075
Norden 2005 Sweden Nissan 0.050
0.090 0.045
Norden 2005 Norway Vrengansundet 0.250
0.125
0.100
Norden 2005 Sweden Goffandsdjupet 0-2 cm 0.75 0.25 0.225
0 0Norden 2005 Iceland Sediment 0.07
50.370 0.025
Norden 2005 Iceland Sediment 0.100
0.380 0.050
Norden 2005 Sweden Landsorfsdjupet 0-2 cm 0.750
0.500
0.300
Norden 2005 Norway Leangbukta 0.500
0.600 0.200
Norden 2005 Norway Bergsjoen 1.50 0.750
0.575
Norden 2005 Norway Bergsjoen 1.63 0.750
0.625
Norden 2005 Norway Rogden 1.25 0.750
0.475
Norden 2005 Norway Rogden 1.25 0.750
0.425
Norden 2005 Finland Espco coastal sea 0.500
0.950 0.200
Norden 2005 Iceland Sediment 0.175
0.950 0.075
Norden 2005 Iceland Sediment 0.250
1.95 0.200
Norden 2005 Finland Helsinki, vakai (old city bay) 0.500
2.90 0.430
Norden 2005 Sweden Riddarfjarden 0.125
3.85 0.500
Norden 2005 Norway Brodrene Sunde Verft 0.275
4.80 0.325
Norden 2005 Sweden Essingen 0.325
6.50 1.25
Norden 2005 Denmark Roskiide, coast area 4.20 100 8.5Wang et al. 2013 Canada; Municipal
WWTPSite 1 3.45 63.8 6.90
Wang et al. 2013 Canada; Municipal WWTP
Site 2 0.039
0.58 0.155
Wang et al. 2013 Canada; Municipal WWTP
Site 3 0.045
1.88 0.268
Wang et al. 2013 Canada; Municipal WWTP
Site 4 0.024
2.45 0.844
Wang et al. 2013 Canada; Municipal WWTP
Site 5 0.177 0.24 0.249
Wang et al. 2013 Canada; Municipal WWTP
Site 7 0.181 6.94 1.20
Wang et al. 2013 Canada; Municipal WWTP
Site 8 0.517
2012 127.9
Wang et al. 2013 Canada; Municipal WWTP
Site 9 2.57 45.9 5.26
Wang et al. 2013 Canada; Municipal WWTP
Site 10 0.031
1.47 0.621
Wang et al. 2013 Canada; Municipal WWTP
Site 11 1.17 49.1 3.19
ECC 2012-2015 Japan; Tokyo Bay Tokyo Bay A-4 0.519 18.6 3.08ECC 2012-2015 Japan; Tokyo Bay Tokyo Bay A-5 0.572 16.4 2.80ECC 2012-2015 Japan; Tokyo Bay Tokyo Bay A-6 0.276 10.8 1.98ECC 2012-2015 Japan; Tokyo Bay Tokyo Bay A-7 0.204 8.58 1.54ECC 2012-2015 Japan; Tokyo Bay Tokyo Bay B-4 0.731 8.91 1.86ECC 2012-2015 Japan; Tokyo Bay Tokyo Bay B-5 2.30 9.85 1.99ECC 2012-2015 Japan; Tokyo Bay Tokyo Bay B-6 1.19 8.21 1.53ECC 2012-2015 Japan; Tokyo Bay Tokyo Bay B-7 1.12 10.3 1.91ECC 2012-2015 Japan; Tokyo Bay Tokyo Bay C-4 0.935 7.55 1.73ECC 2012-2015 Japan; Tokyo Bay Tokyo Bay C-5 0.907 6.76 1.52ECC 2012-2015 Japan; Tokyo Bay Tokyo Bay C-6 0.332 6.47 1.41ECC 2012-2015 Japan; Tokyo Bay Tokyo Bay D-2 0.558 5.22 1.35ECC 2012-2015 Japan; Tokyo Bay Tokyo Bay D-3 0.859 5.06 1.47ECC 2012-2015 Japan; Tokyo Bay Tokyo Bay D-4 0.451 5.08 1.45ECC 2012-2015 Japan; Tokyo Bay Tokyo Bay E-2 0.128 2.96 0.900ECC 2012-2015 Japan; Tokyo Bay Tokyo Bay E-3 0.220 3.41 0.973ECC 2012-2015 Japan; Tokyo Bay Tokyo Bay E-4 0.096 2.73 0.745ECC 2012-2015 Japan; Tokyo Bay Tokyo Bay F-1 0.323 4.18 1.27ECC 2012-2015 Japan; Tokyo Bay Tokyo Bay F-2 0.161 2.52 0.847ECC 2012-2015 Japan; Tokyo Bay Tokyo Bay F-3 0.081 2.42 0.803Powell and Kozerski 2007
Canada; L Ontario Kingston Basin (0-5 cm) 0.110 0.329 0.150
Powell and Kozerski 2007
Canada; L Ontario Niagara basin (0-5 cm) 0.033 0.298 0.146
Powell and Kozerski 2007
Canada; L Ontario Rochester basin A (0-5 cm) 0.109 0.568 0.041
Powell and Kozerski 2007
Canada; L Ontario Rochester basin G (0-5 cm) 0.118 0.368 0.038
Powell and Kozerski 2007
Canada; L Ontario Missasauga basin (0-5 cm) 0.108 0.078 0.094
Powell and Kozerski 2007
Canada; L Ontario Toronto Harbor (0-5 cm) 13.6 37.6 9.42
Sparham et al. 2011 UK; River Greater Ouse
Felmersham Grab1 (Aug 2008) – 17.8 –
Sparham et al. 2011 UK; River Greater Ouse
Felmersham Grab2 (Aug 2008) – 18.4 –
Sparham et al. 2011 UK; River Greater Ouse
Felmersham Grab3 (Aug 2008) – 25.6 –
Sparham et al. 2011 UK; River Greater Ouse
Tyringham Bridge (Sept 2008) – 11.6 –
Sparham et al. 2011 UK; River Greater Ouse
Tyringham Bridge (Sept 2008) – 21.7 –
Sparham et al. 2011 UK; River Greater Ouse
Tyringham Bridge (Sept 2008) – 17.4 –
Seston et al. 2014a-f; 2016a-c; 2017a-c
Canada; L Ontario Deep water basin (0-5cm) 2011-2014
0.014 0.119 0.167
Seston et al. 2014a- Canada; L Ontario Niagara Delta (0-5 cm) 2011- 0.036 1.55 0.699
f; 2016a-c; 2017a-c 2013Seston et al. 2014a-f; 2016a-c; 2017a-c
Canada; L Ontario Hamilton Harbor (01-03) (0-5cm) 2011-2014
0.190 15.9 2.42
Seston et al. 2015a-c
USA; L Pepin Lower Lake (0-5 cm) 2011 0.023 1.98 0.102
Seston et al. 2015a-f; 2016d-f; 2017d-f
USA; L Pepin Upper Lake (0-5 cm) 2011-2014 0.020 1.39 0.328
Seston et al. 2015a-f; 2016d-f; 2017d-f
USA; L Pepin Middle Lake (0-5 cm) 2011-2014
0.016 1.53 0.407
Evonik 2015a-c; 2016
Norway; Inner Oslofjord
MSC 1 2011-2014 0.049 5.38 2.25
Evonik 2015a-c; 2016
Norway; Inner Oslofjord
MSC 2 2011-2014 0.072 3.81 1.33
Evonik 2015a-c; 2016
Norway; Inner Oslofjord
MSC 3 2011-2014 0.103 19.1 5.13
Evonik 2015a-c; 2016
Norway; Inner Oslofjord
MSC 4 2011-2014 0.256 43.6 7.12
Evonik 2015a-c; 2016
Norway; Inner Oslofjord
MSC 5 2011-2014 0.203 39.4 6.35
ECC 2011 Japan; Tama River Midstream (a) 0.370 26.0 4.40ECC 2011 Japan; Tama River Downstream (A/B) 0.770 63.0 7.50ECC 2011 Japan; Arakawa
RiverMidstream (a) 1.80 33.0 13.0
ECC 2011 Japan; Arakawa River
Midstream (b) 0.170 3.60 0.550
ECC 2011 Japan; Arakawa River
Downstream (A/B) 2.00 95.0 8.10
ECC 2011 Japan; Tone River Midstream (a) 0.230 11.0 1.30ECC 2011 Japan; Tone River Midstream (b) 0.290 14.0 1.90ECC 2011 Japan; Tone River Downstream (A/B) 0.240 14.5 2.30Krogseth et al. 2017
Norway; Storvannet
Lake St 1 0.190 2.82 0.651
Krogseth et al. 2017
Norway; Storvannet
Lake St 2 0.202 3.25 0.741
Krogseth et al. 2017
Norway; Storvannet
Lake St 3 0.207 4.42 0.958
Krogseth et al. 2017
Norway; Storvannet
Lake St 4 0.232 4.63 1.04
Horii et al. 2013 Japan Mean of 9 Tokyo area rivers 2.13 34.5 3.55Zhang et al. 2011 China Median of 25 samples; Songhua
River area0.579 5.10 2.83
NIVA 2016a Norway; Lake Mjosa
Station 1 – 0.500 –
NIVA 2016a Norway; Lake Mjosa
Station 2 – 0.270 –
NIVA 2016a Norway; Lake Mjosa
Station 3 – 0.175 –
NIVA 2016a Norway; Lake Mjosa
Station 4 – 0.165 –
NIVA 2016a Norway; Lake Mjosa
Station 5 – 0.135 –
NIVA 2016b Norway; Inner Oslofjord
Station Cm21 – 2.38 –
Sanchís, et al. 2013 Spain; Llobregat River
Before confluence 0.045 0.170 –
Sanchís, et al. 2013 Spain; Llobregat River
Confluence 0.267 0.368 –
Sanchís, et al. 2013 Spain; Llobregat River
After confluence 0.441 0.710 –
Sanchís, et al. 2013 Spain; Riera de Rubí
2.43 0.550 –
Sanchís, et al. 2013 Spain; Riera de Rubí
0.379 1.05 –
Sanchís, et al. 2013 Spain; Riera de Rubí
Before confluence 34.0 63.5 –
Hong et al. 2014 China; Huanghai Sea
Mean of 20 samples 0.023 0.340 0.051
Powell 2010 Norway; Inner Oslofjord
SED-013/014 (0-2 cm) 0.027 9.63 2.17
Powell 2010 Norway; Inner Oslofjord
SED-019/020 (0-2 cm) 0.065 10.9 1.85
Powell 2010 Norway; Inner Oslofjord
SED-021/022 (0-2 cm) 0.086 17.4 2.82
Powell 2010 Norway; Inner Oslofjord
SED-025/026 (0-2 cm) 0.034 9.43 2.61
Powell 2010 Norway; Outer Oslofjord
SED-003/004 (0-2 cm) 0.001 0.371 0.382
Powell 2010 Norway; Outer Oslofjord
SED-007/008 (0-2 cm) 0.001 0.390 0.390
Powell 2010 Norway; Outer Oslofjord
SED-011/012 (0-2 cm) 0.001 0.176 0.246
Kaj, et al. 2005 Sweden; Background
Ö Gotlandsdjupet 0.550
0.150
0.075
Kaj, et al. 2005 Sweden; Background
Ö Öland 1.10 0.275
0.150
Kaj, et al. 2005 Sweden; Background
Norrköpingsdjupet 0.350
0.100
0.050
Kaj, et al. 2005 Sweden; Point source
Stenungsund 0.350
0.200
0.175
Kaj, et al. 2005 Sweden; Point source
Bay outside Stockvik (1/2) 0.350
0.200
0.175
Kaj, et al. 2005 Sweden; Dalarna Lake Bäsingen 0.475
0.230
0.180
Kaj, et al. 2005 Sweden; Dalarna Lake Venjan 1.18 0.575
0.450
Kaj, et al. 2005 Sweden; Jönköping Gröpplebäcken 0.400
0.860 0.150
Kaj, et al. 2005 Sweden; Kalmar Huligen 1.10 0.550 0.425Kaj, et al. 2005 Sweden; Kalmar Virserum 0.17 0.085 0.065
3Kaj, et al. 2005 Sweden; Kalmar Mouth of Emån 0.30
00.150
0.125
Kaj, et al. 2005 Sweden; Skåne Ivösjön 0.500
0.725
1.15
Kaj, et al. 2005 Sweden; Skåne Helsingborg 0.400
0.200
0.150
Kaj, et al. 2005 Sweden; Skåne Hammarsjön 0.500
0.250
0.200
Kaj, et al. 2005 Sweden; Skåne Storarydsdammen 0.700
0.350
0.250
Kaj, et al. 2005 Sweden; Stockholm
Himmerfjården 0.575
9.50 2.55
Kaj, et al. 2005 Sweden; Stockholm
St Envåttern 2.88 1.43 1.10
Kaj, et al. 2005 Sweden; Vårmland Vånern, Åsfjorden 0.700
1.85 9.80
Kaj, et al. 2005 Sweden; Vårmland Vånern, Kattfjorden 0.575
0.275
0.220
Kaj, et al. 2005 Sweden; Våsternorrland
SCA Östrand 0.400
0.195
0.150
Kaj, et al. 2005 Sweden; Östergötland
Skuten 0.700
1.30 0.275
Kaj, et al. 2005 Sweden; Östergötland
Roxen 1.13 0.550
0.425
Table S2. Chronic no effect concentrations (NOECs) of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) in invertebrates (mg/kg-OC).
D4 Source Species Endpoint NOECMcNamara 1995 Chironomous dilutus Survival (≥4.0 %TOC) 1350McNamara 1995 Chironomous dilutus Survival (1.5-3.0 %TOC) 8000McNamara 1995 Chironomous dilutus Survival (<1 %TOC) 6500Krueger et al. 2008a Chironomous riparius Emergence ratio 1073Krueger et al. 2009 Lumbriculus variegatus Survival / Reproduction 5.41
Picard 2009a Lumbriculus variegatus Survival / Reproduction 591
D5 Source Species Endpoint NOECPicard 2009b Hyalella azteca Growth 2708Norwood et al. 2013 Hyalella azteca Growth – Lake Erie 12400Norwood et al. 2013 Hyalella azteca Growth – Lake Restoule 5827Ransom et al. 2005 Chironomous riparius Male development 3450Krueger et al 2008b Chironomous riparius Development rate 2188Velicogna et al 2012 Folsomia candida Survival / Reproduction 6500Velicogna et al 2012 Eisenia andrei Survival / Reproduction 69776Krueger et al. 2007 Lumbriculus variegatus Survival / Reproduction 34378
D6 Source Species Endpoint NOECKrueger et al 2010 Chironomous riparius Development rate / time 2781
Picard et al. 2010a Chironomous riparius Development rate / time 19375Picard et al. 2010b Lumbriculus variegatus Survival / Reproduction 13125
1 Value represents the EC10
Table S3. Environmental concentrations of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) in benthic invertebrates (mg/kg-LW). A ‘ – ’ indicates that no value was reported.
Source Site Species D4 D5 D6Powell et al. 2009 USA; L Pepin Midge (Chironomous) 0.888 18.1 1.31Powell et al. 2009 USA; L Pepin Mayfly larvae (Hexagenia) 0.309 3.90 0.148Seston 2015a-c; 2016d-f; 2017d-f
USA; L Pepin Zooplankton (2011, 2013, 2014) 0.091 1.09 0.078
Seston 2015a-f; 2016d-f; 2017d-f
USA; L Pepin Mayfly larvae (Hexagenia) (2011-2014)
0.219 2.36 0.083
Seston 2014a-f; 2016a-c; 2017a-c
Canada; L Ontario Mysis relicta 0.023 0.383 0.025
Powell 2010 Norway, Outer Oslofjord
Zooplankton 0.015 0.928 0.055
Powell 2010 Norway, Outer Oslofjord
Mussel (sp A) 0.014 1.03 0.306
Powell 2010 Norway, Outer Oslofjord
Mussel (sp B) – 0.537 –
Powell 2010 Norway, Outer Oslofjord
Jellyfish – 0.065 –
Powell 2010 Norway, Outer Oslofjord
Worms 0.016 1.25 0.405
Powell 2010 Norway, Outer Oslofjord
Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) 0.010 0.495 0.029
Powell 2010 Norway, Outer Oslofjord
Sea urchin (Brissopsis lyrifera) 0.154 4.16 3.16
Powell 2010 Norway, Inner Oslofjord
Zooplankton 0.379 49.6 0.397
Powell 2010 Norway, Inner Oslofjord
Mussel (sp A) 0.036 34.1 1.12
Powell 2010 Norway, Inner Oslofjord
Mussel (sp B) 0.021 4.47 0.213
Powell 2010 Norway, Inner Oslofjord
Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) 0.018 5.33 0.120
Powell 2010 Norway, Inner Oslofjord
Jellyfish – 1.20 –
Powell 2010 Norway, Inner Oslofjord
Worms 2.69 173 6.27
Powell 2010 Norway, Inner Oslofjord
Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) 0.100 3.72 0.104
Evonik 2015a-c; 2016
Norway, Inner Oslofjord
Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) (2011-2014)
2.03 32.1 1.31
Borgå et al. 2012 Norway; Lake Mjøsa
Zooplankton; hypo – 3.60 –
Borgå et al. 2012 Norway; Lake Mjøsa
Mysis relicta – 0.630 –
Borgå et al. 2013 Norway; Lake Mjøsa
Zooplankton; epi – 0.340 –
Borgå et al. 2013 Norway; Lake Mjøsa
Zooplankton; hypo 0.036 1.66 0.048
Borgå et al. 2013 Norway; Lake Mjøsa
Mysis relicta 0.053 0.930 0.059
Borgå et al. 2013 Norway; Lake Randsfjorden
Zooplankton; epi – 0.250 –
Borgå et al. 2013 Norway; Lake Randsfjorden
Zooplankton; hypo 0.051 2.25 0.048
McGoldrick et al. 2014
Canada; Lake Erie Plankton – 1.73 –
McGoldrick et al. 2014
Canada; Lake Erie Mayfly larvae (Hexagenia) – 0.846 –
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