Web Appendix: Additional Table and Figures

Table W1

Dataset – Part 1

Country Sprawl Sprawl outside Sprawl inside Central/Eastern Ln(GDP/pop) Autonomy

ALB 0.497 0.497 - 0 8.305 0

AUT 0.459 0.450 0.505 0 10.294 1

BEL 0.431 0.427 0.445 0 10.250 1

BGR 0.402 0.400 0.405 1 8.755 0

BIH 0.489 0.489 0.516 1 8.383 1

CHE 0.410 0.409 0.523 0 10.449 1

CZE 0.517 0.511 0.529 1 9.698 0

DEU 0.388 0.457 0.442 0 10.190 1

DNK 0.297 0.299 0.278 0 10.294 0

ESP 0.380 0.381 0.260 0 9.993 1

EST 0.390 0.399 0.347 1 9.181 0

FIN 0.348 0.345 0.375 0 10.184 0

FRA 0.431 0.428 0.452 0 10.165 0

GBR 0.222 0.223 0.220 0 10.270 0

GRC 0.412 0.515 0.215 0 9.867 0

HRV 0.472 0.519 0.510 1 9.311 0

HUN 0.382 0.387 0.344 1 9.401 0

IRL 0.341 0.359 0.284 0 10.296 0

ISL 0.228 0.222 0.631 0 10.296 0

ITA 0.408 0.465 0.412 0 10.190 1

LIE 0.468 0.468 - 0 -

LTU 0.455 0.452 0.500 1 9.071 0

LUX 0.461 0.394 0.504 0 10.930 1

LVA 0.364 0.356 0.492 1 9.008 0

MKD 0.442 0.442 - 1 8.739 0

MLT 0.305 0.294 0.325 0 9.939 0

MNE 0.320 0.320 - 1 8.797 -

NLD 0.248 0.244 0.273 0 10.359 0

NOR 0.294 0.296 0.277 0 10.513 0

POL 0.489 0.555 0.544 1 9.269 0

PRT 0.454 0.532 0.427 0 9.790 0

ROM 0.471 0.471 0.460 1 8.653 0

SRB 0.377 0.377 0.671 1 8.662 -

SVK 0.487 0.495 0.440 1 9.320 0

SVN 0.513 0.510 0.537 1 9.791 0

SWE 0.312 0.315 0.259 0 10.288 0

Table W1

Dataset – Part 2

Country Federal No. tiers RAI index No. municipalities Population

ALB 0 3 1.158 - 3.044

AUT 1 4 22.677 2.354 7.901

BEL 1 4 32.271 0.589 10.179

BGR 0 4 1.100 4.617 8.344

BIH 1 4 28.450 - 4.066

CHE 1 3 24.855 2.453 6.986

CZE 0 3 5.333 6.253 10.309

DEU 1 4 35.642 11.426 80.600

DNK 0 3 11.568 2.178 5.266

ESP 1 4 30.874 8.200 40.509

EST 0 3 0.000 0.230 1.446

FIN 0 3 4.584 0.320 5.081

FRA 0 4 19.161 36.703 59.842

GBR 0 4 8.845 9.499 58.442

GRC 0 5 6.645 0.326 10.482

HRV 0 3 8.050 0.556 4.564

HUN 0 3 10.538 3.154 10.348

IRL 0 3 1.871 3.441 3.784

ISL 0 2 0.000 0.074 0.270

ITA 0 4 22.055 8.092 57.155

LIE - - - 0.011 0.031

LTU 0 3 2.526 0.563 3.490

LUX 0 3 0.000 0.106 0.502

LVA 0 3 0.286 0.587 2.439

MKD 0 - 2.000 1.817 2.061

MLT 0 3 0.000 0.068 0.369

MNE - - 0.000 - 0.607

NLD 0 3 17.048 0.408 15.423

NOR 0 3 11.581 0.428 4.393

POL 0 3 5.857 2.479 37.874

PRT 0 4 3.706 4.260 10.171

ROM 0 3 8.750 3.186 22.207

SRB - - 5.400 0.205 7.517

SVK 0 4 8.000 2.927 5.389

SVN 0 2 0.571 6.031 1.983

SWE 0 3 12.645 0.290 8.743

Figure W1

Federal Constitution

Figure W2

Number of Tiers

Figure W3

RAI Decentralization Index

Figure W4Map of Discontinuity in Municipality Size

Figure W5

Number of Municipalities per Population (in Million) in 2013