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Supporting Information for

Life Cycle Assessment of UV-Curable Biobased Wood Flooring Coatings

Mahdokht Montazeri and Matthew J. Eckelman

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington

Avenue, Boston MA, 02115, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

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mailto:[email protected]

Contents

Part I: Methods

Table S1- BRC and control coating composition and modeling data sources..............................S3

Table S2- Default values in ecoinvent for organic chemical unit processes (per kg of target

chemical).......................................................................................................................................S6

Table S3- Energy estimations values for bio-based succinic acid and 1,3-propanediol...............S6

Table S4- Inventory of control topcoat.........................................................................................S7

Table S5- Inventory of control sanding sealer..............................................................................S8

Table S6- Inventory of control abrasion resistant sealer..............................................................S9

Table S7- Inventory of BRC topcoat..........................................................................................S10

Table S8- Inventory of BRC sanding sealer...............................................................................S11

Table S9- Inventory of BRC abrasion resistant sealer................................................................S13

Table S10- Renewable content of alternative BRC formulation and modeling data sources.....S15

Table S11- Inventory of renewable building blocks, alternative scenario for BRC formulation

.....................................................................................................................................................S15

Part II: Results

Table S12- Absolute and relative life cycle impacts of alternative BRC wood flooring coating compared to control UV-cured coatings (per m2 of coating)......................................................S16

Figure S1- Life cycle comparison between layers of alternative BRC coating and control coating.....................................................................................................................................................S17

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Methods:

BRC and control layers are modeled using the ecoinvent LCI database, using existing unit

processes or creating new ones where the exact chemical or its approximate is not available. Life

cycle inventories of these unit processes include material inputs and energy use. Material inputs

are primarily sourced from reference materials,1,2 literature, and MSDS data. Table S1 shows the

list of chemical components and the corresponding data sources for BRC and control coatings.

Table S1- BRC and control coating components and modeling data sources (generic chemical names used to protect confidential formulation information)

Compound Data sourceMonofunctional acrylate monomer A MSDSMonofunctional acrylate monomer B MSDSDifunctional acrylate monomer A MSDS and Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical

Technology1

Difunctional acrylate monomer B MSDS and Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry2

Difunctional acrylate monomer C MSDS and Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry2

Difunctional acrylate monomer D MSDS and Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry2

Multifunctional acrylate monomer A MSDS and Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry2

Multifunctional acrylate monomer B MSDS and Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology1

Multifunctional acrylate monomer C MSDS and Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology1

Epoxy acrylate Ecoinvent LCI database*1,3-propandiol *Corn grain: Urban and Bakshi (2009)4

1,4-benzenediol MSDSAccelerator MSDS and Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry2

Acrylic acid Ecoinvent LCI databaseAcrylic Flow Modifier MSDSAlkylated phenol MSDS and Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry2

Benzophenone MSDSBisphenol-A–epichlorohydrin resin MSDSButyl stannoic acid MSDS and Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry2

Butyrolactone MSDSDiisocyanate A MSDSDiisocyanate B MSDSe-Caprolactone MSDSFumed silica Ecoinvent LCI databaseHydroquinone Ecoinvent LCI database*Itaconic acid Corn grain and corn stover: Hogle et al. 5

N-methylethanolamine MSDSN-vinyl,2-pyrrolidone MSDS and Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry2

Organotin catalyst MSDS and Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry2

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Phosphite antioxidant MSDS and Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry2

Phosphoric acid Ecoinvent LCI databasePhoto-initiator A MSDSPhoto-initiator B MSDS and Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical

Technology1

Polyol A MSDSPolyol B (polyprop glycol) Ecoinvent LCI databasePrecipitated silica MSDSSpecial urea MSDS*Succinic acid *Corn grain: Cok et al.(2014)3

Talc Ecoinvent LCI databaseTreated aluminum oxide MSDSTriethylene diamine MSDS and Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry2

Wax coating MSDS*Corn grain is the primary feedstock for three renewable building blocks in BRC formulation

Energy use, on the other hand, is not reported for most of these chemicals, so default

specifications of existing unit processes for organic chemicals, are used as primary estimations

for energy use and chemical plant infrastructure (Table S2). Mentioned default values are based

on average values for European industrial plants, adjusted based on US energy systems,

however, the choice of production method and chemical complexity can have significant effects

on these values.

Table S2- Default values in ecoinvent for organic chemical unit processes (per kg of target chemical)

Parameter ValueHeat, unspecific, in chemical plant/RER with US electricity U (MJ) 2.0Electricity, production mix US/US with US electricity U (kWh) 0.3Chemical plant, organics/RER with US electricity U (p) 4.0 × 10-10

Life cycle inventories of bio-based succinic acid and1,3-propanediol are modeled based on

literature data.3,4 Since, the detailed information is available for these two chemicals, the energy

estimations are sourced from industrial-scale data or large-scale process simulations ().

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Table S3- Energy estimations values for bio-based succinic acid and 1,3-propanediol

Chemical Energy requirementSuccinic acid Electricity, production mix US/US with US electricity U (kWh)

Steam, for chemical processes, at plant/RER with US electricity U (kg)1.683.14

1,3-propanediol Heat, unspecific, in chemical plant/RER with US electricity U (MJ)Electricity, production mix US/US with US electricity U (kWh)

200.9

Using above data (Table S1-Table S3), about forty new unit processes are added to the

ecoinvent in order to encompass all the chemicals used in coatings formulations. In some cases,

the precursors of the target chemical are not available in the database so the modeling include all

the upstream processes up to the first precursor available in ecoinvent database. New unit

processes including target compounds and their precursors are shown in -. In each table,

“components” lists the target chemicals, while 1st, 2nd and 3rd tiers show the upstream processes

modeled in SimaPro. - show the material inventory for BRC topcoat, sanding sealer and abrasion

resistant sealer while - list the inventory for the conventional, UV-cured layers. Due to business

confidentiality concerns, the exact input quantities used in each formulation were not included in

the LCI.

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Table S4- Inventory of control topcoat

3rd tier 2nd tier 1st tier Components(1.1) Methyl methacrylate, at plant (1) Acrylic flow modifier(2.1.1) Silicon tetrachloride, at plant (2) Wax coating(2.1.2) Hydrogen, cracking, APME, at plant(2.1.3) Oxygen, liquid, at plant(3.1.1) Aluminum oxide, at plant (3) Treated aluminum

oxide(4.1.1) Benzyl chloride, at plant (4) Benzophenone(4.1.2) Benzene, at plant(4.1.3) oxygen, liquid, at plant(5.1.1) Toluene, liquid, at plant (5) Photo-initiator A(5.1.2) Ethylene, average, at plant(5.1.3) Oxygen, liquid, at plant(5.1.4) Water, at user(5.1.5) Carbon monoxide, CO, at plant(6.1.1) Acrylic acid, at plant (6) Multifunctional

acrylate monomer C(6.1.2.1.1) Propylene, at plant (6.1.2.1) Butanal (6.1.2) Ditrimethylol propane(6.1.2.1.2) Hydrogen, at plant(6.1.2.1.3) Carbon monoxide, at plant

(6.1.2.2) Formaldehyde, production mix, at plant(6.1.2.3) Sodium hydroxide, 50% in H2O, production mix, at plant

(7.1.1) Acrylic acid, at plant (7) Difunctional acrylate monomer C(7.1.2) Propylene oxide, liquid, at plant

(7.1.3) Water, at user(8.1.1.1) Adipic acid, at plant (8.1.1) 1,6-Hexanediol (8) Difunctional acrylic

monomer A(8.1.1.2) Hydrogen, liquid, at plant

(8.1.2) Acrylic acid, at plant(9.1.1) Acetylene, at regional storehouse

(9) N-vinyl,2-pyrrolidone

(9.1.2) N-methyl, 2-pyrrolidone, at plant

(10.1.1.1) Phenol, at plant (10.1.1) o-Cresol (10) Alkylated phenol(10.1.1.2) Methanol, at plant

(10.1.2) Butene, mixed, at plant(11.1.1) Fatty acid, from vegetarian oil, at plant

(11) Organotin catalyst

(11.1.2.1) 1-Butanol, at plant (11.1.2) Dibutyltin oxide(11.1.2.2.1) Oxygen, in air (11.1.2.2) Tin dioxide(11.1.2.2.2) Water, cooling(11.1.2.2.3) Tin, at regional storehouse

(12.1.1) Fatty alcohol, petrochemical, at plant

(12) Monofunctional acrylate monomer B

(12.1.2) Acrylic acid, at plant(13.1.1) Ethylene oxide, at plant (13) Monofunctional

acrylate monomer A(13.1.2) Acrylic acid, at plant(14.1.1) Methylamine, at plant (14) N-Methyl-

ethanolamine(14.1.2) Ethylene oxide, at plant(15.1) Butyrolactone/GLO (15) Butyrolactone(16.1) Tetrahydrofuran, at plant (16) Polyol A(17.1) Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, at plant

(17) Diisocyanate A

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Table S5- Inventory of control sanding sealer

2nd tier 1st tier Component(1.1.1) Sodium silicate, spray powder 80%, at plant

(1) Crystalline silicon dioxide

(1.1.2) Sulfuric acid, at plant(2.1) Magnesium silicate, at plant (2) Talc(3.1.1) Benzyl chloride, at plant (3) Benzophenone(3.1.2) Benzene, at plant(3.1.3) Oxygen, liquid, at plant(4.1.1) Lithium, at plant (4) Photo-initiator B(4.1.2) Monochlorobenzene, at plant(4.1.3) Phosphorous chloride, at plant

(4.1.4.1) Sodium chloride, powder, at plant (4.1.4) Sodium(4.1.4.2) Water, at user

(4.1.5) Oxygen, liquid, at plant(5.1.1) Toluene, liquid, at plant (5) Photo-initiator A(5.1.2) Ethylene, average, at plant(5.1.3) Oxygen, liquid, at plant(5.1.4) Water, at user(5.1.5) Carbon monoxide, CO, at plant(6.1.1) Phthalic anhydride, at plant (6) Accelerator(6.1.2) Fatty alcohol, petrochemical, at plant(7.1.1) Hydrogen peroxide, 50% in H2O, at plant

(7) Hydroquinone

(7.1.2) Phenol, at plant(8.1.1) Acrylic acid, at plant (8) Difunctional acrylate monomer C(8.1.2) Propylene oxide, liquid, at plant(8.1.3) Water, at user(9.1.1) Acrylic acid, at plant (9) Acrylic acid(10.1.1) Bisphenol-A, powder, at plant (10) Bisphenol-A – Epichlorohydrin

resin(10.1.2) Epichlorohydrine, from hypochlorination of allyl chloride, at plant(11.1.1) Phosphoric acid, industrial grade, 85% in H2O, at plant

(11) Phosphoric acid

(12.1.1) Acrylic acid, at plant (12) Difunctional acrylate monomer D(12.1.2) Propylene oxide, liquid, at plant

(12.1.3) Water, at user(13.1.1) Ethylene oxide, at plant (13) Monofunctional acrylate

monomer A(13.1.2) Acrylic acid, at plant(14.1.1) Propylene glycol, liquid, at plant (14) Polyol B(15.1.1) Toluene diisocyanate, at plant (15) Diisocyanate B

(16.1.1.1) Hydrogen peroxide, 50% in H2O, at plant(16.1.1.2) Phenol, at plant

(16.1.1) Hydroquinone (16) 1,4-benzenediol

(16.1.1.3) Water, cooling(17.1.1) Propylene oxide, liquid, at plant (17) Phosphite antioxidant(17.1.2) Phenol, at plant(17.1.3) Phosphoric acid, industrial grade, 85% in H2O, at plant(18.1.1) Ethylene diamine, at plant (18) Triethylene diamine

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Table S6- Inventory of control abrasion resistant sealer

2nd tier 1st tier Component(1.1.1) Acrylic acid, at plant (1) Difunctional acrylate monomer

C(1.1.2) Propylene oxide, liquid, at plant(1.1.3) Water, at user(2.1.1) Epoxy resin, liquid, at plant (2) Epoxy acrylate

(3.1.1.1) Propylene, at plant (3.1.1) Butanal (3) Multifunctional acrylate monomer A(3.1.1.2) Hydrogen, liquid, at plant

(3.1.1.3) Carbon monoxide, CO, at plant(3.1.2) Formaldehyde, production mix, at plant(3.1.3) Sodium hydroxide, 50% in H2O, production mix, at plant(3.1.4) Acrylic acid, at plant(3.1.5) Ethylene oxide, at plant(4.1.1) Formaldehyde, production mix, at plant (4) Difunctional acrylate monomer

B(4.1.2.1) Propylene, at plant (4.1.2) iso-Butyraldehyde(4.1.2.2) Hydrogen, liquid, at plant(4.1.2.2) Carbon monoxide, CO, at plant

(4.1.3) Acrylic acid, at plant(4.1.4) Propylene oxide, liquid, at plant(5.1.1) Silicon tetrachloride, at plant (5) Fumed silica(5.1.2) Hydrogen cracking, APME, at plant(5.1.3) Oxygen, liquid, at plant(6.1.1) Aluminum oxide, at plant (6) Treated aluminum oxide(7.1.1) Toluene, liquid, at plant (7) Photo-initiator A(7.1.2) Ethylene, average, at plant(7.1.3) Oxygen, liquid, at plant(7.1.4) Water, at user(7.1.5) Carbon monoxide, CO, at plant

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Table S7- Inventory of BRC topcoat

3rd tier 2nd tier 1st tier Component(1.1.1) Silicon tetrachloride, at plant

(1) Wax coating

(1.1.2) Hydrogen, cracking, APME, at plant(1.1.3) Oxygen, liquid, at plant(2.1.1) Aluminum oxide, at plant (2) Treated aluminum oxide

(3.1.1) Benzyl chloride, at plant (3) Benzophenone(3.1.2) Benzene, at plant(3.1.3) oxygen, liquid, at plant(4.1.1) Toluene, liquid, at plant (4) Photo-initiator A(4.1.2) Ethylene, average, at plant(4.1.3) Oxygen, liquid, at plant(4.1.4) Water, at user(4.1.5) Carbon monoxide, CO, at plant(5.1.1) Methyl methacrylate, at plant

(5) Acrylic flow modifier

(6.1.1) Acrylic acid, at plant (6) Multifunctional acrylate monomer B(6.1.2.1) Formaldehyde,

production mix, at plant(6.1.2) Pentaerythtirol

(6.1.2.2) Acetaldehyde, at plant

(7.1.1) Acetylene, at regional storehouse

(7) N-vinyl,2-pyrolidone

(7.1.2) N-methyl, 2-pyrrolidone, at plant

(8.1.1.1) Adipic acid, at plant (8.1.1) 1,6-Hexanediol (8) Difunctional acrylate monomer A(8.1.1.2) Hydrogen, liquid, at

plant(8.1.2) Acrylic acid, at plant(9.1.1) Corn, at field (9) 1,3- Propanediol(9.1.2) proxy_sulfuric acid, at plant(9.1.3) Sulfur, at plant(9.1.4) Sodium hydroxide, 50% in H2O, production mix, at plant(9.1.5) Urea, as N, at regional storehouse(9.1.6) Ammonia, liquid, at regional storehouse(9.1.7) Quicklime, milled, packed, at plant

(10.1.1.1) Process water, ion exchange, production mix, at plant

(10.1.1) Succinic acid (10) Itaconic acid

(10.1.1.2) Hydrochloric acid, for Mannheim process, at plant(10.1.1.3) Corn, at farm(10.1.1.4) Yeast paste, from whey, at fermentation

(10.1.2) Formaldehyde, production mix, at plant(11.1.1) Process water, ion exchange, production mix, at plant

(11) Succinic acid

(11.1.2) Hydrochloric acid, for Mannheim process, at plant(11.1.3) Corn, at farm

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(11.1.4) Yeast paste, from whey, at fermentation


(12.1.2) Butene, mixed, at plant(13.1.1) iso-Butanol, at plant (13) Butyl stannoic acid

(13.1.2.1) Oxygen, in air (13.1.2) Tin dioxide(13.1.2.2) Water, cooling(13.1.2.3) Tin, at regional storage

(14.1.1) Soy-based resin, at plant (14) Soya epoxy acrylate

(15.1.1) Ethylene oxide, at plant (15) Monofunctional acrylate monomer A(15.1.2) Acrylic acid, at plant

(16.1.1) Polylactide, granulate (16) Polylactide(17.1.1) Cyclohexane, at plant (17) e-Caprolactone(17.1.2) Acetaldehyde, at plant(17.1.3) Oxygen, liquid, at plant(18.1.1) Fatty acid, from vegetarian oil, at plant


(18.1.2.1) 1-Butanol, at plant (18.1.2) Dibutyloxide(18.1.2.2.1) Oxygen, in air (18.1.2.2) Tin dioxide(18.1.2.2.2) Water, cooling(18.1.2.2.3) Tin, at regional storage

S10

Table S8- Inventory of BRC sanding sealer

3rd tier 2nd tier 1st tier Component(1.1.1) Acetylene, at regional storehouse


(1.1.2) N-methyl, 2-pyrrolidone, at plant(2.1.1) Sodium silicate, spray powder 80%, at plant

(2) Crystalline silicon dioxide

(2.1.2) Proxy_ Sulfuric acid, at plant(3.1.1) Magnesium silicate, at plant

(3) Talc

(4.1.1) Lithium, at plant (4) Photo-initiator B(4.1.2) Monochlorobenzene, at plant(4.1.3) Phosphorous chloride, at plant

(4.1.4.1) Sodium chloride, powder at plant

(4.1.4) Sodium

(4.1.4.2) Water, at user(4.1.5) Oxygen, liquid, at plant(5.1.1) Benzyl chloride, at plant (5) Benzophenone(5.1.2) Benzene, at plant(5.1.3) Oxygen, liquid, at plant(6.1.1) Toluene, liquid, at plant (6) Photo-initiator A(6.1.2) Ethylene, average, at plant(6.1.3) Oxygen, liquid, at plant(6.1.4) Water, at user(6.1.5) Carbon monoxide, CO, at plant(7.1.1) Acrylic acid, at plant (7) Difunctional acrylate

monomer C(7.1.2) Propylene oxide, liquid, at plant(7.1.3) Water, at user(8.1.1) Soy-based resin, at plant (8) Soya polyester acrylate(9.1.1) Soy-based resin, at plant (9) Soya epoxy acrylate(10.1.1) Corn, at field (10) 1,3- propanediol(10.1.2) proxy_sulfuric acid, at plant(10.1.3) Sulfur, at plant(10.1.4) Sodium hydroxide, 50% in H2O, production mix, at plant(10.1.5) Urea, as N, at regional storehouse(10.1.6) Ammonia, liquid, at regional storehouse(10.1.7) Quicklime, milled, packed, at plant




(11.1.2) Formaldehyde, production mix, at plant

S11

(12.1.1) Process water, ion exchange, production mix, at plant

(12) Succinic acid

(12.1.2) Hydrochloric acid, for Mannheim process, at plant(12.1.3) Corn, at farm(12.1.4) Yeast paste, from whey, at fermentation



(14.1.2.1) Tin, at regional storage

(14.1.2) Tin dioxide

(14.1.2.2) Water, cooling(14.1.2.3) Oxygen, in air

(15.1.1) Phthalic anhydride, at plant

(15) Accelator

(15.1.2) Fatty alcohol, petrochemival, at plant(16.1.1) Hydrogen peroxide, 50% in H2O, at plant

(16) Hydroquinone

(16.1.2) Phenol, at plant(17.1.1) Acrylic acid, at plant (17) Acrylic acid(18.1.1) Bisphenol-A, powder, at plant

(18) Bisphenol-A – Epichlorohydrin resin

(18.1.2) Epichlorohydrine, from hypochlorination of allyl chloride, at plant(19.1.1) Ethylene oxide, at plant (19) Monofunctional acrylate

monomer A(19.1.2) Acrylic acid, at plant(20.1) Polylactide, granulate (20) Polylactide(21.1.1) Cyclohexane, at plant (21) e-Caprolactone(21.1.2) Acetaldehyde, at plant(21.1.3) Oxygen, liquid, at plant(22.1.1) Fatty acid, from vegetarian oil, at plant


(22.1.2.1) 1-Butanol, at plant (22.1.2) Dibutyloxide(22.1.2.2.1) Tin, at regional storage

(22.1.2.2) Tin dioxide

(22.1.2.2.2) Water, cooling(22.1.2.2.3) Oxygen, in air

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Table S9- Inventory of BRC abrasion resistant sealer

3rd tier 2nd tier 1st tier Component(1.1.1) Acetylene, at regional storehouse


(1.1.2) N-methyl, 2-pyrrolidone, at plant(2.1.1) Silicon tetrachloride, at plant

(2) Silica

(2.1.2) Hydrogen cracking, APME, at plant(2.1.3) Oxygen, liquid, at plant(3.1.1) N-methyl, 2-pyrrolidone, at plant

(3) Special urea

(4.1) Aluminum oxide, at plant (4) Treated aluminum oxide

(5.1.1) Lithium, at plant (5) Photo-initiator B(5.1.2) Monochlorobenzene, at plant(5.1.3) Phosphorous chloride, at plant

(5.1.4.1) Sodium chloride, powder at plant

(5.1.4) Sodium

(5.1.4.2) Water, at user(5.1.5) Oxygen, liquid, at plant(6.1.1) Benzyl chloride, at plant (6) Benzophenone(6.1.2) Benzene, at plant(6.1.3) Oxygen, liquid, at plant(7.1.1) Toluene, liquid, at plant (7) Photo-initiator A(7.1.2) Ethylene, average, at plant(7.1.3) Oxygen, liquid, at plant(7.1.4) Water, at user(7.1.5) Carbon monoxide, CO, at plant(8.1.1) Acrylic acid, at plant (8) Difunctional acrylate

monomer C(8.1.2) Propylene oxide, liquid, at plant(8.1.3) Water, at user(9.1.1) Corn, at field (9) 1,3-propanediol(9.1.2) proxy_sulfuric acid, at plant(9.1.3) Sulfur, at plant(9.1.4) Sodium hydroxide, 50% in H2O, production mix, at plant(9.1.5) Urea, as N, at regional storehouse(9.1.6) Ammonia, liquid, at regional storehouse(9.1.7) Quicklime, milled, packed, at plant




(10.1.2) Formaldehyde, production mix, at plant

S13


(11) Succinic acid




(13.1.2.1) Tin, at regional storage

(13.1.2) Tin dioxide

(13.1.2.2) Oxygen, in air(13.1.2.3) Water, cooling

(14.1.1) Soy-based resin, at plant (14) Polyester acrylate

(15.1.1) Soy-based resin, at plant (15) Soya epoxy acrylate

(16.1.1) Ethylene oxide, at plant (16) Monofunctional acrylate monomer A(16.1.2) Acrylic acid, at plant

(17.1.1) Polylactide, granulate (17) Polylactide(18.1.1) Cyclohexane, at plant (18) e-Caprolactone(18.1.2) Acetaldehyde, at plant(18.1.3) Oxygen, liquid, at plant(19.1.1) Fatty acid, from vegetarian oil, at plant


(19.1.2.1) 1-Butanol, at plant (19.1.2) Dibutyltin oxide(19.1.2.2.1) Tin, at regional storage

(19.1.2.2) Tin dioxide

(19.1.2.2.2) Oxygen, in air(19.1.2.2.3) Water, cooling

(20.1.1) Phthalic anhydride, at plant

(20) Accelerator

(20.1.2) Fatty alcohol, petrochemical, at plant(21.1.1) Hydrogen peroxide, 50% in H2O, at plant

(21) Hydroquinone

(21.1.2) Phenol, at plant(22.1.1) Acrylic acid, at plant (22) Acrylic acid(23.1.1) Bisphenol-A, powder, at plant

(23) Bisphenol-A – Epichlorohydrin resin

(23.1.2) Epichlorohydrine, from hypochlorination of allyl chloride, at plant

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As mentioned in the main text, an alternative scenario is proposed for the BRC formulation,

substituting corn-derived building blocks with identical counterparts from corn stover. This new

formulation is trying to minimize environmental trade-offs caused by the use of renewable

feedstock, in this case corn grain. Table S10 and Table S11 list data sources and inventories of

renewable building blocks synthesized from corn stover, respectively.

Table S10- Renewable content of alternative BRC formulation and modeling data sources

Compound Data source**Succinic acid Dunn et al.(2015)6

**1,3-Propanediol Hong et al. (2015)7

**Itaconic acid Hogle et al. (2002)5

** Corn stover is the primary feedstock for three renewable building blocks in alternative BRC formulation

Table S11- Inventory of renewable building blocks, alternative scenario for BRC formulation

2nd tier 1st tier Component

(1.1) Corn stover, at field (1) Succinic acid(1.2) Diammonium phosphate, as N, at regional storehouse(1.3) Yeast paste, from whey, at fermentation(2.1) Corn stover, at field (2) 1,3-Propanediol(2.2) Sodium hydroxide, 50% in H2O, production mix, at plant(2.3) Yeast paste, from whey, at fermentation

(3.1.1) Corn stover, at field (3.1) Succinic acid (3) Itaconic acid(3.1.2) Diammonium phosphate, as N, at regional storehouse(3.1.3) Yeast paste, from whey, at fermentation

(3.2) Formaldehyde, production mix, at plant

S15

Results

Alternative BRC formulation is modeled as assessed as a complementary analysis. Table S12

shows absolute and comparative LCA results of this formulation relative to the conventional

control coating.

Table S12- Absolute and relative life cycle impacts of alternative BRC wood flooring coating compared to control UV-cured coatings (per m2 of coating)

Impact Category Unit Control coating

(Absolute results)

Alternative BRC coating

(Absolute results)

% Change

(BRC to control)

Ozone depletion kg CFC-11 eq. 1.30E-06 8.8E-07 -32%

Global warming kg CO2 eq. 1.17E+01 6.6E+00 -43%

Smog kg O3 eq. 9.81E-01 4.7E-01 -52%

Acidification kg SO2 eq. 6.33E-02 4.7E-02 -26%

Eutrophication kg N eq. 2.45E-02 2.5E-02 1%

Carcinogenics CTUh 9.22E-07 7.4E-07 -19%

Non-carcinogenics CTUh 1.52E-06 7.3E-07 -52%

Respiratory effects kg PM2.5 eq. 7.59E-03 3.2E-03 -57%

Ecotoxicity CTUe 2.24E+01 1.3E+01 -41%

Fossil fuel depletion MJ surplus 2.69E+01 1.3E+01 -53%

Results of Table S12 show significant reduction in environmental impacts of BRC formulation

compared to the control UV-cured coating. Synthesis of renewable building blocks from

agricultural residues, mitigates impacts of agricultural activities while providing the same

function and durability. Figure S1 shows comparative results for different layers of alternative

BRC formulation, compared to the control coating counterparts. Superior performance of

proposed BRC formulation is mainly due to the low contribution of corn stover in environmental

impacts of cultivation and milling process of corn. As mentioned in the paper, according to

economic allocation, share of corn stover from associated impacts is only 12%.

S16

Figure S1- Life cycle comparison between layers of alternative (corn stover) BRC coating and

control coating

S17

SI References

(1) Hess, W. T.; Kurtz, A.; Stanton, D. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley Sons Ltd, New York, 1995.

(2) Sienel, G.; Rieth, R.; Rowbottom, K. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry; Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000.

(3) Cok, B.; Tsiropoulos, I.; Roes, A. L.; Patel, M. K. Succinic Acid Production Derived from Carbohydrates: An Energy and Greenhouse Gas Assessment of a Platform Chemical toward a Bio‐based Economy. Biofuels Bioproducts and Biorefining 2014, 8 (1), 16–29.

(4) Urban, R. A.; Bakshi, B. R. 1, 3-Propanediol from Fossils versus Biomass: A Life Cycle Evaluation of Emissions and Ecological Resources. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 2009, 48 (17), 8068–8082.

(5) Hogle, B. P.; Shekhawat, D.; Nagarajan, K.; Jackson, J. E.; Miller, D. J. Formation and Recovery of Itaconic Acid from Aqueous Solutions of Citraconic Acid and Succinic Acid. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 2002, 41 (9), 2069–2073.

(6) Dunn, J.; Adom, F.; Sather, N. Life-Cycle Analysis of Bioproducts and Their Conventional Counterparts in GREET, Argonne National Laboratory, 2014.

(7) Hong, E.; Kim, D.; Kim, J.; Kim, J.; Yoon, S.; Rhie, S.; Ha, S.; Ryu, Y. Optimization of Alkaline Pretreatment on Corn Stover for Enhanced Production of 1.3-Propanediol and 2,3-Butanediol by Klebsiella Pneumoniae AJ4. Biomass & Bioenergy 2015, 77, 177–185 DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.03.016.

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