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Supplementary materials:
Appendix I
Cape Verde
Somalia
Uganda
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Cote D’ivoire
DRC
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Sierra Leone
South Africa
South Sudan
Eswatini
Tanzania
Togo
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Appendix II
Table 4: Regression results from a stratified analysis including countries with governance effectiveness values in the highest quintile (>-0.5) using ADMIN 2 level DPT3 coverage
Shortfall inequality
Threshold index
Gini coefficient
DAH per capita
0.104 (0.050)*
-0.757 (0.243)**
0.092 (0.050)*
GDP per capita
-2.587 (1.776)
-4.760 (3.375)
-2.833 (1.803)
GHE/GDP
0.277 (0.321)
1.829 (1.135)
0.197 (0.287)
Governance effectiveness
-0.226 (0.328)
-0.910 (1.452)
-0.281 (0.260)
Maternal Education
0.199 (0.225)
-0.217 (0.410)
0.228 (0.201)
Rural population
-0.003 (0.068)
0.048 (0.143)
0.022 (0.075)
Variance(rho/residual)
0.979
0.738
0.980
Number of observations
144
144
144
**significant at 0.05 level
*significant at 0.1 level
rho presented for shortfall inequality and Gini
residual variance for threshold index
Number of clusters = 9
Table 5: Regression results using political stability as an indicator for governance using DPT3 coverage at 5km by 5km pixel level. A sensitivity analysis
Shortfall inequality
Threshold index
Gini coefficient
DAH per capita
-0.047 (0.026)*
-0.221 (0.082)**
-0.048 (0.172)**
GDP per capita
-0.097 (0.138)
-0.013 (0.321)
0.014 (0.131)
GHE/GDP
-0.025 (0.076)
-0.236 (0.242)
-0.031 (0.088)
Political stability
-0.054 (0.028)**
-0.237 (0.119)*
-0.079 (0.075)
Maternal Education
-0.109 (0.074)
-0.412 (0.117)
-0.192 (0.095)**
Rural population
0.038 (0.021)
0.003 (0.023)
0.019(0.023)
Variance(rho/residual)
0.979
0.643
0.919
Number of observations
705
705
705
**significant at 0.05 level
*significant at 0.1 level
rho presented for shortfall inequality and Gini
residual variance for threshold index
Number of clusters = 45
Appendix III
WHO’s conceptual framework on the determinants of health equity
Appendix 4: List of countries included in the analysis with number of surveys used to estimate coverage estimates.
country
year_min
year_max
total_N
survey_N
Angola
2001
2016
11811
3
Benin
2001
2018
21182
4
Burkina Faso
2003
2014
29978
5
Burundi
2005
2017
13687
3
Cameroon
2000
2014
19361
5
Cape Verde
2005
2005
400
1
Central African Republic
2000
2006
7988
2
Chad
2000
2015
23954
4
Comoros
2000
2013
3064
2
Congo
2005
2015
11158
3
Cote d'Ivoire
2006
2012
9114
2
Democratic Republic of the Congo
2001
2014
27332
4
Djibouti
2002
2012
1076
2
Equatorial Guinea
2000
2011
987
2
Eritrea
2002
2010
4064
2
Ethiopia
2000
2016
20502
4
Gabon
2000
2012
5173
2
Gambia
2000
2018
17514
5
Ghana
2003
2014
16118
5
Guinea
2005
2018
14391
4
Guinea-Bissau
2006
2014
6539
2
Kenya
2003
2014
33953
8
Lesotho
2004
2014
7355
3
Liberia
2006
2016
10544
3
Madagascar
2003
2009
11309
2
Malawi
2000
2016
53456
7
Mali
2001
2018
34436
6
Mauritania
2000
2015
16065
4
Mozambique
2003
2015
22981
4
Namibia
2000
2013
8119
3
Niger
2000
2012
13840
3
Nigeria
2003
2018
97781
9
Rwanda
2000
2015
31336
6
Sao Tome and Principe
2008
2014
2025
2
Senegal
2005
2017
41400
7
Sierra Leone
2005
2017
27626
5
Somalia
2006
2011
12174
3
South Africa
2003
2016
992
2
South Sudan
2010
2010
1133
1
Eswatini
2006
2014
4802
3
Tanzania
2004
2016
17526
4
Togo
2006
2017
11529
4
Uganda
2000
2016
18105
4
Zambia
2001
2014
21811
5
Zimbabwe
2005
2015
16925
4
Some countries max survey year is greater than 2016 but only pre-2016 data is
included in the N values
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
0
.5
1
200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017