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A Romp Through Ethics for Complete Beginners Session Six: U;litarianism: Mill and the u;lity calculus Marianne Talbot Department for Con;nuing Educa;on University of Oxford 7 th March 2011 1

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Page 1: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

 A  Romp  Through  Ethics  for  Complete  

Beginners      

Session  Six:    U;litarianism:  Mill  and  the  u;lity  calculus  

Marianne  Talbot  Department  for  Con;nuing  Educa;on  

University  of  Oxford  7th  March  2011  

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Page 2: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

Last  week  we:    –  learned  about  categorical  and  hypothe;cal  impera;ves    

–  reflected  on  whether  the  categorical  impera;ve  is  central  to  morality  

–  compared  Hume’s  account  of  moral  mo;va;on  with  Kant’s  

–  considered  the  differences  between  Kant  and  Aristotle  

–  reflected  on  whether  to  side  with  Kant  or  Hume  

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Page 3: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

This  week  we  shall:    –  learn  about  consequen;alism  

–  consider  whether  there  are  counterexamples  to  u;litarianism  

–  consider  the  many  different  interpreta;ons  of  u;litarianism  

–  reflect  on  whether  there  are  different  quali;es  of  happiness  

–  reflect  on  the  dis;nc;on  between  ‘act’  and  ‘rule’  u;litarianism  

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Page 4: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

   Consequen;alist  theories…    ….  evaluate  the  moral  worth  of  ac;ons…    …by  looking  at  their  consequences  

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 The  most  famous  consequen;alist  theory…    …is  probably  u;litarianism….    ….though  libertarianism  comes  a  close  second  

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Page 6: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

U;litarianism  is  the  view  that…    ….  the  right  ac;on  is  that  which  produces…    …or  tends  to  produce…    ….  the  greatest  happiness  of  the  great  number.    

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Page 7: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

We  shall  be  considering  the  views…    …  of  John  Stuart  Mill  (1806  -­‐  1873)…    ….  probably  the  most  famous  proponent  of  u;litarianism…    …though  not  the  person  who  ini;ated  the  theory    

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Page 8: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

   Mill  offers  an  apparently  shaky…    …  official  argument  for  u;litarianism…    …and  a  rather  stronger  unofficial  argument  

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The  official  argument  is  that  as…    …  the  only  thing  each  of  us  desires  is  happiness…    ….we  all  desire  the  general  happiness….    …happiness,  therefore,  is  the  ul;mate  end….    ….  of  human  conduct  and  the  standard  of  morality.    

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Page 10: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

But  even  if  we  do  desire  happiness  does  this  mean:    –   it  is  the  only  thing  we  desire?  

–  that  we  ought  to  desire  it?  

– or  that  desiring  happiness  entails  desiring  general  happiness?  

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Mill’s  official  argument  isn’t  as  shaky  as  it  seems…    …but  we’re  going  to  examine  an  argument…    ….  Mill  relies  on  in  several  places…    ….but  never  makes  explicit  

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   U;litarianism  explains…    ….  why  it  is  implausible  to  think  that…    ….our  everyday  moral  rules  are  absolute  truths  

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The  fact  there  are  excep;ons  to  all  our  everyday  rules….    ….demonstrates,  according  to  Mill,  that  it  is  not  to  these  rules  we  should  look…    ….  in  deciding  what  to  do…    ….rather  we  should  look  to  the  Greatest  Happiness  Principle  (GHP).  

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 The  GHP  tells  us  that…    …  the  right  ac;on  is…    ….  the  ac;on  that  produces…    ….  the  greatest  happiness  of  the  greatest  number  (GHGN).    

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Page 15: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

In  order  to  understand  u;litarianism  properly  we  need  to  know:    

a.   what  the  GHP  means  

b.   whether  there  are  counterexamples  to  the  u;litarian  claim  

c.   whether  the  GHP  is  prac;cal      

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Page 16: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

   For  a  u;litarian  an  ac;on  is  right  only  if  it  produces  the  GHGN    This  does  not  require  that  an  agent  must  intend  to  produce  the  GHGN.    

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This  is  just  as  well…    …  because  it  might  entail  that  you  act  immorally  if…    ….  you  relax  with  a  cup  of  tea…    ….  instead  of  doing  a  voluntary  s;nt  at  the  local  Oxfam  shop.      

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With  the  excep;on  of  Aristotle,  whose  focus  is  unclear….    …our  other  theories  have  focused  primarily  on  the  agent  and  his  reasons  for  ac;ng…    ….the  u;litarian  shics  our  focus  to  the  ac;on  itself…    ….and  to  its  consequences  

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Page 19: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

Exercise:    Imagine  Tom  takes  his  elderly  aunt  out  for  tea.  Unfortunately  as  they  cross  the  road  to  the  tea  shop,  she  is  run  over.      

1.   what  you  think  a  u;litarian  would  have  to  think  about  the  morality  of  Tom’s  ac;on?  

2.   What  do  you  think  about  the  morality  of  Tom’s  ac;on?  

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 The  u;litarian  can,  though,  shic  his  focus  back  to  the  agent….    …to  judge  the  moral  worth  of  an  agent  by…    ….  whether  his  ac;ons,  over  ;me,  successfully  produce  the  GHGN    

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The  claim  that  the  right  ac;on  is  that  which  produces…    ….  (or  tends  to  produce)…    ….the  greatest  happiness  of  the  greatest  number…    ….  is  mul;ply  ambiguous  ….    

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Ques;ons:    –  are  we  talking  about  ac;on  tokens  or  ac;on-­‐types?    

–  what  do  we  mean  by  ‘happiness’?    

–  do  we  mean  the  greatest  total  happiness  or  the  greatest  average  happiness?    

–  what  do  we  mean  by  the  ‘greatest  number’?    

–  the  greatest  number  of  what?    

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The  ambiguity  of  the  GHP  has  caused  some…    ….  to  think  of  u;litarianism  as  a  ‘slippery’  theory…    …in  that  every  ;me  there  is  an  objec;on  to  u;litarianism…    …a  different  interpreta;on  is  postulated…    …isn’t  this  just  seman;cs?  

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This  is  not  a  good  objec;on….    …if  u;litarianism  on  some  interpreta6on…    …  is  the  right  moral  theory…    ….  then  it  is  our  duty  to  find…    …  the  interpreta;on  that  works.    

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We  shall  consider  just  two  different  interpreta;ons:    

–  whether  we  should  consider  the  quan;ty  of  happiness  or  only  its  quan;ty  

–  whether  the  GHP  refers  directly  to  token  acts  or  does  so  only  via  types-­‐acts    

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Page 26: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

The  u;litarian  no;on  of  happiness  is  simpler  than  Aristotle’s.      Mill  defines  it  thus:    “By  happiness  is  intended  pleasure,  and  the  absence  of  pain;  by  unhappiness,  pain,  and  the  priva6on  of  pleasure.”  

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But  there  is  a  disagreement  between  u;litarians…    ….  about  whether  it  is  only  the  quan6ty  of  happiness…    ….  that  should  be  counted  in  the  u;litarian  calculus…    …  or  also  its  quality  

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Jeremy  Bentham…    ….  another  famous  u;litarian…    ….  believed  that  we  need  only  look  to  the  quan6ty  of  happiness…    ….Mill  believed  that  we  must  also  look  to  its  quality.    

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Page 29: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

 Mill  categorised  pleasures  into  ‘higher’  and  ‘lower’  pleasures.      He  argued  that  anyone  capable  of  experiencing  both  would  always  choose  the  higher  pleasures  over  the  lower.      

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According  to  Mill  it  is  befer  to  be…    ….  ‘Socrates  dissa;sfied’    …  than…    ….’a  fool  sa;sfied’…    …do  you  agree?    

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     Now  let’s  look  at  the  ambiguity  about  ac;on-­‐types  and  ac;on-­‐tokens    

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If  we  say  ‘that  lie  is  wrong’  we  are  saying  only  that  a  par;cular  lie  is  wrong.      If  we  say  ‘lying  is  wrong’  we  are  commifed  to  the  belief  that  all  lies  are  wrong.      In  the  terminology  of  lecture  one,  the  lafer  claim  is  generalist,  the  former  par6cularist      

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   A  par;cularist  u;litarian  is  called  an  ‘act  u;litarian’  (AU).      The  AU  checks  each  token  ac;on  against  the  GHP.    

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 A  generalist  u;litarian  is  called  a  rule  u;litarian  (RU).      The  RU  uses  the  GHP  to  check  ac;on-­‐types…    ….and  then  checks  ac;on-­‐tokens  against  the  rules  this  generates.        

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RU  has  seemed  afrac;ve  to  some..    …  because  the  AU  can  only  recognise  ‘rules  of  thumb’….    ….rules  based  on  past  experience….    …so  if,  in  your  experience,    lying  has  nearly  always  ended  in  tears…    …  then  the  rule  ‘don’t  lie’  will  be  a  useful  reminder  of  this.      

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 When  lying  would  clearly  promote  the  GHGN…    ….the  AU  will  break  the  rule….    ….because  for  him  rules…    …  do  not  have  deontological  force    

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     But  we  do  some;mes  think  rules  have  deontological  force  don’t  we?    

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A  possible  counterexample  to  u;litarianism    The  populace  of  a  small  US  town  are  living  in  fear  because  of  a  series  of  horrific  rape/murders.  The  newly  appointed,  not  yet  trusted,  sheriff  knows  the  culprit  is  dead  because  he  shot  him.  But  no  one  saw  him  do  this  and  the  body  fell  into  a  fast  flowing  river  and  disappeared.      But  last  week  the  sheriff  locked  up  a  vagrant  who  is  suicidal,  claiming  to  have  lost  his  whole  family  and  all  his  possessions  in  a  disaster.        What,  the  sheriff  thinks,  if  he  finds  ‘proof’  that  the  vagrant  commiIed  the  crimes,  tries,  convicts  and  hangs  him.  This  will  make  everyone  happy  and  is  clearly,  therefore,  the  right  thing  to  do.      Is  it  the  right  thing  to  do?      

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 If  the  AU  is  happy  to  break  rules  every  ;me  he  thinks  it’ll  promote  the  GHGN…    ….  then  doesn’t  he  fail  to  recognise  the  proper  force  of  moral  rules?  

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Page 40: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

RU  enables  the  u;litarian  to  insist  that  u;litarianism…    ….  does  recognise  the  proper  deontological  force  of  everyday  moral  rules….    ….we  should  always  tell  the  truth…    ….because  generally  speaking  truth-­‐telling  promotes  the  GHGN      

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Page 41: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

     But  it  has  been  argued  that  RU  collapses  into  AU…    

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Page 42: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

An  RU  has  three  possible  responses  he  might  make  to  the  situa;on  in  which  the  GHGN  demands  that  a  rule  be  broken:    

–  he  should  keep  the  rule  

–  he  should  break  the  rule  

–  he  should  modify  the  rule    

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Page 43: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

If  the  RU  keeps  the  rule  then  isn’t  he  a  deontologist  masquerading  as  a  u;litarian?      If  he  breaks  the  rule  isn’t  he  simply  an  AU?    But  what  if  he  modifies  the  rule?      

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Page 44: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

Imagine  that  he  modifies  the  rule  to  read  ‘Do  A  except  in  circumstance  C’.      The  next  ;me  he  meets  an  excep;on  he  will  modify  it  again  to  read  ‘do  A  except  in  C1  and  C2’…    and  so  on….  

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Page 45: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

On  this  story  the  RU…    …will  never  actually  act  differently  from  an  AU…    ….so  how  can  his  theory  count  as  different…    …  from  that  of  he  AU?  

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Page 46: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

 The  collapse  of  RU  into  AU,  however,  can  be  resisted  by  recognising  that:    

1.   different  people  play  different  roles  in  respect  of  the  rules:  

2.   in  everyday  life  there  are  two  sorts  of  rule:  

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Page 47: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

Different  people  play  different  roles  in  respect  of  the  rules:    

• a  legislator  decides  whether  a  certain  laws  should  be  made  and  prac;ces  introduced.  

• a  judge  looks  to  the  law  to  decide  who  to  punish  and  how  

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Page 48: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

 The  legislator  can  look  directly  to  the  GHP  to  decide  which  laws  will  produce  the  GHGN,  so  he  acts  as  an  AU    But  once  the  law  is  introduced  the  judge  must  look  to  the  law,  not  to  the  GHP,  so  he  acts  as  an  RU    

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Page 49: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

In  everyday  life  there  are  two  sorts  of  rule:    

–  there  are  rules  that  summarise  past  decisions  made  in  par;cular  cases    

–  there  are  rules  that  define  a  prac;ce  and  that  must  be  treated  as  the  prac;ce  suggests  if  we  are  to  adopt  the  prac;ce  

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Page 50: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

   A  summary  rule  can  be  broken  whenever  the  GHP  suggests  it  should  be.      Anyone  ac;ng  on  a  summary  rule  will  act  as  an  AU.    

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Page 51: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

 One  who  chooses  to  adopt  a  prac;ce  that  is  governed  by  rules…    ….  thereby  commits  himself  to  looking  to  the  rules  of  the  prac;ce  to  decide  what  to  do….    …he  cannot  look  directly  to  the  GHGN,  and  must  act  as  an  RU.      

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Page 52: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

To  see  the  different  ways  in  which  we  use  rules…    …  and  the  different  types  of  rule  we  use…    ….  is  to  see  that  the  situa;on  regarding  AU  and  RU…    …  is  far  more  complicated  then  we  might  have  thought.    

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Page 53: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

 Finally  let’s  look  at…    …the  epistemology…    …  and  metaphysics…    …  of  u;litarianism    

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Page 54: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

   What  would  a  u;litarian  have  to  say  about  the  truth  of  the  claim:      ‘dropping  the  bomb  on  Hiroshima  was  the  right  thing  to  do’?    

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Page 55: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

   The  u;litarian  wouldn’t  have  to  say  anything:      

his  answer  would  depend  on  his  beliefs  about  whether  or  not  dropping  the  bomb  on  Hiroshima  produced  the  GHGN.    

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Page 56: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

 It  seems  likely  that  we’ll  never  know  whether  this  statement  is  true  or  false.      But  this  doesn’t  mean  it  isn’t  either  true  or  false.      The  u;litarian  is  a  moral  realist.            

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Page 57: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

   The  facts  that  make  moral  statements  true  or  false  for  the  u;litarian  are  not  independent  of  us.      If  there  were  no  conscious  subjects  there  could  be  no  happiness.        

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Page 58: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

But  this  doesn’t  make  u;litarianism  an;-­‐realist:      ….the  u;litarian  s;ll  thinks  there  are  real  facts…    …  that  make  moral  statements  true  and  false….      …it’s  just  that  they  are  facts  about  us    

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Page 59: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

The  u;litarian  believes  that  we  acquire  knowledge  of  morality…    ….  by  induc;ve  means,  by  learning  about  the  consequences  of  our  ac;ons…..      …and,  assuming  the  future  will  be  like  the  past…    ….  we  think  of  those  that  will  produce  the  GHGN  as  (likely  to  be)  right…    ….  and  the  others  as  (likely  to  be)  wrong.      

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Moral  knowledge  is  not  therefore  a  priori…    ….  as  Kant  would  have  it…    ….  we  do  not  discern  right  and  wrong  by  intui;on…    ….  instead  we  discern  it  by  observa;on  and  experience  

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Page 61: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

     So  what  do  you  think  about  u;litarianism?    

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Ques;ons  to  test  your  understanding:    

–  What  does  Mill  mean  by  happiness?  How  does  this  differ  from  Aristotle’s  account  of  happiness?  

–  Can  you  name  at  least  two  consequen;alist  theories  of  ethics?  

–  Can  you  iden;fy  at  least  three  ways  in  which  the  u;litarian  claim  is  ambiguous?  

–  Does  u;litarianism  focus  on  the  act  or  the  agent?  Are  there  any  advantages  to  its  focus?  

–  Should  the  u;litarian  calculus  count  quality  of  happiness  or  only  quan;ty?  

–  What  is  the  difference  between  AU  and  RU?  

–  Can  a  u;litarian  recognise  rights?    

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Page 63: ARomp!Through!Ethics!for!Complete! Beginners!media.podcasts.ox.ac.uk/conted/ethics/talbot-ethics-06.pdfExercise:! Imagine!Tom!takes!his!elderly!aunt!out!for!tea.! Unfortunatelyastheycrosstheroadtothetea

   There  is  no  reading  for  next  week….    ….instead  come  armed  with  ques;ons  

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