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Satellite presentationEnergy saving in a nuclear power plant
Arnoldus Lambertus Dipu
Topan Setiadipura
Massimiliano Zamengo
Thomas Bovis
Dissayapong Hoksuwan
Advantages of NCE
Advantages of NCE
• Release great amounts of energy
• Avoiding the environmental problems of fossil fuels
• No greenhouse gases are released by nuclear power plants
• Need less fuel than ones which burn fossil fuels
• Nuclear fuel is inexpensive
• Waste is highly compact
• The compact fuel is easy to transport
Source : www.ecolo.org/documents/documents_in_english/nuclear_advantage_Cohen.en.htm
Avoiding the environmental problems
of fossil fuels
• Global warming :
• Acid rain :
Fossil fuels
Burning
CO2 Increasing the earth’s temperature
Effect of global warming :
- Climate change ex. Increased areas will be affected by drought
and increased intense tropical cyclone activity etc.
- Sea level rise - Oxygen depletion
- Temperature rise
Fossil fuels
Burning
SO2, NOx
combine with moisture
Acid rain
Effect of acid rain :
- making lakes unlivable for fish and aquatic plants
- damaging forests
Source : www.alternate-energy-sources.com/advantages-of-nuclear-energy.html
Avoiding the environmental problems
of fossil fuels (cont.)
• Air pollution
Fossil fuels
Burning by power plant
Air pollution emission
Effect of air pollution :
- Causing illness and weakening
- Damages buildings, soils and clothing
- makes a dirty environment
Source : www.alternate-energy-sources.com/advantages-of-nuclear-energy.html
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“This may sound too good to be true, but the U.S. has a renewable-
energy resource that is perfectly clean, remarkably cheap,
surprisingly abundant and immediately available. it's already proven
to be workable, scalable and cost-effective. And we don't need to
import it. […] This miracle juice goes by the distinctly boring name of
energy efficiency, and it's often ignored in the hubbub over
alternative fuels, the nuclear renaissance, T. Boone Pickens and the
green-tech economy. Clearly, it needs an agent. But it's a simple
concept: wasting less energy. ”
Michael Grunwald - reporter for The Washington Post
• Worldwide energy consumption was multiplied by three
over the last 40 years Source: Japan’s policy for Alternative Energy and Energy Conservation, Ichiro Ikemoto
• Proved reserves of energy resources are limited and
Coal, the most abundant one will be completely used in
2153Source: Japan’s policy for Alternative Energy and Energy Conservation, Ichiro Ikemoto
• This is the problem, our utilization of energy is
irresponsible
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“The release of atomic energy has not created a new
problem. It has merely made more urgent the necessity of
solving an existing one.”
Albert Einstein - Physicist
9
• As of Feb 10, 2010 in 30 countries 436 nuclear
power plant units with an installed electric net
capacity of about 370 GW are in operation and
56 plants with an installed capacity of 52 GW are
in 15 countries under construction. Source: European Nuclear society (http://www.euronuclear.org/info/npp-ww.htm)
• It principally means that a little effort for
improving efficiency in Nuclear power plants
would have a great effect
Energy saving in a nuclear power
plant
• Increasing energy efficiency
– ACCW flow reduction
– ACCW discharge diversion
• Reutilization of waste energy
– District Heating
– Hydrogen production
Efficiency Improvement
• Auxiliary-condenser circulating-water
(ACCW) flow reduction;
• ACCW discharge diversion to the main
condenser;
PWR System
ACCW Flow Reduction
ACCW Flow Reduction
• To reduce circulating-water (CW) flow to
auxiliary condensers (thus to increase CW flow
to the main condenser to improve its vacuum),
so that the turbine electricity output could be
increased.
• Analysis shows that by ACCW reduction, the
plant electricity output can be increased by up to
839 kW at the CW temperature of 30oC.
(however this improvement is not consistent), it
decreases with CW inlet temperature.
ACCW discharge diversion
ACCW discharge diversion
• To redirect the ACCW discharge to the
main condenser instead of to the cooling
tower.
• Result in an electricity increase up to 1138
kW, and this increase is consistent for all
circulating-water temperature considered.
Presents: Massimiliano Zamengo
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• What is district heating?
• How does it work?
• Evaluation of energy demand
• Expected energy saving
• Expected CO2 emission reduction
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• The efficiency of a power station is about 40%
• Most of energy is released to the environment as heat
• Heat can be used to produce hot water
• Using a pipeline, hot water can be pumped to the nearest city
• Every house can take an amount of hot water through an heat exchanger
ElectricityElectricity
HeatHeat
• An amount of steam is bled from the turbine
SteamSteam
• Condensation heat warms up water for the grid
Hot waterHot water
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• Surface: 50 m²
• Overall heat transfer coefficient (opaque components) 0.8 W/m²K
• Overall heat transfer coefficient (transparent components) 2.4 W/m²K
• Minimum winter temperature: -5 C
• Average numbers of hours for heating: 2160 h
• Air change: 0.5 vol/h
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Energy need (heat)Energy need (heat) 4,700 kWh4,700 kWhtt
COP of heat pumpCOP of heat pump 3.53.5
Electricity requiredElectricity required 1,350 1,350 kWhkWhee
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• Internal units works with hot water (fan coil unit, radiant floor, radiators)
• Hot sanitary water is available too
In this case we use just heat, In this case we use just heat,
NO ELECTRICITY or GAS!!!NO ELECTRICITY or GAS!!!
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Using district heating allows to save
11,,350 350 kWhkWh of electricity
This corresponds to 670 670 kg of COkg of CO22
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Turbine’s steam mass flow is a little less
The electricity output power is less
Electricity power output ~ 1000 MWe
Heat power output ~ 170 MWt
This is the power of 7,700 gas fired water heater!!!
• The available energy from hot water during winter season is 370,000 MWht
• The winter energy consumption of a “standard” apartment is 4,700 kWht
27
The available energy from the power station is enough for
7878,,000 000 apartmentsapartments
• Nuclear power station has no carbon emission
• Considering power station’s mix, it is assumed that 1 kWhe = 0.5 kg CO2
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It is expected that for 78,000 apartments it is possible to avoid the emission of
5050,,000 000 ton of COton of CO22
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Background:
Reutilization of heat energy can be done by coupling high
temperature electrolysis plant with nuclear reactor (PWR) to
produce Hydrogen
Higher thermal efficiency of Hydrogen production can be
reached under the steam phase than in water phase
The coupling of HTE plant with a PWR is possible in the
auto-thermal mode
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Competitiveness:
Energy saving
It features a lower specific electricity consumption than
conventional electrolysis
Efficiency improvement
Gives additional value of increasing efficiency of PWR reactor as
well as increasing the efficiency of electrolysis plant
Clean Energy Technology
Large scale of hydrogen production, more pure hydrogen
produced with no consumption of fossil fuel, no production of
green house gasses and no other forms of air pollution.
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Design:
Fig. 1. Principle of coupling of a HTE plant with a PWR (heat extraction from the
main steam header)
HP
Condenser
Reheater
LP
HTE Plant PWR Plant
Steam
Transformer
Steam
Process:
Heat extracted in the form of steam from the main steam header of PWR
(64 Bar, 280 °C)
HP
Condenser
Reheater
LP
HTE Plant PWR Plant
Steam
Transformer
280 °C
64 Bar
1608 kg/s
1574 kg/s
38 kg/s Xv = 1
280 °C, Xv = 1
Steam
226 °C
68 Bar152 °C
5 Bar
28 kg/s
152 °C
5 Bar
28 kg/s
Water
Process:
The steam condenses in the primary side of steam transformer at
the same temperature (280 °C)
HP
Condenser
Reheater
HTE Plant PWR Plant
Steam
Transformer
280 °C
64 Bar
1608 kg/s
1574 kg/s
38 kg/s Xv = 1
280 °C, Xv = 1
Steam
226 °C
68 Bar152 °C
5 Bar
28 kg/s
152 °C
5 Bar
28 kg/sLP
Water
Process:
In the secondary side steam transformer operates as steam generator
(Water is evaporated)
HP
Condenser
Reheater
HTE Plant PWR Plant
Steam
Transformer
280 °C
64 Bar
1608 kg/s
1574 kg/s
38 kg/s Xv = 1
280 °C, Xv = 1
Steam
226 °C
68 Bar152 °C
5 Bar
28 kg/s
152 °C
5 Bar
28 kg/sLP
Water
Process:
In the secondary side steam transformer water is evaporated in the same
temperature (152 °C)
HP
Condenser
Reheater
HTE Plant PWR Plant
Steam
Transformer
280 °C
64 Bar
1608 kg/s
1574 kg/s
38 kg/s Xv = 1
280 °C, Xv = 1
Steam
226 °C
68 Bar152 °C
5 Bar
28 kg/s
152 °C
5 Bar
28 kg/sLP
Water
Result:
Specific electricity consumption of HTE coupled with PWR:
3.2 kWh/Nm3 H2 which is less than the specific electricity consumption
of AWE (4.7 kWh/m3 H2)
Electricity saving: 1.5 kWh/m3 H2
Efficiency: 41.60%
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Conclusion
• Energy saving per hour of production for
each measures :– Efficientcy improvement :
• ACCW flow reduction
Additional production of 839 kWhe ~ save 419.5 kg CO2
• ACCW discharge diversion
Additional production 1,138 kWhe ~ save 569 Kg CO2
– Reutilization of waste heat :
• District heating
Save production of 48 MWhe ~ save 24,000 kg CO2
• H2 production
Save production of 17.721 MWhe ~ save 8,860 kg CO2
Conclusion
Energy saving measures on the existing
NPP could be effective and make a
significant role in supporting the
sustainable development. This measures,
as of today, are still not implemented in
most of the existing plants.