FM 90-21MCRP 3-23ANWP 3-01.03

AFTTP(I) 3-2.10

MULTISERVICE PROCEDURESFOR JOINT AIR ATTACK

TEAM OPERATIONS

JUNE 1998

ARMY, MARINE CORPS, NAVY, AIR FORCE

AIR LAND SEA APPLICATION

CENTER

MULTISERVICE TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES

JAAT

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

FOREWORDFOREWORDFOREWORDFOREWORDFOREWORD

This publication has been prepared under our direction for use by our respectivecommands and other commands as appropriate.

WILLIAM WILLIAM WILLIAM WILLIAM WILLIAM WWWWW..... HARTZOG HARTZOG HARTZOG HARTZOG HARTZOGGeneral, USACommanderTraining and Doctrine Command

JJJJJ..... E. E. E. E. E. RHODES RHODES RHODES RHODES RHODESLieutenant General, USMCCommanding GeneralMarine Corps Combat Development Command

G.G.G.G.G. S S S S S..... HOLDER HOLDER HOLDER HOLDER HOLDERRear Admiral, USNCommanderNaval Doctrine Command

RONALD E. KEYSRONALD E. KEYSRONALD E. KEYSRONALD E. KEYSRONALD E. KEYSMajor General, USAFCommanderHeadquarters Air Force Doctrine Center

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PREFACE

Army. The Army will incorporate theprocedures in this publication in US Armytraining and doctrinal publications asdirected by the commander, US ArmyTraining and Doctrine Command(TRADOC). Distribution is in accordancewith DA Form 12-11E.

Marine Corps. The Marine Corps willincorporate the procedures in thispublication in US Marine Corps trainingand doctrinal publications as directed bythe commanding general, US Marine CorpsCombat Development Command(MCCDC). Distribution is in accordancewith MCPDS.

Navy. The Navy will incorporate theseprocedures in US Navy training anddoctrinal publications as directed by thecommander, Naval Doctrine Command(NDC). Distribution is in accordance withMILSTRIP Desk Guide and NAVSOP Pub409.

Air Force. Air Force units will validateand incorporate appropriate procedures inaccordance with applicable governingdirectives. Distribution is in accordancewith AFI 37-160.

5. User Information

a. The TRADOC-MCCDC-NDC-AFDC Air Land Sea Application (ALSA)Center developed this publication with thejoint participation of the approving servicecommands. ALSA will review and updatethis publication as necessary.

b. This publication reflects currentjoint and service doctrine, command andcontrol organizations, facilities, personnel,responsibilities, and procedures. Changesin service protocol, appropriately reflectedin joint and service publications, willlikewise be incorporated in revisions tothis document.

1. Scope

This publication—

(1) Defines multiservice joint airattack team (JAAT) operations anddescribes the capabilities andresponsibilities of the team members.

(2) Describes responsibilitiesassociated with planning, organizing, andexecuting multiservice JAAT operations.

(3) Provides the tactics, techniques,and procedures (TTP) needed for commandand control and employment ofmultiservice JAAT operations.

(4) Provides standardized briefingguides for multiservice JAAT operations.

2. Purpose

This publication standardizes TTPamong the services for planning andexecuting JAAT operations.

3. Application

This publication applies to theoperating forces of all services. It providesmultiservice TTP for joint air attack teamoperations. Although the focus of thepublication is at the tactical level, it hasapplication for planning and warfightingpersonnel at all echelons. Any service/component may initiate a JAAT. JAAT ismerely a method of employing forces. Theterms maneuver force commander andmaneuver commander are representativeof any commander (air, land, or sea).

4. Implementation Plan

Participating service command officesof primary responsibility (OPRs) willreview this publication, validate theinformation, and reference and incorporateit in service manuals, regulations, andcurricula as follows:

Marine Corps: PCN 14400004100Air Force Distribution: F

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c. We encourage recommendedchanges for improving this publication. Keyyour comments to the specific page and

paragraph and provide a rationale for eachrecommendation. Send comments andrecommendation directly to—

Army

CommanderUS Army Training and Doctrine CommandATTN: ATDO-AFort Monroe VA 2365l-5000DSN 680-3153 COMM (757) 727-3153

Marine Corps

Commanding GeneralUS Marine Corps Combat Development CommandATTN: C423300 Russell RoadQuantico VA 22134-5021DSN 278-6234 COMM (703) 784-6234

Navy

Naval Doctrine CommandATTN: N31540 Gilbert StNorfolk VA 23511-2785DSN 565-0563 COMM (757) 445-0563E-mail: ndcjoint@nctamslant.navy.mil

Air Force

Headquarters Air Force Doctrine CenterATTN: DJ216 Sweeney Blvd, Suite 109Langley AFB VA 23665-2722DSN 574-8091 COMM (757) 764-8091E-mail: afdc.dj@langley.af.mil

ALSA

ALSA CenterATTN: Director114 Andrews StreetLangley AFB VA 23665-2785DSN 574-5934 COMM (757) 764-5934E-mail : alsadirector@langley.af.mil

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FM 90-21*MCRP 3-23ANWP 3-01.03

AFTTP(I) 3-2.10

FM 90-21* US Army Training and Doctrine CommandFort Monroe, Virginia

MCRP 3.23A Marine Corps Combat Development CommandQuantico, Virginia

NWP 3-01.03 Naval Doctrine CommandNorfolk, Virginia

AFTTP(I) 3-2.10 Headquarters Air Force Doctrine CenterMaxwell Air Force Base, Alabama

3 June 1998

JAATMultiservice Procedures

forJoint Air Attack Team Operations

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... vi

CHAPTER I THE JOINT AIR ATTACK TEAMBackground ................................................................................................ I-1Command Responsibilities ...................................................................... I-1Rotary-Wing Element............................................................................... I-1Fixed-Wing Aircraft ................................................................................. I-2Indirect Fire Support ............................................................................... I-2

CHAPTER II PLANNINGOperational Planning Considerations ................................................. II-1Battlespace Considerations ................................................................... II-2Target Marking/Designation ................................................................. II-4Sources of JAAT Fire Support............................................................... II-4JAAT Planning Guideline ...................................................................... II-5Army/Air Force Component .................................................................. II-7Marine Corps Component .................................................................... II-10Navy Component ................................................................................... II-14

*This publication supersedes FM 90-21, October 1991

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CHAPTER III JAAT EXECUTIONBasic JAAT Components ....................................................................... III-1Risk Management .................................................................................. III-9Night Considerations .......................................................................... III-10Conclusion ............................................................................................ III-10

APPENDIX A LASER OPERATIONS ............................................................................... A-1

APPENDIX B AIRCRAFT CAPABILITIES ......................................................................... B-1

APPENDIX C INDIRECT FIRE SUPPORT WEAPON CAPABILITIES ........................... C-1

APPENDIX D TRAINING OPTIONS AND BRIEFING GUIDES ...................................... D-1

APPENDIX E COMMUNICATIONS .................................................................................. E-1

APPENDIX F BRIEFING INFORMATION ........................................................................ F-1

REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... References-1

GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................. Glossary-1

INDEX ................................................................................................................................ Index-1

FIGURES III-1 Lateral/Geographic Separation (Boundary defined by by geographic feature or grid line) ........................................ III-2

III-2 Altitude Separation .................................................................... III-2III-3 Time Separation.......................................................................... III-3III-4 Combination of Lateral/Geographic and Altitude

Separation ................................................................................ III-4III-5 Example of Combined Attack .................................................... III-6III-6 Example of a Sectored Attack ................................................... III-7III-7 Example of Targeting Methods ................................................. III-8III-8 Night JAAT and Associated Control Measures .................... III-11A-1 Laser Designation Zones (2-Dimensional) ................................. A-3A-2 Laser Designator Zones (3-Dimensional)................................... A-4F-1 Mission Commander to TACP/FAC(A) Brief ............................. F-1F-2 Fixed-Wing Flight Lead to TACP/FAC(A)

Check-In Briefing ....................................................................... F-1F-3 TACP/FAC(A) to Fixed-Wing Flight Lead ................................. F-2F-4 Example of Mission Commander to Flight Lead Brief ............. F-3

TABLES II-1 Army JAAT Responsibilities ....................................................... II-7II-2 Air Force JAAT Responsibilities ..............................................II-10II-3 Marine Corps Operational Responsibilities ............................II-13III-1 Coordinated Attack Types ......................................................... III-8A-1 Laser Operations Example Radio Calls ..................................... A-2B-1 Fixed-Wing Aircraft Weapons and Capabilities ....................... B-1B-2 Rotary-Wing Aircraft Weapons and Capabilities ..................... B-3B-3 Rotary-Wing Weapons Capabilities ............................................ B-3

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C-1 FA Capabilities ............................................................................. C-1C-2 Mortar Capabilities ...................................................................... C-2C-3 Naval Surface Fire Support ......................................................... C-2D-1 Planning and Execution Considerations ................................... D-2D-2 JAAT Mass Briefing Guide .......................................................... D-3E-1 JAAT Communications Matrix .................................................... E-2E-2 Ground Communication Equipment ........................................... E-2E-3 Rotary-Wing Communications Summary ................................... E-3E-4 Fixed-Wing Aircraft Communications Summary ...................... E-4E-5 USMC Fire Support Request Nets .............................................. E-5E-6 Army Fire Support Request Nets ............................................... E-5E-7 Air Force Air Request Net ........................................................... E-5

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

JAATMultiservice Procedures

forJoint Air Attack Team Operations

The Joint Air Attack Team (JAAT)

The multiservice JAAT is a coordinated attack by rotary- and fixed-wing aircraft,normally supported by artillery or naval surface fire support. Ground or airborne electronicwarfare systems may also support the JAAT. JAAT operations support the joint forcecommander (JFC) in offensive and defensive operations day or night.

Planning

The JAAT offers the commander unique strengths. JAAT operations provide mutualsupport with an increase in each member’s survivability and a capability to mass combatpower through diverse ordnance and employment procedures. The maneuver commanderhas the responsibility for integrating JAAT missions into the battle plan. The requestingcommander’s staff plans for, organizes, and coordinates JAAT operations to support thisplan. Successful JAAT execution depends upon careful mission analysis, coordination,and planning. Historically, difficulties in execution are a result of poorly understoodplanning requirements.

JAAT Execution

Upon receipt of a JAAT mission, the JAAT mission commander must integrate fivecomponents of preplanned or immediate JAAT execution—airspace coordination measures,check in and briefings, firepower timing options, attack methods, shifting targets, anddisengagement. The JAAT mission commander must also consider risk management as itapplies to identifying hazards and implementing controls during planning, preparationand execution. Night employment of the JAAT is also an option with consideration fortactics requiring more deliberate tempo and strict adherence to basic procedures.

Summary

The key to an effective JAAT operation is a clear understanding of component capabilitiesand employment options and how they can be synchronized to achieve maximumeffectiveness. This publication is intended to aid in this understanding.

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PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS

The following commands and agencies participated in the development and review ofthis publication:

Joint

Joint Warfighting Center, Doctrine Division, Ft Monroe, VA

Army

HQ TRADOC, ATDO-A, Ft Monroe, VAEighth USA, APO API CORPS, Ft Lewis, WAIII CORPS, Ft Hood, TXV CORPS, Unit 28357, APO AEXVIII CORPS (Airborne), Ft Bragg, NCOperations Group, Eagle Team, National Training Center, Ft Irwin, CAHHC 1-210, Ft Rucker, AL

Marines

Marine Corps Combat Development Command, Quantico, VAC3F TACD&E, San Diego, CAExpeditionary Warfare Training Group Atlantic, Norfolk, VAMAWTS-1, Yuma, AZ

Navy

Naval Doctrine Command, Norfolk, VASWATSLANT, NAS Oceana, VANaval Strike Warfare Center, Fallon, CA

Air Force

AFDC/DJ, Langley AFB VA57 Wing/DTW, Nellis AFB NVUSAF Weapons School/WST, Nellis AFB, NVUSAF Weapons School, F-16 Division, Nellis AFB, NV70th FS, Moody AFB, GA81st FS, APO AEAir Warrior, Nellis AFB NVAir Warrior Detachment, Ft Irwin CA18th ASOG/AVN TACP, Pope AFB, NC25 ASOS, Wheeler AAF, HIUSAF AGOS, Hurlburt Field, FLDET 6 57th Wing, Ft Irwin, CA

Other

OSD JNCAS JFS, Eglin AFB, FL

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Chapter I

THE JOINT AIR ATTACK TEAM

1. Background

A joint air attack team (JAAT) operationis a coordinated attack by rotary- and fixed-wing aircraft, normally supported byartillery or naval surface fire support.Ground or airborne electronic warfaresystems may also support the JAAT. JAAToperations support the joint forcecommander (JFC) in offensive anddefensive operations day or night.

2. Command Responsibilities

Normally, the maneuver forcecommander, within an assignedoperational area, is the individualresponsible for determining when a JAATis necessary, but any commander (air, land,or maritime) may request a JAAT. In thispublication, the terms maneuver forcecommander and maneuver commander arerepresentative of any commander (air,land, or sea) with overall commandresponsibilities within an area ofoperations (AO).

Designation of a mission commanderoccurs after coordination between therequesting commander and supportingcommanders. The mission commander isresponsible for the planning, coordinating,and execution of the JAAT. The missioncommander has tactical control (TACON)of JAAT assets to support the commander’sbattle plan.

3. Rotary-Wing Element

Rotary-wing aircraft provide firepower,target acquisition, designation, and missioncoordination to the JAAT. The Armynormally provides attack and scout rotary-wing aircraft for JAAT operations. Under

certain circumstances, the Marine Corpscould provide rotary-wing attack aircraft.The Navy and Air Force do not have rotary-wing attack aircraft.

a. Army. The Army employs attack andcavalry helicopters in JAAT operations.AH-64 Apaches are organic to attackbattalions and are used in the attack as wellas the reconnaissance role. OH-58D KiowaWarriors are organic to light divisions andcavalry units and are used primarily forreconnaissance, but they do have limitedattack capabilities. As a minimum, Armyhelicopters operate in pairs and typicallyoperate in sections or troops/companies offour to eight aircraft. They are usuallyemployed as three flights to providecontinuous coverage for the JAAT but maybe employed as a battalion-sized flight of24 aircraft to achieve massed fires on thetarget. Army aircraft are less vulnerable toenemy air defenses at night; therefore, theygenerally conduct deep operations at night.Army rotary-wing characteristics andcapabilities may be found in Appendix B.

b. Marine Corps. The Marine Corps haslimited rotary-wing attack assets. Theprimary mission of these attack aircraft isto conduct offensive air support (OAS) andarmed escort flights for assault supporthelicopters. Their additional missions areto provide forward air controller (airborne)(FAC[A]) and fire support coordination inaerial and ground operations within anobjective area. Marine Corps rotary-wingattack aircraft may operate in conjunctionwith observer aircraft and/or other tacticalair control party (TACP) assets of theMarine air-ground task force (MAGTF).Because of the limited number of assetsand the dedicated mission of Marine Corpsattack aircraft, they will not normally be

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tasked to provide support for JAAToperations. If tasked, however, the MAGTFcould provide the rotary-wing attackelement of a JAAT with severalconfigurations. Normally AH-1W SuperCobra attack helicopters and/or UH-1Nhelicopters will form the team or teams asrequired. Marine Corps attack helicoptercharacteristics are in Appendix B.

4. Fixed-Wing Aircraft

Fixed-wing aircraft will employ closeair support (CAS) procedures and tactics,described in Joint Publication 3-09.3, JointTactics, Techniques, and Procedures forClose Air Support, during JAAT operations.In addition to exercising control of theaircraft, the FAC(A) may also provide airreconnaissance, surveillance, targetmarking, and communications.

a. Navy. All tactical fixed-wing Navyaircraft are capable of supporting JAAToperations. (EA-6B aircraft may be able tosupport JAAT operations with theirspecific mission roles.) All F-14 squadronshave FAC(A) qualified aircrews whoroutinely train in JAAT operations,including control and coordination of fixed-wing aircraft, rotary-wing aircraft, andindirect fire support integration anddeconfliction. Each air wing will typicallydeploy with 12 to 16 FAC(A) qualifiedaircrew. Navy FAC(A) aircrew trainroutinely with Army and Marine Corpsattack helicopters in JAAT operations. Allother Navy tactical fixed-wing aircrewshave limited training in JAAT operationsand are generally only exposed to a JAATonce or twice a year. Navy fixed-wingaircraft characteristics are in Appendix B.

b. Marine Corps. All tactical fixed-wingMarine aircraft are capable of supportingJAAT operations. (EA-6B aircraft may beable to support JAAT operations with theirspecific mission area roles.) The limitednumber of tactical fixed-wing Marineaircraft within the MAGTF may limit theJAAT operation sortie availability. Marine

fixed-wing aircraft routinely integrate withMarine attack helicopters while conductingOAS training and occasionally train withArmy attack helicopters in JAAToperations. Marine tactics maximizestandoff weapon delivery techniques andnight operations. Marine Corps fixed-wingaircraft characteristics are in Appendix B.

c. Air Force. Air Force CAS aircraftare capable of performing JAAT operations.Only qualified crew members areauthorized to participate in JAAT. AirForce members will execute JAAT inaccordance with AFI 11-214, Aircrew,Weapons Director, and Terminal AttackController Procedures for Air Operations,and ACCR 55-26, Joint Live Fire TrainingOperations Fighter/Bomber/Reconnais-sance/Airlift/Special Operations, followingCAS procedures detailed in JointPublication 3-09.3. Air Force fixed-wingaircraft characteristics are found inAppendix B.

5. Indirect Fire Support

Indirect fire support (artillery, mortars,and/or naval surface fire) should be plannedto support and augment the firepower ofJAAT operations. Normally fire supportprovides suppression of enemy air defenses(SEAD), target marking, and laserdesignation. Additionally, fire support mayprovide close fires, fires in depth, andcounterfire. JAAT indirect fire supportrequirements generally use the samerequest, planning, coordination, control,and execution procedures as groundoperations. The Army, Marine Corps, andNavy provide indirect fire support. (Note:An Air Force commander requesting aJAAT must also request all indirect firesupport the JAAT will require. Thedesignated mission commander willcoordinate indirect fire supportrequirements with the air missioncommander [AMC] and fire supportelement[s] [FSE] in whose zone[s] theJAAT will occur).

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a. Army. The FSE of the maneuvercommander who requests or orders theJAAT will plan for, coordinate, and overseethe execution of fire support for the JAAT.The mission commander should contact theFSE if the mission requires additional firesupport or other assistance. The FSEcoordinates the requested support. If amaneuver commander requests or ordersa JAAT that is to take place in anothercommander’s AO, (that is, division JAAT inbrigade AO), then that commander’s FSEmust coordinate with the FSE in whose AOthe JAAT is to take place. Army artillerycharacteristics are in Appendix C.

b. Marine Corps. The Marine Corps haslimited artillery assets that providegeneral and direct fire support to theground force within the MAGTF. Becausethey are limited, these assets will notnormally be tasked to support JAAT

operations outside or not adjacent to theobjective area. Within the MAGTF, the firesupport coordination center (FSCC) of thesupported unit(s) requesting the JAAToperation will assist in the planning forartillery support. Marine Corps artillerycharacteristics are in Appendix C.

c. Navy. Naval surface fire support forArmy units is coordinated through theMarine Corps Air and Naval GunfireLiaison Company (ANGLICO). TheANGLICO division and brigade liaisonteams are normally attached to the FSE ofthe supported division or brigade. Theseteams are responsible for planning, liaison,control, coordination, and employment ofsupporting arms. Navy FAC(A)s arequalified to perform artillery air spot andcalls for fire in support of the maneuvercommander’s battle plan.

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Chapter II

PLANNING

1. Operational Planning Considerations

a. The JAAT offers the commanderunique strengths. JAAT operations providemutual support with an increase in eachmember’s survivability and a capability tomass combat power through diverseordnance and employment procedures.This includes reconnaissance, surveillance,and communications redundancy, combinedwith an enhanced force protectioncapability.

b. The maneuver commander has theresponsibility for integrating JAATmissions into the battle plan. Therequesting commander’s staff plans for,organizes, and coordinates JAAToperations to support this plan. SuccessfulJAAT execution depends upon carefulmission analysis, coordination, andplanning.

(1) Mission. The planning processbegins when during mission analysis, therequesting commander/staff determinesthat employing JAAT will assist inaccomplishing the mission. JAAT engage-ment area (EA) development anddistribution of all fires must be part ofdeveloping the plan. Because each of themembers of the JAAT retains their owncommand and control (C2) system, missionplanning must be a coordinated effort.Constant coordination is desired betweenrequesting commander, mission com-mander, FAC(A), fixed- and rotary-wingrepresentative, TACP, fire support officer(FSO) and the air support operations center(ASOC). As elements of the mission changeall members must be informed so they canadjust accordingly.

(2) Intelligence Preparation of theBattlefield. A key ingredient to the success

of the JAAT intelligence effort is thecontinuous collection and appropriatedissemination of information. The missioncommander requires continuousinformation on the objective before, during,and after the mission. The intelligenceofficer (G-2/S2) is responsible for theintelligence preparation of the battlefield.The G-2/S2 identifies the target, target area,named areas of interest, enemy defenses,enemy and friendly decision points, and atime window when the target will be activein the EA. Timely JAAT employment isdetermined by identifying key enemyevents that are target indicators of theenemy’s course of action (COA) and may actas the trigger for execution of a preplannedattack. The G-2/S2 coordinates thecollection effort, refines the information,and ensures the information is received byplanning staffs and supporting units. Theintelligence preparation of the battlespace(IPB) process is continuous, occurringbefore, during, and after the JAAT toensure the most up-to-date information onthe enemy’s activity is available during theplanning and execution phases.

(3) Threat Air Defense (AD)Environment. The mission commanderconsiders how various elements of theJAAT can assist to neutralize or suppressthe enemy AD.

(4) Terrain Analysis. Plannersshould ensure the most effective use ofterrain. Terrain analysis is conducted toidentify EA(s), ground and air avenues ofapproach, and gaps in threat AD due toterrain. Terrain analysis also aids indetermining employment methods andselecting ingress and egress routes.

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(5) Weather. Weather conditionsmay limit the capabilities of aircraft andweapons. High humidity, fog, andprecipitation reduce visibility and theeffectiveness of infrared (IR) devices andinterfere with lasers. Low ceilings alsoaffect the range and employment ofMaverick and Hellfire missiles since thetrajectory may put the missile in the clouds.High temperature and pressure can limitthe range and weapons payload of aircraft.High or gusting winds affect accuracy ofindirect weapons employment and can limitthe use of rotary-wing aircraft. If weatherforces the cancellation of one or more of theJAAT components, a contingency planshould be derived.

(6) Assets. The commander/staffshould determine what assets are requiredand available to accomplish the JAAT.Assets considered include—combat airpatrol, tankers, unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs), Airborne Warning and ControlSystem (AWACS), airborne battlefieldcommand and control center (ABCCC),fixed-wing aircraft, reconnaissance/collectors, rotary-wing assets, andelectronic warfare (EW) assets.

(7) Time Available. The morecomplex the JAAT mission, the moreplanning time required. A planning horizonof 36 hours usually allows time for acomplete joint air tasking order (ATO)cycle. Anything less can be planned but maynot be in the joint ATO. ATO requirementsare discussed in Joint Publication 3-56.1,Command and Control for Joint AirOperations. Include requests for fighteraircraft and reconnaissance aircraft earlyin the planning process. A staff that hasprior JAAT training and a working standingoperating procedures (SOP) cansignificantly reduce the amount of plan-ning needed to conduct a successfuloperation. An immediate or spontaneousJAAT can be accomplished with minimumcoordination. A time, location, and commonfrequency for all participants may suffice

in an immediate or spontaneous JAATsituation. The tactics and techniques inChapter III are an excellent guide toconducting immediate or spontaneousJAAT operations successfully.

(8) Synchronization. A JAAToperation is synchronized at two levels. Atthe first level, the JAAT operation must besynchronized with the overall operation.The second level involves thesynchronization of the various elementsduring the execution of the JAAToperation. The requesting commander isresponsible for ensuring synchronization atthe first level and the mission commanderis responsible for ensuring synchronizationat the second level. Achieving both levelsof synchronization requires an under-standing of the individual elements of theJAAT.

2. Battlespace Considerations

a. JAAT Operations. When planning aJAAT operation, the proximity of friendlyforces must be considered. The requestingcommander will define close proximity tofriendly forces. Special emphasis must beplaced on preventing fratricide. JAAToperations beyond the fire supportcoordination line (FSCL) must becoordinated with the joint air operationscenter (JAOC) through the battlefieldcoordination detachment (BCD).

b. EA Development. The EA is an areain which the commander intends to fix andattack the enemy force with massed firesof all available weapons. EAs are terrain-oriented control measures that focus theJAAT fires. Fire distribution planningensures effective fires throughout the EA.To develop an EA, the IPB processdetermines where the enemy is currentlylocated, where they will go, where best toengage them, and when they will be there.The commander selects the EA based on theIPB. The EA then becomes the focus forJAAT planning. JAAT assets are

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coordinated and integrated to destroy theenemy in the EA through massed firepower.

c. Fire Distribution Plan. Once the EAis developed, the mission commanderdevelops the fire distribution plan to avoidredundancy, minimize risk of fratricide, andmaximize the effects of long-range weaponsystems.

d. Command, Control, and Communi-cations (C3).

(1) Planners must establishcommand and control procedures forconducting the attack. A good SOP thatmembers of the combined arms teamunderstand greatly reduces command andcontrol coordination requirements. Everyeffort should be made to involve eachcommunity in the planning as early aspossible. In establishing the “team” part ofJAAT, face-to-face meetings help.

(2) Communications among JAATparticipants is key to mission effectiveness.Designing a JAAT communications planand disseminating it early to participantshelps ensure timely radio contact. Oncedeveloped, the communications plan iscoordinated with the mission commander.Considerations include—using tactical aircoordinator (airborne)/forward air control-ler (airborne) (TAC[A]/FAC[A]) as a radiorelay; UAV communications node (UCN) asa communications relay platform; theavailability of Have Quick and secureradios; and providing all components withthe appropriate frequency and authenti-cation. Additionally, friendly force ADunits operating along ingress/egress routesand in the AO must be informed of JAATmissions occurring in the area.

e. Fire Support. The maneuvercommander, TACP, fire supportcoordinator (FSC)/FSO, operations officer(G-3/S3), G-2/S2, Army airspace commandand control (A2C2) element, Army aviationliaison officer (AVN LNO), and the missioncommander work together to ensureadequate fire support for the JAAT.

(1) Indirect fires. Indirect firesupport can greatly increase thesurvivability of JAAT aircraft and thedestruction of the enemy. Furthermore, itcan be used to begin the attack, suppressor destroy enemy AD, force armoredvehicles to deploy, and create confusion forthe enemy.

(2) Close Fires. Fire support canattack targets in the EA to assist the JAAT.Planners should consider the effects of closefires might obscure the target area,decreasing the ability of pilots to acquiretargets. Using precision-guided artillerymunitions, such as Copperhead to engagehigh-payoff targets can minimizeobscurants. However, precision-guidedmunitions require detailed planning andcoordination with observers, artillery firingunits, and the mission commander.

(3) Counterfires. Rotary-wing attackaircraft are vulnerable to enemy firesupport during the JAAT operation.Friendly indirect fire support assets shouldbe allocated to counter the enemy firesupport capability. Counterfire radarsshould be coordinated early to facilitatecueing and rotary-wing battle positionidentification.

f. Airspace Coordination. There arefour methods used to establish an airspacecoordination area (ACA) to deconflictattack helicopter and fixed-wing aircraftfrom indirect fires: lateral separation,altitude separation, altitude and lateralseparation, or time separation. The fireplan includes appropriate airspacecoordination measures and will coordinateuse of ACAs for JAAT operations. Note: Formore information on ACAs see JointPublication 3-52, Doctrine for Joint AirspaceControl in a Combat Zone; Joint Publication3-56, Doctrine for Command and ControlOperations; Joint Publication 3-56.1,Command and Control for Joint AirOperations; and Joint Publication 3-09.3,Joint Tactics, Techniques and Procedures forClose Air Support (CAS).

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3. Target Marking/Designation

Target acquisition and identification iscritical to effective JAAT operations. Thereare three main techniques of marking atarget. The first is a marking round fromany of the JAAT elements; second is laserdesignation; and third is IR “pointer” fornight operations.

a. Marking Considerations. All firesupport ground laser designators can beused to designate targets for laser guidedmunitions (Copperhead, Hellfire missiles,laser guided bombs, etc.) and/or laser spottracking devices. Several fire supportassets could be made available to do this.Army fire support teams (FISTs) andcombat observation and lasing teams(COLTs), Marine forward observer teams/shore fire control parties, and forward aircontrollers (FACs) can use lasers todesignate targets. Laser equipped fixed-and rotary-wing aircraft can also providelaser designation and calls for fires duringthe day or night.

b. Laser Coordination. When usingmultiple lasers in the same area, laser pulserepetition frequency codes must becoordinated. During planning, the lasergeometry must be coordinated to allow bestacquisition by laser-guided weapons(LGWs) and aircraft laser spot trackers(LSTs). In addition, laser geometry shouldexclude the designator from the field ofview (FOV) for LGW and LST (Appendix Acontains detailed information). A laseremployment plan is part of any mission thatincludes target designation, particularlymultiple lasers.

c. IR Marking Devices. For operationsinvolving night vision devices, IR pointersmay be used to mark/designated targets.See Joint Publication 3-09.3 for a moredetailed discussion of night friendlyposition and target marking devices. Alsosee Appendix B for which aircraft areequipped with night vision devices/goggles.

4. Sources of JAAT Fire Support

a. Artillery. Sources of artillery sup-port vary from brigade to division to corpslevel. At brigade, indirect fires may beavailable from the direct support orreinforcing field artillery battalion or navalsurface fire support. Mortars and electronicattack support may also be coordinatedthrough the maneuver brigade S3 and firesupport element. At division and corpsindirect fires are normally provided by fieldartillery battalions assigned a generalsupport or general support-reinforcingmission. The division or corps G-3 and firesupport element coordinate for navalsurface fire support when it is available.Mortar indirect fire support is normally notavailable for tasking at division and corps.

b. Mutual Support. During rotary-wingmovement to contact, the fixed-wingelement of the JAAT may be capable ofproviding additional threat informationand SEAD for the attack helicoptercomponent. Because of their higheroperating altitudes and sensors, fixed-wingaircraft can often detect AD threats quickerthan the attack helicopter force can. Actualengagement of these threats should becoordinated by the mission commander,because helicopters offer significantadvantages in attacking some SEAD targetswhile fixed-wing aircraft can successfullyengage others. If specific AD systems areknown to be in the area, it may be possibleto preplan mutually supporting SEADactions. Other forms of dedicated SEADshould be considered first, however, sincetime and fuel may be a limiting factor forthe JAAT participants. Electroniccountermeasures pods carried by somefixed-wing strike aircraft are capable oflimited jamming in support of otheraircraft. When possible, JAAT operationsshould be conducted concurrently withtheater level joint suppression of enemy airdefenses (J-SEAD) operations, therebybenefiting from airborne jamming anddefense suppression platforms operating inthe same area.

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c. J-SEAD. J-SEAD operations canenhance survivability for JAAT elementsoperating in the EA as well as during theingress/egress phases.

(1) J-SEAD in and around the EA canbe an important part of JAAT. The priorityof the initial observed indirect fires is tosuppress enemy AD systems. Priority ofinitial rotary-wing fires is to suppressremaining enemy AD systems to protectthemselves and fixed-wing aircraft.

(2) A separate J-SEAD may beconducted along flight routes outside of theJAAT EA to assist aircraft ingress andegress.

(3) J-SEAD assets are employedaccording to mission objectives and systemcapabilities. Suppression is accomplishedthrough lethal or nonlethal means or acombination of both. Destructive means arecumulative and employ direct and indirectfire weapons. Disruptive meanstemporarily neutralize enemy ADs.Ground, air, and naval standoff jammingshould be part of the overall battle plan.For a more detailed discussion of how toaccomplish a J-SEAD operation refer toJoint Publication 3-01.4, Joint Tactics,Techniques, and Procedures for JointSuppression of Enemy Air Defenses(J-SEAD).

d. Ingress and Egress. AD threatsuppression should be provided whilefriendly aircraft ingress, attack, or egressthe EA. During the JAAT, enemy airdefense artillery (ADA) can be neutralized.Helicopters accompanying lead enemyattack elements constitute a threat to theJAAT. The ability to rapidly suppress thesethreats is critical. While rotary- and fixed-wing aircraft react quickly, considerationshould be given to indirect fire supportassets that can execute rapidly by usingpreplanned targets. The asset allocationdecision should be made early and shouldtake into account such factors as reactiontime, weapons effects/duration, andeconomy. Most ADA can be neutralized or

suppressed by observed fire using dual-purpose improved conventional munitions(DPICM) or high explosive (HE) projectileswith variable time (VT) fuses.

5. JAAT Planning Guideline

a. Effective preplanned JAAT opera-tions depend on the IPB, the resources toconduct the JAAT, and time for the staff toplan the operation.

b. The following guideline provides agood starting point for JAAT planning:

(1) Commander’s Guidance.

(a) Friendly situation.

(b) Enemy situation.

(c) Success criteria.

(2) Intelligence/Weather.

(a) Collection plan/productsrequest.

(b) Plan for updates beforelaunch and en route.

(c) Enemy vulnerabilities,possible courses of action.

(d) Enemy air threat/type/location (including air and surfacemeans).

(e) Type of targets and size.

(f) Target priorities.

(g) Target activity.

(h) Assets/weapons-to-target/environment match.

(i) Weather.

(j) Sensor employment plan.

(k) Alternate targets/contin-gency plans.

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(l) Electrooptical tactical deci-sion aids (EOTDA).

(m) Mission abort criteria/notification procedures.

(3) EA.

(a) Success criteria.

(b) Tactics and attack options.

•High versus low threatconsiderations.

•Day versus night considerations.Transition from day to night.

(c) Firepower timing.

(d) Fire support coordinationmeasures (FSCMs).

•Aircraft positioning and EAflow.

•Ordnance trajectory.

•Fragmentation/illuminationeffects.

•Control points and attack by fire/battle positions.

(e) Ingress/egress routes.

(f) Friendly fire supportlocations and capabilities.

(g) Provisions for SEAD/J-SEAD.

(h) Friendly AD artilleryweapons coordination.

(i) Locations of other friendlyunits.

(j) Timing options.

(k) Time on target (TOT) or timeto target (TTT) methods.

(l) Attack methods (see ChapterIII).

•Combined, sectored (seeChapter III).

(m) Target area mechanics/geometry.

•Target reference point (TRP).

•Target sort.

•Laser employment plan.

•Target marking options.

(n) Disengagement considera-tions.

•Mutual support.

•Fires.

•Sensor support.

•Communications relay.

•Combat search and rescue (CSAR)/imbedded or on-call.

•Collection of BDA.

(4) Command and Control.

(a) Communications (frequen-cies, Have Quick procedures, andauthentication).

(b) EW considerations.

(c) Lost communications pro-cedures.

(d) Egress/return to force (RTF)procedures.

(e) ROE/training rules.

(f) Risk management.

(g) Critical information flow.

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6. Army/Air Force Component

a. Request Procedures.

(1) Preplanned Fixed-Wing Request.When adequate planning time exists(normally a minimum of 36 hours), acommander requests a JAAT with an airsupport request (AIRSUPREQ) message. Therequest should state JAAT mission to ensureavailability of aircraft and pilots qualified toconduct JAAT operations. An Army requestfor JAAT is processed through Army firesupport channels up through the corps forapproval. The Commander Army Forces(COMARFOR) headquarters consolidates andprioritizes AIRSUPREQs received from thecorps and subordinate units and forwards themto the BCD at the JAOC. At the JAOC, airrequests from all components are consideredand those with sufficient priority are includedin the ATO. Simultaneously, the air liaisonofficer (ALO) assists the commander inplanning the operation. Air Force request fora JAAT will be considered at the JAOC withthe BCD in a similar manner.

(2) Immediate Fixed-Wing Request.When the preplanning time is not available tosubmit the request in time for publication inthe ATO, the TACP will submit an immediate

air support request, Joint Tactical Air StrikeRequest (DD Form 1972), through the Air ForceAir Request Net (AFARN) directly to the ASOCat the corps. The TACPs at intermediate levelsmonitor and inform corresponding commandersof the requests. They are allowed a designatedtime interval (theater specific, usually 10minutes) to consider disapproving the missionrequest. A lack of response during thedesignated time translates into approval(silence is consent). Once the allotted time hasexpired with no disapproval, the mission isconsidered valid at those levels. The ASOCforwards the request to the G-3 Air forapproval. If approved, the ASOC tasksavailable on-call fixed-wing aircraft to supportthe request. If the ASOC has no fixed-wingavailable it can, with Army concurrence, divertsorties from lower priority targets or requestsupport from lateral or higher commands. Therequesting TACP remains the point of contactfor mission information.

b. Operational Responsibilities.

The personnel at corps level and below forArmy and ASOC level and below for Air Forcehave key planning responsibilities foremployment of a JAAT. Tables II-1 and II-2lists those responsibilities.

Table II-1. Army JAAT Responsibilities Position Responsibility

All Ground Maneuver Units

Commander/S2/S3FSE/TACP (ALO/ETAC)

Identify requirement/targets for JAAT.

All Aviation Units

Aviation Commander Act as JAAT commander (if designated). Execute JAAT operations. Coordinate with ground maneuver unit. Coordinate with other members of JAAT. Provide detailed planning guidance to crews.

Brigade

Commander /XO/ S3 Develop/approve concept for JAAT employment to support

scheme of maneuver. Supervise staff planning effort.

S3 Air Coordinate airspace. Ensure timely submission of preplannedfixed-wing requests through Army channels.

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Table II-1. Army JAAT Responsibilities (continued) Position Responsibility

S2 Prepare IPB. Develop intelligence. Conduct target valueanalysis to identify high payoff targets to the commander andS3. Conduct enemy ADA analysis to identify current threats.

TACP Recommend best use of fixed-wing aircraft to supportmaneuver. Coordinate preplanned requests. Prepareimmediate fixed-wing requests through air request net.(Requests should specify “JAAT” and contain frequencies, callsigns, laser codes, authentication/communications security[COMSEC] procedures). Provides terminal air controller forfixed-wing aircraft during JAAT operations short of the FSCL.

FSE Plan and coordinate fire support/SEAD.

AVN BDE LNO Recommend best employment for Army aviation assets.Coordinate with and pass missions to operational control(OPCON) aviation unit. (If Army aviation unit is not OPCON,brigade requests support through division.)

Intelligence and Electronic WarfareSupport Element (IEWSE)

Request and coordinate EW support.

AD Artillery LNO Coordinate AD weapons control status and AD plans.Coordinate airspace control with S3 Air.

Division

Commander/G-3 Identify requirement for JAAT. Prioritize approved CAS.

Prioritize missions for aviation brigade assets.Establishes/approves abort and GO/NO GO criteria.

G-3 Air Prepare preplanned, fixed-wing request for the commander(request should specify "JAAT"). Forward preplanned requeststhrough Army channels.

G-2 Prepare IPB to identify air avenues of approach and totemplate the projected enemy AD threat. Evaluate the effectsof weather upon JAAT operations. Conduct target valueanalysis to identify high payoff targets to the commander andG-3. Develop and disseminate intelligence on the enemysituation and especially targeting information. Conduct enemyADA analysis to identify current threats.

AVN BDE CDR Advise division commander on best use of aviation brigade.Plan JAAT (division control) as directed by the divisioncommander.

ALO Recommend best use of fixed-wing aircraft to supportmaneuver. Prepare immediate fixed-wing request forcommander (request should specify JAAT). Forward immediatefixed-wing requests through air request net.

A2C2 Element (consists of personnel asrequired from ADA, AVN, FS, ALO staff,and ATC; supervised by the G-3 Air)

Coordinate airspace control and AD plan.Coordinate AD weapons control status.

FSE Develop fire support plan for division/aviation brigade.Coordinate SEAD/fire support.

EW Section Coordinate EW support.

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Table II-1. Army JAAT Responsibilities (continued) Position Responsibility

Corps

Commander/G-3/ALO/Fire SupportCoordinator

Set priority for CAS/JAAT and consider JAAT requirementsfor deep and/or rear operations. Consider OPCON of corpsaviation assets to subordinate elements for close operations(generally on a specific mission basis).

Corps Combat AVN BDE CDR Advise corps commander/G-3 on best use of aviation brigade.Coordinate and execute corps controlled JAAT operations.Provide Army aviation assets for JAAT operations.

G-2 Prepare IPB to identify air avenues of approach and totemplate the projected enemy AD threat. Evaluate the effectsof weather upon JAAT operations. Conduct target valueanalysis to identify high payoff targets to the commander andG-3. Develop and disseminate the intelligence on the enemysituation and targeting information.

Brigade TACP Recommend the best use of fixed-wing assets to supportmaneuver. Prepare fixed-wing request. Forward request toASOC/FSE.

ASOC/Fighter Duty Officer Forward requests for additional fixed-wing JAAT assets toJAOC.

FSE Plan and coordinate fire support for corps JAAT operations.Coordinates SEAD.

AVN Officer Recommend best employment for Army aviation assets.Coordinate with and pass missions to corps AVN BDE.

A2C2 Section Coordinate airspace control and AD plan. Relay recommendedminimum risk routing to BCD.

EW Section Coordinate EW support requirements as needed.

BCD, JAOC

BCD Plans Coordinate JAAT requests and specific mission requirements.

BCD Operations Coordinate immediate tasking requirements with JAOC afterpublication of ATO.

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Table II-2. Air Force JAAT Responsibilities

7. Marine Corps Component

a. MAGTF

The MAGTF is the Marine Corps’ primaryoperating organization for all missionsacross the range of conflict. MAGTFs arecategorized into three types: Marineexpeditionary unit (MEU), Marineexpeditionary force (MEF), and the specialpurpose MAGTF (SPMAGTF). The MEUpossesses limited C2 capabilities and relieson the Navy to provide most aviation C2functions. The MEF maintains the personneland equipment necessary to provide C2 ofaircraft and missiles. SPMAGTFs are small,task-organized MAGTFs configured toaccomplish missions for which the MEF orMEU are not appropriate.

A deployed MAGTF commander alsoprovides augmentation personnel to JFACC,

Position Responsibility JAOC

JAOC Combat Plans Validate JAAT request with BCD and determine asset

availability. May initiate JAAT tasking in support of JFC or JFACC

objectives. If applicable, have JFACC consult with JFLCC to attain JAAT

assets for inclusion on ATO. Task JAAT air assets via ATO. JAOC Combat Operations Coordinate execution of ATO. JFACC If applicable, coordinate JAAT requirements with affected

component commander(s).

All Air Force Wings Wing/Group/Squadron Commanders Develop/approve concept for JAAT employment to support

objectives of air operations. Wing Operations Center (WOC) Forward request for JAAT through ASOC to JAOC. Flight Lead Execute JAAT planning and operations.

Coordinate with ground maneuver unit(s), if applicable. Coordinate with other members of JAAT (fire support, etc.). Provide detailed planning guidance to crews.

ASOC Forward requests for JAAT to JAOC.

Identify fixed-wing resources for immediate CAS and JAATrequests.

if established, as required and directed byhigher authority.

A deployed MAGTF commanderensures all MAGTF personnel committedto a hostile environment are familiar withtactics employed for JAAT operations.

A deployed MAGTF provides supportto JAAT operations as directed by the JFCin accordance with mission requirements/priority and asset availability.

Deployed MAGTF subordinatecommanders ensure their personnel arefamiliar with JAAT tactics and are capableof meeting individual responsibilities.

(1) Organization. The Marine Corpstask organizes its forces for combatoperations into MAGTFs. This combinedarms force (aviation, ground, command,and combat service support elements) is

II-11

trained and equipped for expeditionaryoperations, including amphibiousoperations and sustained operationsashore. Each MAGTF is composed of acommand element (CE), an aviation combatelement (ACE), a ground combat element(GCE), and a combat service supportelement (CSSE).

The MAGTF commander delegatesauthority to plan and conduct JAAToperations to the major subordinatecommanders in the ACE, GCE, and CSSE.Final approval for a JAAT operation restswith the MAGTF commander.

(a) The ACE is task-organized asrequired to provide the six functions ofMarine aviation. These functions are—

•Air reconnaissance.

•Antiair warfare.

•Assault support.

•Offensive air support.

•EW.

•Control of aircraft and missiles.

The ACE commander, with the approval ofthe MAGTF commander, plans, integrates,and directs the employment of air assetsassigned JAAT missions. The ACEcommander coordinates JAAT activitieswith the GCE, the G-2/S2 intelligencesection and G-3/S3 operations and planssection of the ACE, and other air capablecomponents within the joint force. JAAToperations taskings are then published inthe air tasking order.

(b) The GCE plans, integrates,and directs the employment of groundforces assets (for example, artillery if used)for JAAT operations. After coordinationwith the ACE commander, the GCE

publishes JAAT requirements in fire plansand other tasking directives.

(c) The ACE and GCE G-2/S2sections receive, integrate and validaterequirements for JAAT. They develop anddirect the intelligence informationcollection and coordination of JAATactivities. They also correlate and developintelligence situation assessments for theJAAT operation area.

(d) The ACE G-3/S3 and GCEFSCC, with the assistance of the air,artillery, and naval gunfire liaison officers,plan the JAAT operation. They ensure thatoperational guidance and all air-ground firesupport requirements are integrated intooverall MAGTF operations. They alsocoordinate the operational and intelligencesupport required for JAAT operations. TheFSCC is where JAAT operations planningare normally completed.

(2) Marine Air Command and Con-trol System (MACCS). The MACCSprovides the MAGTF with the means tocommand, control, and coordinate airoperations within an assigned sector andto coordinate MAGTF air operations duringjoint or combined operations. The MACCSis composed of air command and controlagencies and surface-to-air missileresources that are tasked from a Marine aircontrol group to fulfill distinct missionrequirements. The MACCS is also capableof exchanging early warning andsurveillance information via tactical digitalinformation links (tactical digitalinformation links [TADIL] A, B, C, J, Armytactical data links [ATDL]-1, and NorthAtlantic Treaty Organization [NATO] Link-NATO Air Defense Ground Environment[NADGE]) among other joint/combined aircommand and control agencies. For adetailed discussion of the MACCS refer toMarine Corps Warfighting Publication(MCWP) 3-25.3, Marine Air Command andControl Systems Handbook. For JAAToperations, the following units of theMACCS may be involved.

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(a) Tactical Air Command Center(TACC). The TACC allocates aviationcombat element assets to be used in JAAToperations. GCE assets required for JAAToperations are planned within the FSCC.The TACC coordinates operations with theair-capable components of the joint force(required for JAAT operations appearingon the ATO) and the FSCC of the GCEwhen necessary. The TACC provides thefacilities for the ACE commander’s staff.The staff is divided into the currentoperations section and the futureoperations section within the TACC and isresponsible to the ACE commander for thesupervision and coordination of all MAGTFair operations. The TACC—

•Publishes, disseminates, andcoordinates the ATO.

•Makes decisions regardingallocation of air assets based onguidance from the ACEcommander.

• Supervises subordinate MACCSagencies.

•Coordinates with externalagencies.

(b) Tactical Air OperationsCenter (TAOC). The TAOC coordinates andexecutes the positive control of aircraftentering, transiting, or departing theMarine Corps forces (MARFOR) AOs forJAAT operations.

(c) Direct Air Support Center(DASC). The DASC provides proceduralcontrol of JAAT aircraft operating in directsupport of, or in close proximity to, MAGTFGCE maneuver forces. The DASC passesthe control to a terminal controller forexecution of the JAAT mission if necessary.A TACP or FAC(A) can provide terminalcontrol of aircraft executing JAAToperations air reconnaissance.

b. Concept of Operations.

MARFOR performing self-supportingair attack team type operations should usethe procedures outlined in this publication.

MARFOR participating in joint combatoperations will provide forces and conductJAAT operations, including supportingoperations, as directed by the JFC/higherauthority and coordinated by the JFACC,if established.

(1) Command and Control. Asprescribed by Joint Publication 0-2, UnifiedAction Armed Forces (UNAAF), theMAGTF commander will retain operationalcontrol of his organic air assets. Theprimary mission of the MAGTF aviationcombat element is to support the MAGTF.During joint operations, MAGTF aviationassets will normally support the MAGTFmission. The MAGTF commander will makesorties available to the JFC for taskingthrough the JFACC for AD, for long-rangeinterdiction, and for long-rangereconnaissance. Sorties in excess of MAGTFdirect support requirements will beprovided to the JFC for tasking through theJFACC, if designated for the support ofother components of the joint force or thejoint force as a whole. The theatercommander or JFC have completeoperational control to—

(a) Assign missions.

(b) Redirect efforts; for example,the reapportionment and/or reallocation ofany MAGTF fixed-wing sorties when theJFC has determined that they are necessaryfor higher priority missions.

(c) Direct coordination amonghis subordinate commanders to ensureunity of effort in accomplishing his overallmission or to maintain integrity of theforce.

(2) When MAGTF aviation assetsdeploy in advance of the main body, aMAGTF forward command will beestablished. Operational control remainswith the MAGTF commander and isexercised by the MAGTF forwardcommand. In the event the ACE isestablished in theater and mission capablebefore the MAGTF begins generating

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support requirements, excess sorties willbe provided to the JFC for tasking asrequired until other elements of theadvance force arrive or as directed byhigher authority.

Table II-3. Marine Corps Operational ResponsibilitiesElement Responsibility

Command Element Provides the C2 necessary to facilitate effectiveplanning and execution of operations.

ACE Provides the air combat arm of the MAGTF.

ACE G-2Aviation Combat Intelligence Section

Develops and directs the intelligence informationcollection and coordination of JAAT activities.Correlates and develops JAAT operation areaintelligence situation assessments. Ensures the timelycoordination with the GCE G-2 and other aircomponents.

ACE G-3 Future Operations Section (FOS) Plans the JAAT operation and ensures that guidanceand air support requirements are integrated into theMAGTF operations. Coordinates JAAT operationsoperational and intelligence support.

TACC Provides the MAGTF’s aviation arm with criticalguidance, direction, and supervision regarding theemployment and execution of the six functions ofMarine aviation.

TAOC Provides positive control of air assets operating withinthe MAGTF area of operation.

DASC Coordinate and execute the procedural control ofaircraft passed to/from the TAOC until the executionof JAAT operations are passed to/from a terminalcontroller.

GCE Provides the ground combat arm of the MAGTF.

GCE G-2 Receives, integrates, and validates requirements forJAAT. Develops and directs JAAT operation areaintelligence situation assessments collection andcoordination. Ensures timely coordination with theACE G-2 and other components.

FSCC Plans the execution of JAAT operations and ensuresthat guidance and all ground and air fire supportrequirements are integrated into MAGTAFoperations. The FSCC also coordinates the operationaland intelligence support for JAAT operations.

TACP Coordinates and executes the terminal control foraircraft within the MAGTF AO for JAAT operationsexecution.

c. Operational Responsibilities.

Table II-3 describes the responsibilitiesand functions of MAGTF elements for thecoordination of JAAT.

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8. Navy Component

a. Request Procedures.

(1) Navy fixed-wing aircraft supportsJAAT operations when tasked by theJFACC or other theater air componentcommanders. All Navy tactical air wingsdeploying to a theater of operations arecapable of supporting JAAT operations.Since naval forces will not be commandingor directing JAAT operations, any Navyaircraft tasked with supporting JAAToperations will fall under the tacticalcontrol of the unit responsible for theJAAT. A deployed carrier air wing (CVW)commander can provide augmentationpersonnel to the JFACC, if established, asrequired and directed by higher authority.

(2) A deployed CVW commanderensures that all air wing personnelcommitted to a hostile environment arefamiliar with tactics employed for JAAToperations. Subordinate commandersensure their personnel are familiar withJAAT tactics and are capable of meetingindividual responsibilities.

b. Air Operations and Responsibilities.

(1) The CVW commander supportsJAAT operations when excess sorties are

available. Any aircrew tasked to supportJAAT operations falls under thesubordinate control of the appropriate ACEcommander in the operation.

(2) The designated FAC(A) aircrewhas primary responsibility for air wingtraining and execution of JAAT support.Whenever possible these aircrew plan andlead any JAAT support requested or taskedby higher authority. The functions andcapabilities of these FAC(A) aircrews areas follows:

(a) Aerial reconnaissance.

(b) Radio relay.

(c) Control and coordination offixed- and rotary-wing aircraft individuallyor as combined arms. This includes thecoordination and control of SEAD toachieve the desired objectives.

(3) While the CVW commandermaintains operational control of all organicair assets, sorties will normally be madeavailable to the JFC for tasking through theJFACC in support of JAAT operations.

III-1

Chapter III

JAAT EXECUTION

Example of an Immediate JAAT that Worked: Interview of CW3 Ron Thompson, 6-6 Cavalry.

During operation PROVIDE COMFORT in northern Iraq, the U.S. forces routinely conducted bothair and ground operations securing and patrolling the NO FLY/EXCLUSION ZONE established bycoalition forces. The principal players were a Marine expeditionary unit (MEU), a SEAL team,carrier task force with E-6Bs and F-14s, USAF with AWACS, A-10s and F-16s, US Army AH-64s,British Royal Marines, and a Dutch Engineer unit.

On the day of the mission (summer 1991) the AH-64s were doing a routine reconnaissance to verifydirective compliance by the Iraqi forces. Command and control was normally handled by AWACS aswe were unable to communicate with ground forces because of terrain. This also allowed fordeconfliction of airspace and early warning of other aircraft. After a short time we located six T-64Iraqi tanks well inside the exclusion area. They were supported by artillery and ADA to the southwhich were on the border. The AH-64s assumed an overwatch and notified AWACS. Within a fewminutes we were joined by two A-10s, two F-16s, and four F-14s. The A-10s and F-16s took up positionsboth east and west of the tanks. The F-14s were positioned higher and directly overhead. AWACSinstructed us to change frequencies to their command net. We were then able to monitor thecoordination AWACS was doing between all aircraft. The A-10s were instructed to make a couple ofpasses at the tanks while the AH-64s covered their breaks. The F-16s were to attack the artillery andthe F-14s were to concentrate on ADA and any opposing aircraft that might show up. (These were dryruns.) We were instructed not to engage unless we were fired on or hostile intent was evident byweapons being pointed at us or radar becoming active. During the first pass by the A-10s the tanksmoved out at maximum speed to the south and the forces positioned on the border did likewise. Welater learned the F-16s were inbound to relieve the A-10s and the F-14s were on routine combat airpatrol missions. AWACS displayed a high degree of situational awareness in bringing togetherthree separate branches so quickly for one mission.

1. Basic JAAT Components

There are five components ofpreplanned or immediate JAAT execution:airspace control measures (ACM); check-inand briefing; firepower timing options;attack methods; and disengagement. TheJAAT mission commander must integrateall five basic components to effectivelyaccomplish the assigned mission.

a. ACM. The four common methods todeconflict airspace and weapons dangerzones in the target area are—lateral/geographic separation (Figure III-1);altitude separation (Figure III-2); timeseparation (Figure III-3); and anycombination of the above (Figure III-4).

(1) The mission commander isresponsible for ensuring that ACMs areestablished and coordinated with all JAATparticipants. Airspace managementmethods in the objective include ACAs,restrictive fire headings, maximum

ordnance trajectory, minimum altitude,sectors, and timing separation.

(2) Detailed ACMs, disseminated viathe DD Form-1972, can be used duringpreplanned JAAT operations, whileimmediate missions may require simplercontrol measures. All participants mustunderstand established control measures.

(3) The following figures illustrateemployment of several types ofcoordination measures. Joint Publication3-09.3 specifies these measures in detail.In each of the following figures separationsshould—

(a) Reflect a minimum of 1000 feetvertical separation between lowest plannedaircraft altitude and the highest plannedtrajectory of artillery forces.

(b) Include fragmentation pat-tern for the particular ordnance.

III-2

Figure III-1. Lateral/Geographic Separation(Boundary defined by geographic feature or grid line)

Figure III-2. Altitude Separation

"Remain above 3000 ft MSL inquadrant northeast of grid 6215"

UNPROTECTED

ARTILLERY-CAS AIRCRAFT ALTITUDE SEPARATION

ARTILLERYPOSITION

PROTECTED FLIGHT

III-3

Figure III-3. Time Separation

III-4

b. Check-in and Briefing. JAATparticipants check-in with the missioncommander in accordance with CAS check-in briefing (Appendix F). The standard9-line CAS brief (Appendix F) is the mosteffective means of providing ACMinformation and will be used wheneverpossible. For detailed discussion, refer toJoint Publication 3-09.3.

c. Firepower Timing Options. Thethree fire power timing options,simultaneous, sequential, and random areused to mass and deconflict fires. Employthese timing options using the attackmethods described later in the chapter.

(1) Simultaneous - all elementsattack at the same time.

(a) Advantages of simultaneoustiming option:

•Masses fires.

•Maximizes shock effect.

•Complicates enemy ADAtargeting scheme.

•Unpredictable.

(b) Disadvantages of simulta-neous timing option:

•Complicates target arraysorting and direct fire planning.

•Simultaneous weapons impactscan interfere with one another.

(2) Sequential - all elements attackin a predetermined sequence.

(a) Advantages of sequentialtiming option:

•Target area marked forsubsequent attackers.

Figure III-4. Combination of Lateral/Geographic and Altitude Separation

III-5

•Continuous pressure on targetover time allows attackers toreposition while other attackersshoot.

•Less interference from weaponseffects for subsequent shooters.

•Ensures that individual targetsare not double-targeted.

•Preference for multiple flightsof fixed-wing.

(b) Disadvantages of sequentialtiming option:

•Enemy air defenses can targetall players.

•Takes longer, reduces shockeffect, could provide oppor-tunities to enemy.

(3) Random - all elements attack atwill.

(a) Advantages of random timingoption:

•Easiest on pilots–no timingrequired.

•Reduced C2 requirements.

•Unpredictable.

(b) Disadvantages of randomtiming option:

•Requires aircraft/weaponsdeconfliction.

•No guarantees for effects,possible loss of pressure onenemy.

•Can complicate fire supportplan.

d. Attack Methods. The attack methodsdescribe control techniques for attacking

targets within an objective area. Methodsmay apply to the joint attack as a whole andagain within each attacking flight or units’individual plan of attack. The two methods,Combined and Sectored, are described andillustrated in Figures III-5 and III-6.

(1) Combined Method. The avenueto the target is shared airspace. During thisattack, all JAAT members will fly in thesame area. The mission commander willreference VIPER’s 60-second call, visuallyacquire the F-16, and direct the attackhelicopters to engage. The intent, in thiscase, is for all elements to attacksimultaneously. VIPER flight has beendirected to attack the northern half of thespecified target area. After attacking,VIPER has been directed to clear the targetarea. This may imply a follow-on artillerybarrage or simply reflect the groundcommander’s scheme of maneuver.

(2) Sectored Method. The avenue tothe target is sectored (using acknowledgedsectors). During this attack, the A-10 flightwill maneuver exclusively west of a north-south line drawn through the target area(the road). The mission commander hasdirected the A-10 flight to attack at aspecified TOT. The timing coordination call(“60 seconds” in this example) is requestedin order to update the attack plan timing.Pilots must still deconflict weapons fans topreclude friendly casualties. Whileensuring weapons or weapons effects do notcross an established sector line, a rule ofthumb commonly employed is to never firemore than 30 degrees towards or into theother sector.

(3) Coordination between the typeof attack and the timing option is vital.Table III-1, Coordinated Attack Types,shows the relationship between the two.

(4) Targeting Methods. Two exam-ples of targeting methods are TRP andtarget array (Figure III-7).

III-6

VIPER : L32, VIPER 1 standing by.

L32: VIPER, target PL382114. Armor moving east. ZSUs in the vicinity.

VIPER : Roger, ZSUs in the vicinity.

L32: VIPER, combined, simultaneous, visual. VIPER attack northern targets.Call 60 seconds. Egress to IP.

VIPER: VIPER, WILCO.

Figure III-5. Example of Combined Attack

Combined

III-7

HOG: L32, HOG 1 standing by.

L32: HOG 1, target location PL385211, ZSU two clicks north. Sector west ofroad running through the target area.

HOG: HOG, sector west of road, roger.

L32: HOG, sectored-sequential, TOT 1525.

HOG: HOG 1, Roger 25.

L32: HOG, call 60 seconds.

HOG: HOG, WILCO.

Figure III- 6. Example of a Sectored Attack

Sectored

III-8

Target Reference Point

An easily recognizable point on the ground(either natural or man-made) used for identifyingenemy targets or controlling fires. Targetreference points are designated by using thestandard target symbol, a target number, andtarget reference point letter.

Target Arrays

An enemy-oriented method of engagementwhere the focus and distribution of fires aredetermined by the enemy’s formations or location.Target array are frontal (linear) and depth(nonlinear) and can be used to direct and shiftfires quickly.

Table III-1. Coordinated Attack Types

Figure III-7. Examples of Targeting Methods

Type of Attack Simultaneous Sequential Random COMBINED

same avenue of attack

Visual or Hack (visual spacing orTTT separation)

Visual or TTT (visual spacing orTTT separation)

NOT NORMALLY USED for low

altitude SECTORED

acknowledgedsector

Visual or Hack (visual spacing orTTT separation)

Visual or TTT (visual spacing orTTT separation)

Free flow*

* Must ensure strafe fan/bomb and missile fragmentation deconfliction.

III-9

(5) Shifting Targets. When shiftingtargets, provide a cardinal heading anddistance. Example: “From previous spot,north, 1200 meters.”

e. Disengagement. Consideration mustbe given to the disengagement phase of theoperation. These considerations shouldinclude—

(1) Covering Fires. Fixed- androtary-wing aircraft may providesuppressive fires and SEAD as the otherelements egress. Artillery (cannon, MLRS,and ATACMS, if authorized) can alsoprovide suppressive and SEAD fires. EWassets also may provide SEAD withantiradiation missiles or electronic attack.

(2) Route of Egress. Due to theflexible nature of operations, plannedegress routes might not be available to allJAAT participants. Consideration must begiven to coordinating new egress routes.(For example, fixed-wing aircraft might betasked to provide reconnaissance of a hastyrotary-wing egress route.)

(3) Battle Damage Assessment. Themission commander has overallresponsibility for collecting anddisseminating BDA reports. The optimummethod of BDA collection is to record thetarget area. Reports from all JAATparticipants should be passed BDA as soonas possible in the INFLTREP formatdescribed in Joint Publication 3-09.3.

2. Risk Management

a. Risk management consists ofidentifying hazards and implementingcontrols during planning, preparation, andexecution. During the execution phase, allparticipants in the JAAT focus primarilyon implementation of controls. However,as additional hazards are identified duringthe execution, participants mustimplement additional controls.

(1) Hazards to consider include—

(a) Enemy forces/threats.

(b) Weapons release parameters/dangers.

(c) Surface danger zones.

(d) Laser operations.

(e) Environmental factors.

(f) Friendly unit location/situational awareness.

(g) Human factors.

(h) Battlefield obscuration/clutter.

(i) Terminology.

(2) Control measures used tomitigate risk may include—

(a) Airspace coordinationmeasures.

(b) Flight techniques tactics.

(c) Use of personnel specificallytrained and experienced in JAAToperations.

(d) Lethal and nonlethal SEAD.

(e) FSCM.

(f) Suppressive fires.

(g) Positive control.

(i) Reasonable assurance/indirect control. Minimum criteria include—

•Adequate situational awareness.

•Known location of friendly elements.

•Positive hostile identification.

•Minimum separation formunitions employment(fragmentation deconfliction).

III-10

(j) Communications.

(k) Friendly combat identification(identification, friend or foe (IFF), IRmarkings, lights, etc.).

(m) Authentication.

3. Night Considerations

a. Tactics procedures for nightemployment of the JAAT remain the sameas for day operations. However, techniquesrequired to accomplish night JAAToperations tactics require a more deliberatetempo and strict adherence to these basicprocedures. To ensure that all participantsmaintain situational awareness. JointPublication 3-09.3 and unit/aircraft specifictactics manuals provide detailedinformation on conducting nightoperations. The following are someconsiderations when conducting nightoperations:

(1) Visual Descriptions. Perspectiveand target resolution vary based on aircraftsystems. The aviation mission commandermust provide a detailed description of theobjective area to ensure that allparticipants, regardless of perspective oravailable sensors, have a clear picture ofthe objective area. Night sensor/night visiongoggles (NVG) used by all participantsgreatly increase the capability andeffectiveness of the JAAT; however, certainlimitations exist. A terrain feature that isvisible by a NVG/forward-infrared lookingradar (FLIR) equipped rotary-wing aircraftat 50 feet may not be visible or recognizableby an NVG equipped pilot or for a FLIRequipped aircraft at 20,000 feet.

(2) C2. Night positive control is moredifficult as controllers probably cannotobserve both target and attacking aircraft.Friendly and threat situational awarenessis necessary.

(a) Friendly Location. Aircraftlighting, thermal combat identification,ground unit identification, and locationdescriptions all aid in situationalawareness.

(b) Target Marking. IR illumina-tion, offset illumination, IR pointers andilluminators, indirect fires, direct fires,laser, and grid coordinates are alltechniques for marking targets.Consideration must be made for the markereffects on all participants.

(3) Control Measures. Figure III-8depicts example measures that will assistJAAT participants in controlling their fires.Other factors include—

(a) Attack heading.

(b) Weapons selection for pass.

(c) Ingress and release altitudes.

(d) Dive angle.

(e) Distance from target.

4. Conclusion

JAAT operations involve theparticipation of different force componentswith varying operating procedures; theyare by nature inherently complex and highrisk operations. Therefore, executionprocedures must be as simple as possibleand lie within the capabilities andunderstanding of the players involved. Thischapter assists the JAAT commander,mission commander, and supportpersonnel identify areas of considerationfor preplanned or immediate JAATexecution. This chapter is not definitivebut does contain procedures proven byexercise and combat experience that canreduce the overall risk to the forcesinvolved.

III-11

Figure III-8. Night JAAT and Associated Control Measures

EXAMPLE FIGHTER RELEASE PARAMETERS

1. Attack heading approximately 090.2. Thirty-degree attack angle with gun.3. Run in altitude is 15,000 ft.4. Weapon release at 8000 ft.5. Egress to north.

EXAMPLE VISUAL DESCRIPTION PASSED TO FIGHTERS

Illumination marks center of engagement area.Engagement area is divided into four quadrants by roadrunning north south and line running east west throughillumination. Target Reference point is the hill dividing westquadrants. Attack all targets north of the TRP. Friendliesare helicopters south of the hill mass that is south of theengagement area. Rotary-wing will engage east of the roadwith Hellfire. IR illuminator in southwest quadrant markingfor artillery impacting in that quadrant. Gun-target line is005 degrees.

A-1

Appendix A

LASER OPERATIONS

1. Background

Modern rotary-wing laser systemsgreatly enhance the effectiveness of theJAAT by offering increased mobility,accuracy, and lethality. Airborne targetlasing capabilities coupled with laser spottracking equipment provide for greaterefficiency, integration, and distribution ofweapons effects. Because of the variety oflaser systems that can be employed duringa JAAT operation, laser techniques andprocedures, along with specific laser codes,must be coordinated by all JAAT elementsto ensure successful operations. The JAATlaser briefing and information can be foundin Appendix F. Laser code and laser-to-target line information is in line 7 of the 9-line brief.

JAAT procedures have been developedand successfully tested using Apache laserdesignators with the laser spot trackingequipment on AV-8 Harriers, F/A-18Hornets, and A-10 Thunderbolt II. Thescenario and descriptions of JAAToperations using laser operations cite theA/AO-10 for illustrative purposes only.

2. Operations

a. Laser Coordination. J-Laser stan-dard calls are made on the JAAT commonfrequency.

b. Laser Codes. Airborne laser spottrackers for target acquisition accept fourdigit codes; ground systems accept onlythree digit laser codes. Therefore aircrewsmust place a "1" at the first digit of the lasercode.

c. Terminal controller requirements.The terminal controller must ensure the

following events occur for an effectiveJAAT:

(1) Include laser code and lasertarget line (LTL) on line 7 of the 9-line brief.

(2) Aircraft avoid the 20 degreesafety zone (10 degrees either side of theLTL for aircraft run-ins).

(3) Brief pilot if possible.

(4) Plan early and get the forwardobserver (FO)/FIST ready for mission.

(a) Laser code: ensure code inlaser target designator (LTD) matches codethat pilot passed.

(b) Actual LTL is no more than5 degrees off briefed LTL.

(c) Explain that you are incontrol and that the LTD is operated atYOUR command.

(d) Ensure communications arein place—the simpler the better.

(e) Ensure appropriate safetyzone is established around laserdesignators and friendlies are notoverflown during weapons employment.

d. Radio Calls. The required radio callsfor laser operations appear below. SeeTable A-1 for example.

Departing IP. This is a situationawareness call that informs all in the JAATthat the tactical air (TACAIR)/fixed-wingflight has departed the IP and is in boundto the target.

A-2

Timing Coordination and TypeWeapon Call. The timing coordination callnotifies the mission commander that thefixed-wing flight is inbound and states theapproximate amount of time away fromattacking in the immediate target area. Italso alerts the Army asset as to what typeof weapons (for example, missiles, guns)will be used. Normally 60 seconds gives thelaser designator time to complete thepresent engagement, acquire a new target,and prepare to lase it.

10 Seconds. Directive to terminalcontroller to standby for laser on call inapproximately 10 seconds. (The lasershould be turned on in 10 seconds even ifthe laser on call is not heard.)

Laser On. Directive to start laserdesignation. (Normal laser designationtime is 20 seconds maximum. The aircrewmay request a longer laser on time by sayinglaser on and time [for example, “laser on,30 seconds.”])

Spot. Acquisition of laser designation.

Rifle. AGM-65 MAVERICK launch.(Advisory call indicates that Maverickmissile is inbound.)

Shift. Directive to shift laserillumination. (Once the lead aircraftengages the target, a shift call can be made

to shift the laser to the next target. Thelaser must remain on during the shift tomaintain a laser lock on. If the laser isturned off, the laser spot trackingequipment will revert to a search mode.Depending on the search mode, it couldtake 10 to 20 seconds to reacquire the laserenergy, leading to unacceptable exposuretimes and aborted attacks. [Note: Whenthe AH-64 has the next target acquiredhe calls “Set.”])

Terminate. Stop laser illumination ofa target. This call indicates laser no longerneeded. Careful planning must be donewhen fixed-wing are attacking in line orwedge formations to ensure that the leadaircraft does not terminate the laser beforethe wingman’s lock on. When in trail, eachaircraft may want to make separate laseron and termination calls, depending ontheir separation. Minimizing the time alaser is on is important in a lasercountermeasure environment and whenemploying battery operated laserdesignators.

e. The laser operator will turn the laseroff—

(1) When “terminate” call is heard.

(2) When the weapon hits the target.

(3) After 20 seconds (or longer ifrequested).

Table A-1. Laser Operations Example Radio Calls

A-10: “HOG 1, departing IP”AH-64: “Apache 1, roger”A-10: “Hog 1, 60 seconds Maverick”A-10: “Hog 1, 10 seconds”A-10: “Hog 1, laser on”AH-64: “Apache 1, laser on”A-10 “Hog 1, spot”A-10 “Hog 1, rifle”A-10 “Hog 2, shift, gun”AH-64: “Apache 1, shift........set”A-10: “HOG 2, spot”A-10: “HOG 2, terminate”

A-3

f. Figures A-1 and A-2 depict laserdesignation acquisition areas and safetyzones. These are generic parameters thatshould suffice in most laser designatoremployment circumstances. Should morespecific or restrictive laser designatoracquisition and safety area informationexist for a particular system, those

parameters will take precedence andshould be coordinated, disseminated, andused. This depiction conforms to the JointWarfighting Center laser safety issuesmessage regarding a recommended changeto the J-Laser designator safety zone(R081957Z January 1996). For more details/discussion see Joint Publication 3-09.1.

Figure A-1. Laser Designation Zones (2-Dimensional)

NOT TO SCALE

DESIGNATOR

SAFETY ZONE

SAFETY ZONE

10o

BEST ACQUISITIONAREA

(10-45o)

BEST ACQUISITIONAREA

(10-45o)

SAFEST ACQUISITION AREA

(10-60o CONE)

SAFEST ACQUISITION AREA

(10-60o CONE)

45o

50o

10o

45o

50o

A-4

Figure A-2. Laser Designation Zones (3-Dimensional)

BEST ACQUISITIONAREA (10-45o)

SAFEST ACQUISITION AREA (10-60o)

DESIGNATOR10o

10o

60o

TARGET

45oSAFETY ZONE

NOT TO SCALE

B-1

Appendix B

AIRCRAFT CAPABILITIES

AircraftM/D/S

UsingService Ordnance

LaserCapability

LST LTD

MarkingCapability

BeaconCapability

OtherSystems

AV-8BHarrier II

USMC LGBs*AGM-65 Maverick

GP bombsCBUs

NapalmAerial mines2.75" rockets5.0" rockets

LUU-2 flares25mm cannon

AGM-122 Sidearm

Yes No rockets None TVNVGGPS

NFLIR

AV-8BHarrier II(APG-GS-Radar)“II Plus”

USMC as above No No rockets None NVGFLIRRadarGPS

A/OA-10A USAF LGB*AGM-65 Maverick

GP bombsCBUs

Aerial mines2.75" rockets

LUU-1/-2 flaresLUU-5/-6 flares30mm cannon

Yes No WP rockets30mm HEI

LUU-1/2/5/6M257/278RX

None NVG

AC-130H USAF(SOF)

105mm howitzer40mm cannon20mm cannon

No YesNote 1

GLINT105mm WP105mm HE

40mmMISCH

LTD(1688 only)

PPN-19SST-181

SSBPLS

FLIRLLLTVRadarGPS

AC-130U USAFSOF

105mm howitzer40mm cannon25mm cannon

No Yes GLINT105mm WP105mm HE

40mmMISCH

codeable LTD

PPN-19SST-181

FLIRLLLTVRadarGPS

B-1B USAF GP bombsCBUs

No No None PPN-19 Radar

B-52H USAF AGM-142 HaveNap

GP bombsCBUs

Aerial minesLGB

No No None PPN-19PPN-20

FLIRLLLTVRadarNVGGPS

Table B-1. Fixed-Wing Aircraft Weapons and Capabilities

B-2

AircraftM/D/S

UsingService

Ordnance LaserCapability

LST LTD

MarkingCapability

BeaconCapability

OtherSystems

F-14 (non-LANTIRN)

USN LGBs*GP bombs

20mm cannonCBUs

Aerial minesLUU-2 flares

No No None NVGTARPS#TCS##Link 16(F14D)

F-14(LANTIRN)

USN LGBsGP bombs

20mm cannonCBUs

Aerial minesLUU-2 flares

No Yes Laser None NVGFLIR

TARPS#TCS##Link 16(F14D)

F-15E USAF LGBsGP bombs

AGM-65 MaverickCBUs

20mm cannon

No Yes Laser PPN-19PPN-20

FLIRRadar

F-16 (lessLANTIRN)

USAF LGBs*AGM-65 Maverick

GP bombsCBUs

20mm cannon

No No WP rockets PPN-19PPN-20

RadarNVG

GPS**

F-16C/D(withLANTIRN)

USAF LGBsAGM-65 Maverick

GP bombsCBUs

20mm cannon

No Yes LaserWP rockets

PPN-19PPN-20

FLIR/TGPGPSNVG

Radar

F/A-18 USN(A/C)

USMC(A/C/D)

LGBsAGM-65 MaverickAGM-62 WalleyeAGM-84 SLAMAGM-88 HARM

GP bombsCBUs

Aerial mines2.75" rockets5.0" rockets

LUU-2 flares20mm cannon

Yes Yes LaserWP rocketsHE rockets

None FLIRGPSNVG

Radar

S-3B USN GP bombsCBUs

2.75" rockets5.0" rocketsAerial minesLUU-2 flares

No No WP rockets None FLIRRadar

LST: Laser Spot Tracker. LTD: Laser Target Designator.

Note 1: The AC-130H can only designate laser code 1688.

*Though these aircraft can carry and release LGBs, they require off-board designation for terminalguidance.

**GPS on some aircraft (Blocks 40/41; 50/52)

#Tactical Air Reconnaissance Pod System-Digital format with real time data link

##TCS-Television Camera System-Magnified Slewable/Recordable Video Camera

Table B-1. Fixed-Wing Aircraft Weapons and Capabilities (continued)

B-3

AircraftM/D/S

Service Ordnance LaserCapability

LST LTD

MarkingCapability

OtherSystems

UH-1N USMC 7.62 MG.50 cal MG

2.75” rockets

No No Rockets LRFNVGFLIRGPS

AH-1F USA BGM-71 TOW 2.75” rockets 20mm cannon

No No Rockets NVG

AH-1W1 USMC BGM-71 TOWAGM-114 Hellfire

5” rockets2.75” rockets

20mm cannonLUU-2 flares

AGM-122 Sidearm

NoYes

RocketsLaser

FLIR 50XDVO 13XTVC 34X

NVGGPS

AH-64 A2 USA AGM-114 Hellfire 2.75” rockets

30mm cannon

Yes Yes Note 1

LaserRockets

FLIR 39.8xNVG

DTV 127x

AH-64D(includingLongbow)

USA AGM-114L Hellfire 2.75” rockets

30mm cannon

Yes Yes Note 1

LaserRockets

FLIR 39.8xNVG

DTV 127x

Radar (air and gndtgt modes)

IDMGPS

OH-58D(Kiowa

Warrior)

USA AGM-114 Hellfire 2.75” rockets

.50 cal MG

Yes Yes LaserRockets

FLIR 66 2/3xTVS 50x

NVGNote 1 The AH-1W can designate codes 1111-1788.“IDM” = Improved Data ModemNote 2 The AH-64 helicopters can designate laser codes 1111-1688.

Table B-2. Rotary-Wing Aircraft Weapons and Capabilities

Table B-3. Rotary-Wing Weapons CapabilitiesW eapon Effective M ax Range (m )

2.75RX, 10-lb 30002.75RX, 17-lb 4000

2.75 MK 66/M 151 22.95-lb1 69007.62 m m m inigun 1100

.50 cal m achinegun 100020-m m cannon 170030-m m cannon2 1500-1700

TOW 3750H ellfire 80005.00RX 1 7200

1 USM C only2 USA only

C-1

Appendix C

INDIRECT FIRE SUPPORT WEAPON CAPABILITIES

105mm Weaponsand Ammo

Basic Range(m)

Extended Range(m)

DPICM Range(m)

RAP Range(m)

SustainmentRate (RPM)

M102 11,400 N/A 10,500 15,300 3Applicable Ammo HE, WP, ILLUM,

APICM, HC SMKDPICM(M916)FY 99*

RAP (M548)

M119A1 11,500 14,000 14,100 19,500 3Applicable Ammo HE, WP, ILLUM,

HC SMK, APICMHE (M760) DPICM (M915)

FY 99*RAP (M913)

*Expected year in inventory

155mm Weaponsand Ammo

Basic Range(m)

DPICM Range(m)

BBDPICM Range(m)

RAP Range(m)

SustainmentRate (RPM)

M109A5/A6 18,200 17,900 28,100 30,000 1Applicable Ammo HE, WP, ILLUM,

HC SMK, APICMDPICM, M825SMK, FASCAM

BBDPICM (M864) RAP(M549A1)

M198 18,300 18,000 28,200 30,100 2

Applicable Ammo HE, WP, ILLUM,HC SMK, APICM

DPICM, M825SMK, FASCAM

BBDPICM (M864) RAP(M549A1)

Copperhead range for M109s and the M198 is 16,000 meters

M270 Launcher Munition Range (m)Min Max

Payload

MLRS M26 ER MLRS FY 99*

10,000 32,000 13,000 45,000

DPICMDPICM

ATACMS M39 BLK 1A FY 98* BLK 2 FY 01* BLK 2A FY 04*

25,000 165,000 70,000 300,000 35,000 140,000100,000 300,000

APAMAPAMBAT

BAT2

*Expected year in inventory

For planning purposes danger close is considered 2000 meters for MLRS (rocket) and ATACMS(missile) fires, 600 meters from friendly troops for mortar and artillery fires.

Table C-1. FA Capabilities

C-2

Range (m) Rate of Fire (RPM)Gun/MTR Max Min Max Min Ammo Fuses60 mm 3500 50 30 20 HE, WP, MULTI-

ILLUM OPTION81 mm 5800 70 30 15 HE, WP PD, VT

ILLUM107 mm 5650 920 18 3 HE, WP, VT, TI,

ILLUM, PDCHEM

120 mm 7200 180 12 3 HE, WP, VT, TIILLUM PD

Table C-2. Mortar Capabilities

Table C-3. Naval Surface Fire Support

WeaponMax Range (m)

Full/Reduced Charge

Rate of FirePer Tube

(Max/Sust) Ammo Fuses5 inch/38 15,900/8100 20/15 HE, HC

ILLUM, WPRAP

Q/MT/CVT/VT

5 inch/54 23,127/12,200 20/16 MK4532/30 MK42

HE, HCILLUM, WPRAP

Q/MT/ CVT/VT/ DEL

D-1

Appendix D

TRAINING OPTIONS AND BRIEFING GUIDES

1. Background

An optimum JAAT training programshould employ all elements of the team.Training should be guided by the concept thateach element of the team retains its own systemof command and control and executesaccording to proven individual doctrine andtactics. The emphasis in training should be todevelop procedures that will maximize theeffectiveness and survivability of the team andprovide positive integration into joint serviceoperations. Team members should achieve unit-prescribed levels of proficiency before engagingin JAAT training. This appendix containsguidelines for establishing training for themembers as a team and guides for briefing anddebriefing.

2. Preparation for Training

a. Before JAAT training exercises, theparticipants should be introduced to the JAATconcept, coordination requirements, and teammember responsibilities. Everyone must receiveinstruction on the equipment, roles, and tacticsof the other members of the JAAT.

b. Participants should also be briefed onthe conduct of the training and all safetyrequirements. Special restrictions are applicableto peacetime training involving live-fireoperations. Air Force participants in live-firetraining should refer to ACCR 55-26 or theappropriate major command or theaterregulation. When possible, participants in aJAAT exercise should attend each other’smission briefings before training. A list of itemsto help in preparing a JAAT training programis provided (Table D-1).

c. Sample training options. Unitcommanders may use the following examplesas a guide when conducting JAAT training.

These training options can be tailored to meetavailable assets.

(1) Option One. The first trainingoption is coordination training for fixed-wingflights, rotary-wing units, and fire supportelement. Fixed-wing aircraft require militaryoperating area (MOA) or restricted airspace toconduct training, operations/maneuvers. Face-to-face or telephonic briefings/debriefings aresuggested to establish effective coordinationbetween participants. Mutually agreedtraining objectives, scenarios, and safetystandards must be briefed to all participants.Debriefings allow for feedback on trainingeffectiveness.

(2) Option Two. Option two is a broaderprogram that emphasizes JAAT planning,coordination, and employment. The TACP,aviation unit LNO, maneuver unit staff, andcombat support elements develop and refineJAAT standard operating procedures. Theseinclude integration of fires, command andcontrol, communications, target identification,and hand-off procedures. This option begins atthe basic level and progresses into combinedarms scenarios. Face-to-face coordination/debriefings and the use of an opposing forceincrease the training for all elements.Concurrent with this option, briefing teamscomprised of JAAT members may host seminarsfor division, brigade, and battalion commandersand staff officers on JAAT employment andintegration.

(3) Option Three. The third optionintegrates JAAT operations into exercises usingwartime procedures and scenarios as much aspossible. Emphasis should be on theinvolvement of participants not trained underthe preceding options; that is, the tactical aircontrol system and division and corps staffs.The full and proper employment of a JAATshould be a major exercise objective.

D-2

Table D-1. Planning and Execution Considerations

Prior to Mission

•Plan a rehearsal.

•Define the objectives and training goals.

•Review the fundamentals of JAAToperations.

•Discuss and develop the scenario. Thescenario should be incorporated into theground maneuver commander’s fieldtraining exercise to maximize the trainingbenefits for the combined arms team.

•Outline the training periods byparticipants, roles, and responsibilities.

•Discuss the training area restrictions,constraints, and limitations.

•Determine weather requirements. Fixed-wing normally requires 1500 foot ceiling and3 miles visibility (check local requirements).

•Determine fixed-wing airspace requirementssuch as a MOA or restricted airspace.

Flight Operations

•Issue operations order/air tasking message.

•Conduct mission briefing for the JAAT (face-to-face or telephonic).

•Reconnoiter the battlespace.

•Rotary-wing attack elements move to holdingarea.

•Unit’s TACP conducts own reconnaissancein an observation helicopter or receivesrequested information from the FAC(A).

Subsequent Missions

•Correct identified problems.

•Introduce new variables such as—

••Absence of TACP/FAC(A).

••Reattacks.

••Rotating attack companies on station.

••Communications jamming.

••Integrate tactical radar threat generators.

•Discuss the capabilities, limitations, andtactics of the key elements in the JAAT.

•Discuss fundamentals of combined armsoperations.

•Discuss operations with or without a TACP/FAC(A).

•Discuss enemy tactical doctrine.

•Discuss command and control procedures andJAAT communications nets.

•Discuss and resolve remaining admin-istrative and logistical issues.

•Rotary-wing scouts pick up attack elementsand move them to battle positions.

•The unit TACP calls for fixed-wing.

•Fixed-wing and rotary-wing unit attacktargets on the battlespace.

•Conduct detailed debriefing by each elementin the play, to include opposing forces.

••Enemy air defense suppression.

••Fixed-wing quick-turn operations.

••Fixed-wing on station first.

••Live fire.

••Impromptu initial points.

••Target attacks from multiple directions.

••Use of progressively lower altitudes.

Sample JAAT mission briefing and debrief-ing guides are listed in Table D-2. While pri-

marily applicable to training, this briefing guidecould be used to prepare for a combat mission.

D-3

Briefing Guide

•Time hack.

•Introduce team members.

•General information.

••Ground war situation (S2/intelligence).

••Weather.

••Call signs.

••Frequencies, communications net. (Allparticipants must monitor a commonfrequency).

••Appropriate takeoff times.

••Route of flight, altitude, time en route,and airspace control measures.

••Contact point.

••Authentication procedures.

••Map datum.

•Mission commander to TACP/FAC(A)(airborne briefing sequence).

••Target description.

••Target location.

••Indirect Fires (artillery/NSFS).

•••Assets available.

•••Positions.

•••Ammunition.

•••Planned fires.

•••Communication nets and agencies.

•••Fire support coordination measures(ACAs, FSCL, RFLs).

•••Restrictions (ordnance, etc.).

••Type of marks.

••Friendly location.

••Request TOT. Sectors or timing used forcoordination calls.

••Associated threats.

Table D-2. JAAT Mass Briefing Guide

••Attack restrictions.

•Contact point briefing (TACP/FAC(A)) to flightlead briefing sequence (9 line).

••Initial point (IP).

••Heading (IP to target, magnetic).

••Distance (IP to target).

••Target/elevation (FT MSL).

••Target descriptions.

••Target location (lat/long or UTM or offsetsor visual).

••Type Marks (WP, laser, etc.). Code (beacon,laser).

••Location of friendly forces.

••Egress.

••Remarks.

•••Frequencies.

•••Call signs.

•••Threats.

•••Abort codes.

•••Restrictions.

•••Other (sector, timing calls, TOTs, etc.).

•Mission commander to flight lead briefingsequence.

••Specific target description.

••Confirm target location.

••Confirm associated threat.

••Employment method.

••Attack restrictions.

••Final attack vectors (if applicable).

••Reattack information.

•Weapon information (detail as required).

••Rotary-wing.

••Fixed-wing.

••Ordnance fan deconfliction.

D-4

•Rotary-wing weapon employment tactics(distances normally expressed in meters).

•Fixed-wing tactics (detail as required).

••Attack formations.

••Attack method.

•••Sectored.

•••Combined.

••Firepower coordination.

•••Simultaneous.

•••Sequential.

•••Random.

••Coordination procedures.

•••TACP/FAC(A).

•••AMC.

•Fixed-wing radio procedures (detail asrequired).

••Departing IP call.

••Timing/laser coordination calls.

••During simulated/actual attacks, call“RIFLE”/”GUNS.”

•Rotary-wing simulated attacks call weaponsusage.

•Reattack/regroup.

••Coordination between/within flights.

••Timing.

••Coordination with TACP/FAC(A)/mission commander.

••Coordination with rotary-wing attackelements.

••Regroup areas.

••Code words.

•Egress to IP.

••When to leave.

••Formation.

••Route considerations.

••New target information.

•Rules of engagement (ROE).

••Altitude blocks. (Fixed-wing, rotary-wing, indirect fires)

••Deconfliction during emergencies.

••Using the term KNOCK IT OFF willterminate all attacks when situationalawareness is lost or a flight path conflictarises. Fixed-wing pilots will climbimmediately and maneuver as necessaryto avoid a conflict.

••Target run abort criteria/procedures.

••Target engagements.

••Threat engagements.

••Mutual support.

••Impact on the target area.

Debriefing Guide

•Objectives.

•En route phase.

•Rendezvous phase.

•Employment phase.

••Communications plan.

••Attack plans.

••Coordination requirements.

•Overall effectiveness.

•Lessons learned.

Table D-2. JAAT Mass Briefing Guide (Continued)

E-1

Appendix E

COMMUNICATIONS

1. Background

A JAAT communications net has no setconfiguration. The communications netsused depend upon the availability ofdifferent types of radios in the rotary-wingand TACAIR/fixed-wing aircraft and thespecific tactical situation. Note: Table E-1provides a communications matrix forfixed- and rotary-wing elements. ReferenceTables E-2 through E-7 for commun-ications capabilities for all JAATparticipants.

2. Command Net

The mission commander uses themaneuver commander’s command net tocoordinate the JAAT with other maneuverunits and to keep the maneuvercommander informed on the situation in thebattle area. Stations on this net include themaneuver commander, subordinatemaneuver units, mission commander,TACP, and FSO. In some cases themaneuver commander may instruct theaviation liaison officer to maintaincommunications with the missioncommander. In these instances, situationreports and instructions to and from themaneuver commander will pass through theliaison officer.

3. Strike Frequency

The mission commander uses the JAATstrike frequency to coordinate the JAAT.

Before executing the JAAT, all participantsshould check-in on strike frequency. Theprimary elements on this net will be therotary-wing aircraft, the TACP, TAC(A),FAC(A), and fixed-wing aircraft. ABCCC,AWACS, and other supporting elementssuch as electronic warfare assets may alsoparticipate supporting deep operations.Have Quick should be used if available(Note: Some services require preplanningfor Have Quick use). Adjustments based onenemy jamming, lack of aircraft radios, orlack of team members would have to bemade on a case-by-case basis. All aircraftwill monitor the assigned strike frequency.The JAAT communications matrix (TableE-1) should be referenced when preparingthe JAAT communications plan.

4. Authentication

All JAAT communications should occurover secure radios. When this is notpossible, authentication proceduresbetween JAAT elements must occur.Because service authentication tablesdiffer, the mission commander shouldcoordinate authentication proceduresbetween all JAAT participants.Additionally, mission commanders mustconsider joint communications and brevitycodes. Multiservice Air-Air, Air-Surface,Surface-Air Brevity Codes, FM 90-38,MCRP 6-25B, NWP 6-02.1, AFTTP(I) 3-2.5contains standard brevity words.

E-2

Table E-2. Ground Communication Equipment

Table E-1. JAAT Communications MatrixElements Radio Preference Command/Control Priority Comm

ManeuverCommanderMissionCommanderFSO

Avn LNOTACP

FM (SINCGARS)FM SecureFM

Not Applicable 1. Maneuver Commander's Clearance 2. Intelligence/Spot Reports 3. BDA

CAS (Air Force)CAS ( Navy/USMC)Army AviationJ-SEAD

UHF (HQ II)UHF (Note 1-2)

AMC TACP

ANGLICO FAC(A) TAC(A)

1. Final Clearance 2. Threat Calls 3. 9-Line Information 4. Remarks 5. BDA 6. Intelligence/Spot Reports

ManeuverCommand Net

StrikeFrequency

InternalCAS (Air Force)CAS (Navy /USMC)

VHF/FMVHF/UHF

AW ACS E-2C

1. Threats 2. Tactics

Flight Common Army Aviation FM/VHF ABCCC 3. Targeting

Note 1: Have Quick II W ODs can be found in the ITO/ATO spins.Note 2: TODs can be received from CAS flight leads on initial check-in.

Frequency Frequency SecureComponent Radios Band (Note 1) Hopping Capable

AN/PRC-119 VHF-FM SINCGARS KY-57US Army AN/PRC-177 VHF-FM NoFIST AN/VRC-12 No

AN/VRC-24 NoAN/GRC-206 HF No KY-65/99AN/GRC-206 VHF-FM No KY-57AN/GRC-206 VHF-AM No KY-57AN/GRC-206 UHF Have Quick II KY-57

USAF AN/PRC-77 VHF-FM No KY-57TACP AN/PRC-119 VHF-FM SINCGARS KY-57

AN/PRC-104 HF No KY-65/99AN/PRC-113 VHF-AM No KY-57AN/PRC-113 UHF Have Quick II KY-57AN/PRC-77 VHF-FM No KY-57

USMC AN/PRC-119 VHF-FM SINCGARS KY-57TACP AN/PRC-104 HF No KY-65/99

AN/PRC-113 VHF-AM No KY-57AN/PRC-113 UHF Have Quick II KY-57AN/VRC-12 VHF-FM No NoAN/PRC-117D VHF-FM No KY-57AN/PRC-117D VHF (Note 2) No KY-57

SOF AN/PRC-117D UHF (Note 3) No KY-57SOTAC AN/PRC-126 VHF-FM No KY-57

LST-5LST-5

UHF SATCOM No KY-57

Note 1: Frequency bands for ground radios are as follows:HF: 2.000 to 29.999 MHz in 1 kHz increment.VHF-FM: 29.950 to 75.950 MHz in 50 kHz increments.VHF-AM: 116.000 to 149.975 MHz in 25 kHz increments.UHF: 225.000 to 399.975 MHz in 25 kHz increments.Note 2: AN/PRC-117D VHF-AM/FM frequency range is 116.000-173.995 MHz.Note 3: AN/PRC-117D UHF-AM/FM frequency range is 225.000-419.995 MHz.NOTICE: In an AOR, national and international regulations and agreements govern the specificfrequency assignments. Before conducting operations, coordinate with host nation.

E-3

Table E-3. Rotary-Wing Communications SummaryAircraft Frequency Frequency Secure

Type Radios Band (Note 1) Hopping CapableAH-1W 2-AN/ARC-182 (Note 2) No KY-58AH-1W(CNU) 2-AN/ARC-210(V) VHF-AM/FM

UHFHave Quick I/IISINCGARS

KY-58

UH-1N 2-AN/ARC-182 (Note 2) No KY-58UH-1N(CDNU)

3-AN/ARC-210(V) VHF-AM/FMUHFSATCOM

Have Quick I/IISINCGARS

KY-58

1-AN/ARC-201 FM SINCGARS KY-58UH-60 1-AN/ARC-201 FM SINCGARS KY-58

1-AN/ARC-186 VHF-FM No No1-AN/ARC-164 UHF Have Quick II No2-AN/ARC-201 VHF-FM SINCGARS KY-58

OH-58C 1-AN/ARC-186 VHF-FM No No(Note 4) 1- AN/ARC-164 UHF Have Quick II No

or AN/ARC-116 No2-AN/ARC-201 FM SINCGARS KY-58

OH-58D 1-AN/ARC-186 VHF-FM No KY-58(Note 5) 1-AN/ARC-164 UHF Have Quick II KY-58

1-AN/ARC-199 HF No KY-751-AN/ARC-201 FM SINCGARS KY-58

AH-64 1-AN/ARC-164 UHF Have Quick II No1-AN/ARC-186 VHF (Note 3) No No

Note 1: Frequency bands are as follows:HF = 2.000 to 29.999 MHz in 1 kHz increments.VHF-FM = 29.950 to 87.975 MHz in 25 kHz increments.VHF-AM = 108.000 to 151.975 MHz in 25 kHz increments.UHF = 225.000 to 399.975 MHz in 25 kHz increments.Note 2: The AN/ARC-182 is a multiband radio that operates in any one of four bands: standard VHF-FM,VHF-AM, UHF, or 156.0-173.975 MHz VHF-FM. It can monitor only one band at a time.Note 3: The AN/ARC-186 operates either in the VHF-AM or VHF-FM band. Each radio can monitor only oneband at a time.Note 4: Only one AN/ARC-201 is connected to the KY-58. The other one is unsecured.Note 5: The OH-58D has two KY-58s. One is dedicated to an AN/ARC-201. The other KY-58 is sharedbetween the other three radiosNOTICE: In an AOR, national and international regulations and agreements govern the specificfrequency assignments. Before conducting operations, coordinate with host nation.

E-4

Table E-4. Fixed-Wing Aircraft Communication SummaryAircraft Frequency Frequency Secure

Type Radios Band (Note 1) Hopping Capable2-AN/ARC-164 UHF Have Quick II KY-58

AC-130 1-AN/ARC-164 SATCOM No KY-583-AN/ARC-186 VHF (Note 3) No KY-582-AN/ARC-190 HF No KY-752-AN/ARC-159 UHF No

EA-6B 1-AN/ARC-175 VHF No1-AN/ARC-105 HF No KY-58

AV-8B 2-AN/ARC-182 (Note 2) No KY-581-AN/ARC-164 UHF Have Quick II KY-58

A/OA-10 1-AN/ARC-186 VHF-FM No KY-581-AN/ARC-186 VHF-AM No No

B-1B 2-AN/ARC-164 UHF orSATCOM

Have Quick II KY-58

1-AN/ARC-190 HF No No1-AN/ARC-164 UHF Have Quick II KY-58

B-52H 1-AN/ARC-171 UHF orSATCOM

No No

1-AN/ARC-190 HF No NoF-14 1-AN/ARC-182 (Note 2) Have Quick II KY-58(Note 5) 1-AN/ARC-59 UHF No KY-58F-15E 2-AN/ARC-164 UHF Have Quick II KY-58F-16 1-AN/ARC-164 UHF Have Quick II KY-58

1-AN/ARC-186 VHF (Note 3) NoF/A-18 2-AN/ARC-182 (Note 2) No KY-58

(Note 4 and 5) 2-AN/ARC-210 VHF Have Quick II KY-58Note 1: Frequency bands are as follows:HF = 2.000 to 29.999 MHz in 1 kHz increments.VHF-FM = 29.950 to 87.975 MHz in 25 kHz increments.VHF-AM = 108.000 to 151.975 MHz in 25 kHz increments.UHF = 225.000 to 399.975 MHz in 25 kHz increments.Note 2: The AN/ARC-182 is a multiband radio that operates in any one of four bands: standard VHF-FM,VHF-AM, UHF, or 156.0-173.975 MHz VHF-FM. It can monitor only one band at a time.Note 3: The AN/ARC-186 operates either in the VHF-AM or VHF-FM band. Each radio can monitor onlyone band at a time.Note 4: F/A-18s are fitted with either two AN/ARC-182 radios or two AN/ARC-210 radios.Note 5: LINK/TADIL capabilities are available for FA-18/F-14 aircraftNOTICE: In an AOR, national and international regulations and agreements govern the specificfrequency assignments. Before conducting operations, coordinate with host nation.

E-5

Table E-5. USMC Fire Support Request NetsNet Purpose Net Control Stations on Net Freq

ArtilleryConduct of Fire

FOs request and adjustartillery fire

DS artillery bn DS arty bn, firing battery, arty LNOat bn, FOs, rein arty units

VHF

GCE Air SpotNet

Naval aviation observers Artillery regt NAO, arty bn, firing battery, FOs,FSCCs, GCE HQ

VHF

Tactical AirRequest

To request immediate airsupport

TACC - afloatDASC - ashore

TACC, DASC, FSCCs, TACPs,airborne controllers, HDC, TADC

HF

Tactical AirDirection

Direction of aircraft inCAS missions by aterminal controller

TACC - afloatDASC - ashore

TACC, DASC, FSCCs, TACPs,airborne controllers, OAS aircraft

UHF/VHFaircraftdependent

NGF GroundSpot

Spot teams request andadjust NGF

NGLO at bn FSCC Bn NGLO, NGF spot teams, DSship, GS Ship as req’d

HF priVHF alt

NGF Air Spot NAOs request and adjustNGF

SACC - afloatTACC- afloat as req’dGCE FSCC ashore

SACC, TACC, FSCCs, DS&GSShips, NAOs

UHF/VHFaircraftdependent

Bn Mortar Mortar FOs request andadjust fires

Mortar platooncommander

Mortar platoon commander, mortarFOs, bn FSCC

VHF

Table E-6. Army Fire Support Request NetsNet Purpose Net Control Stations on Net Freq

Mvr Bn FireSupport

Calls for fire from non-FAobservers

Mvr bn FSE Mvr bn FSE, mvr bn FSO, FOs, mvr bnmortar FDC, FIST HQ, any FDC, FSO,or COLTS as req’d, mvr bde FSO

FM

Mvr BnMortar FD

Tactical and technical firedirection and calls for fire tothe mortar FDC

Mvr bn mortarFDC

Mvr bn FSE/FSO, mvr co FOs mvr bnmortar FDC, FIST HQ, COLT(S), anyFSO or observer as req’d

FM

DS Bn FireDirection

Tactical and technical firedirection and calls for fire toFA bn, btry, or plt FDCs

DS bn FDC DS bn FDC, plt FDCs, FIST HQ, FOs,AN/TPQ-36 radar, COLT(S), bnFSE/FSO, mvr bde FSE/FSO, FA btryFDCs, FA plt FDCs

FM

NGF GroundSpot

Fire control teams request andadjust NGF

SALT at bn FSE Company FCT, bn FSE & SALT, bdeFSE & ANGLICO tm, div FSE &ANGLICO tm, DS ship, GS ship as req’d

HF priVHF alt

Table E-7. Air Force Air Request NetNet Purpose Net Control Stations on Net Freq

Air Force AirRequest Net

TACP requestimmediate airsupport

ASOC TACPs, ASOC, ALO, ABCCC HF

F-1

Appendix F

BRIEFING INFORMATION

1. Background

This appendix provides standardizedbriefing formats for JAAT operations andtypical scenarios illustrating radio calls.

2. Mission Commander to the TACP/FAC(A)

Figure F-1 show the critical elements of

Figure F-1. Mission Commander to TACP/FAC(A) Brief

CRITICAL ELEMENTSTarget DescriptionTarget Location (in 6-digit UTMs)Type of mark (laser codes, indirect fires).Friendly locations.Requested TOT (1535 hours) or time to target (i.e., request support in 15 minutes-

HACK)Attack sectors or timing used for coordination calls.Associated threats (type and location).Attack restrictions.

information the mission commander mustpass to the TACP/FAC(A).

3. Fixed-Wing Flight Lead to TACP/FAC(A)

Figure F-2 shows the fixed-wing flightlead checkin briefing format.

Figure F-2. Fixed-Wing Flight Lead to TACP/FAC(A) Check-In Briefing

CAS CHECK-IN BRIEFINGAircraft Transmits to Controller

Aircraft: ”_____________________________________ this is ____________________________________________” (Controller Call Sign) (Aircraft Call Sign)

Note: Authentication and appropriate response suggested here. The brief may be abbreviated for brevity orsecurity (“as fragged” or “with exception”).

Identification/Mission Number: “ _________________”

Number and Type of Aircraft: “_ __________ ____ _____”

Position and Altitude: “__________________ _ ___ ____”

Ordnance: “_________________________________________________________________________________ ___”

Play Time: “_ _________ ___________________”

Abort Code: “_____________ ___ ____” (If applicable)

*Remarks: “_______ ___ ___ (NVG, LST, Special Mission Items)

__________________________________ ___”

*Optional Entry

F-2

4. TACP/FAC(A) to the Fixed-Wing FlightLead

After initial contact between the flightlead and the TACP/FAC(A) has beenestablished, the TACP/FAC(A) provides thefollowing information to the fixed-wing flightlead (Figure F-3).

5. Mission Commander to Fixed-WingFlight Lead

The fixed-wing flight lead establishescontact with the mission commander on the

Figure F-3. TACP/FAC(A) to Fixed-Wing Flight Lead

JAAT common frequency. The missioncommander verifies that the fixed-wingflight lead has received target informationfrom the TACP/FAC(A). If the fixed-wingflight lead has not been briefed or hasreceived an incomplete briefing, themission commander should pass targetinformation to the flight lead using theformat in Figure F-3. Normally the missioncommander briefs updates or changes tothe situation followed by the JAAT attackplan. Example mission commander to fixed-wing flight lead briefing is shown in FigureF-4.

CAS BRIEFING FORMAT (9-LINE)(Omit data not required, do not transmit line numbers. Units of measure are standard unlessotherwise specified. *denotes minimum essential in limited communications environment.BOLD denotes readback items when requested.)

Terminal controller: “ ___________________________________ this is ___________________________________” (Aircraft Call Sign) (Terminal Controller)*1. IP/BP: “______________________________________________________________________________________________”

*2. Heading: “ ________________________________________________________________________” (Magnetic) (IP/BP to Target)

Offset: “ __________________________________________________________________________” (Left/Right)

*3. Distance: “ _________________________________________________________________________________” (IP-to-Target in Nautical Miles/BP-to-Target in Meters)

*4. Target Elevation: “ ___________________________________________________________________________” (in Feet/MSL)

*5. Target Description: “ __________________________________________________________________________”

*6. Target Location: “ ______________________________” (Latitude/Longitude or Grid Coordinates or Offsets or Visual)

*7. Type Mark: “ ____________________________________” Code: “ ____________________________________” (WP, Laser, IR, Beacon) (Actual Code)

Laser to Target Line: “ _________________________________________________________ Degrees”

*8. Location of Friendlies: “ _____________________________________________________________________”

Position Marked By: “ _________________________________________________________________________”9. Egress: “ ___________________________________________________________________________________”

Remarks (as appropriate): “ _______________________________________________________________________” (Threats, Restrictions, Danger Close, Attack Clearance, SEAD, Abort Codes, Hazards)

“Time on Target (TOT): “ ________” or Time to Target (TTT): “ Stand by_____________ plus ____________, Hack. ”

NOTE: When identifying position coordinates for joint operations, include the map datum data. DESERTSTORM operations have shown that simple conversion to latitude/longitude is not sufficient. The location maybe referenced on several different databases; for example, land-based versus sea-based data .

F-3

Specific target description: “HOG 01, target is armor column in choke point.”

Confirm target location (visual reference, if possible): “PL385211, 4 klicks (KMs)1 northof river bridge.”

Confirm associated threat (type and location): “ZSU, two klicks (KMs) north.”

Employment method (add where/when applicable): “ Your sector west of road runningthrough target area. Sectored sequentially, TOT 3 minutes. Ready, ready, HACK.”

Attack restrictions (if any): “HOG 01, attack south to north only.”

Specific role: “Cover rotary-wing reposition.”

Additional information as necessary (coordination call, TOT, laser code info, etc.):“Call 60 seconds.”

1TACP/FAC(A) normally give IP-to-target distances in nautical miles. Friendly positions andthreat distances are normally given in meter/kilometers.

Figure F-4. Example of Mission Commander to Fixed-Wing Flight Lead Brief

References-1

REFERENCES

Joint

Joint Publication 0-2, Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF)

Joint Publication 3-01.4, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Joint Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses

Joint Publication 3-09.3, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Close Air Support (CAS)

Joint Publication 3-52, Doctrine for Joint Airspace Control in a Combat Zone,

Joint Publication 3-56, Command and Control Doctrine.

Joint Publication 3-56.1, Command and Control for Joint Air Operations,

Multiservice

FM 90-38/MCRP 3-25B/NWP 60-2.1/AFTTP(I) 3-2.5, Multiservice Air-Air, Air-Surface, Surface-Air Brevity Codes

Army

FM 1-111, Aviation Brigades

FM 6-20, Fire Support in the Air Land Battle

Marine Corps

MCWP 3-25.3, Marine Air Command and Control System Handbook, Draft Mar 1997

FMFM 5-40, Offensive Air Support

FMFM 5-41, Close Air Support and Close-In Fire Support

FMFM 6-18, Techniques and Procedures for Fire Support Planning/Coordination

Air Force

ACCR 55-26, Joint Live Fire Training Operations Fighter/Bomber/Reconnaissance/ Airlift/Special Operations

AFI 11-214, Aircrew, Weapons Director, and Terminal Attack Controller Procedures for Air Operations

Glossary-1

GLOSSARY

PART I—ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

A

a/c aircraftA2C2 Army airspace command and controlABCCC airborne battlefield command and control centerABF attack by fireACA airspace coordination areaACCR Air Combat Command RegulationACE aviation combat element (MAGTF)ACM airspace coordination measuresAD air defenseADA air defense artilleryADAM area denial artillery munitionAFARN Air Force air request netAFDC Air Force Doctrine CenterAFI Air Force InstructionAFTTP(I) Air Force Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (Interservice)AGM air to ground missileAIRSUPREQ air support requestALSA Center Air Land Sea Application CenterALO air liaison officeralt alternateAM amplitude modulationAMC air mission commanderammo ammunitionANGLICO air/naval gunfire liaison companyAO area of operationsAOC air operations center (USAF)AP armor piercingAPAM antipersonnel antimaterielAPERS-T antipersonnel w/tracerAPICM armor piercing improved conventional munitionarty artilleryASOC air support operations centerATACMS Army Tactical Missile SystemATDL-1 Army tactical data linkATO air tasking orderattn attentionavn bde aviation brigadeavn cdr aviation commanderavn LNO Army aviation liaison officerAWACS Airborne Warning and Control System

B

BAT brilliant antitankBBDPICM base bleed dual-purpose improved conventional munitionsBCD battlefield coordination detachmentBD base detonating

Glossary-2

BDA battle damage assessmentblk blockbn battalionbp battle position

C

C2 command and controlC3 command, control, and communicationsCAS close air supportCBU cluster bomb unitCE command elementchem chemicalco companyCOA course of actionCOLT combat observation and lasing teamsCOMARFOR Commander, Army ForcesCOMSEC communications securityCP concrete piercingCPHD copperheadCSAR combat search and rescueCSSE combat service support elementCVT controlled variable timeCVW carrier air wing

D

DA Department of the ArmyDASC direct air support centerdel delaydiv divisionDPICM dual-purpose improved conventional munitionDS direct supportDTV day television

E

EA engagement areasECM electronic countermeasureEOTDA electrooptical tactical decision aidsER extended rangeETAC enlisted terminal air controllerEW electronic warfare

F

FA field artilleryFAC forward air controllerFAC(A) forward air controller airborneFAE fuel air explosiveFASCAM family of scatterable mineFCT fire control teamFD fire directionFDC fire direction centerft feetFIST fire support teams

Glossary-3

FLIR forward-looking infraredFM frequency modulation; field manualFO forward observerFOS future operations sectionFOV field of viewFS fire supportFSC fire support coordinatorFSCC fire support coordination centerFSCL fire support coordination lineFSCM fire support coordination measureFSE fire support elementFSO fire support officer

G

G-2/S2 intelligence officerG-3/S3 operations officerGCE ground combat elementgnd groundGP general purposeGPS global positioning systemGS general support

H

HARM high-speed antiradiation missileHC hexachloroethane (smoke)HDC helicopter direction centerHE high explosiveHEAT high explosive antitankHEI high explosive incendiaryHEP high explosive plasticHES high explosive spottingHF high frequencyHPT high payoff targetsHQ headquarters

I

ICM improved conventional munitionIDM improved data modemi.e. that isIEWSE intelligence and electronic warfare support elementIFF identification, friend or foeIllum illuminationINFLTREP in-flight reportIP initial pointIPB intelligence preparation of the battlespaceIR infraredITO integrated tasking order

Glossary-4

J

J-Laser joint laserJ-SEAD joint suppression of enemy air defensesJAAT joint air attack teamJAOC joint air operations centerJFACC joint force air component commanderJFC joint force commanderJTTP joint tactics, techniques, and procedures

K

kHz kilohertzkm kilometer

L

LANTIRN low-altitude navigation and targeting infrared for nightlat latitudeLGB laser guided bombLGW laser guided weaponsLLLTV low light level televisionLNO liaison officerlong longitudeLST laser spot trackerLTD laser target designatorLTL laser-target-lineLUU launch utility unit

M

m meterMACCS Marine Corps air command and control systemMAGTF Marine air-ground task forceMARFOR Marine Corps forcesmax maximumMCCDC Marine Corps Combat Development CommandMCPDS Marine Corps Publication Distribution SystemMCRP Marine Corps Reference PublicationMCWP Marine Corps Warfighting PublicationMEF Marine expeditionary forceMEU Marine expeditionary unitMG machine gunMHz megahertzMILSTRIP Military Standard Requisitioning and Issue ProcedureMLRS multiple launch rocket systemmin minimummm millimeterMSL mean sea levelMT mechanical timemtr mortarMTSQ mechanical time super quickmvr maneuver

Glossary-5

N

NADGE NATO Air Defense Ground EnvironmentNAO naval aviation officerNATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNAVSOP Navy Standing Operations ProceduresNDC Naval Doctrine CommandNGLO naval gunfire liaison officerNSFS naval surface fire supportNVG night vision gogglesNWP Naval Warfare Publication

O

OAS offensive air supportOPCON operational control

P

PD point detonatingPLS position locating systemplt platoonpub publicationpri primary

Q

Q quick

R

RAAM remote antiarmor mineRAP rocket assisted projectileregt regimentrein reinforcementreq'd requiredRPM rounds per minuteROE rules of engagementRTF return-to-force

S

SACC supporting arms coordination centerSALT supporting arms liaison teamSATCOM satellite communicationSDZ surface danger zoneSEAD suppression of enemy air defensesSINCGARS single-channel ground and airborne radio systemSLAM standoff land attack missilesmk smokeSOC special operations capableSOP standing operating procedureSPMAGTF special purpose MAGTFSSB single side bandsust sustained

Glossary-6

T

TAC(A) tactical air coordinator (airborne)TACAIR tactical airTACC tactical air command centerTACON tactical controlTACP tactical air control partyTADIL tactical digital information linkTAOC tactical air operations center (USMC)tgt targetti timetm teamTODs time of dayTOT time on targetTOW tube launched, optically tracked, wire-command guided missileTRADOC United States Army Training and Doctrine CommandTRP target reference pointTTP tactics, techniques, and proceduresTTT time to targetTVS television system

U

UAV unmanned aerial vehicleUCN unmanned aerial vehicle communicationsUHF ultrahigh frequencyUNAAF Unified Action Armed ForcesUSA United States ArmyUSAF United States Air ForceUSMC United States Marine CorpUSN United States NavyUTM universal transverse mercator

V

VHF very high frequencyVT variable time

W

WILCO will comply (radio communication)WOC wing operations centerWODs word of dayWP white phosphorus

X

XO executive officer

zsu Soviet antiaircraft cannon

Glossary-7

PART II—TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

airborne battlefield command and control (ABCCC). An airborne platform withthreat updates and communications assistance to include the relay of immediate JAATrequests and J-Fire briefings.

air liaison officer (ALO). An officer (aviator/pilot) attached to a ground unit whofunctions as the primary advisor to the ground commander on air operations matters(Joint Pub 1-02). Each tactical air control party (TACP) has an Air Force officer. Theofficer advises the Army commander on all aspects of the employment of tactical airpower to include tactical airlift, tactical reconnaissance, battlefield interdiction, andclose air support. Serves as the focal point for Air Force coordination in joint air-ground operations and assists in the planning for tactical air support of groundoperations. The ALO supervises the activities of TACP personnel and is responsible forall subordinate TACPs. At the brigade and battalion levels, this officer will remaincurrent to provide CAS terminal attack control.

air support operations center (ASOC). An agency of a tactical air control systemcollocated with a corps headquarters or an appropriate land force headquarters, whichcoordinates and directs close air support and other air support. See also tactical aircontrol center (Joint Pub 1-02). An element of a tactical air control system that isusually located at corps level. The ASOC is subordinate to the JAOC and is designed toplan, coordinate, and direct tactical air operations in support ground forces.

aviation liaison officer (AVN). An Army officer from an Army helicopter unit whoestablishes liaison with the Army ground maneuver force headquarters when acommand relationship between the two units has been established or is anticipated.

battlefield coordination detachment (BCD). The BCD is a land componentcommander (LCC) liaison element which is collocated with the joint air operationscenter (JAOC). The BCD processes land forces requests for tactical air support,monitors and interprets the land battle situation for the JAOC and provides thenecessary interface for the exchange of current intelligence and operational data.

close air support (CAS). Air action against hostile targets which are in closeproximity to friendly forces and which require detailed integration of each air missionwith the fire and movement of those forces (Joint Pub 1-02). Any TACAIR fighter orattack aircraft may be tasked to provide CAS.

close operations. Close operations at any echelon comprise the current activities ofmajor committed combat elements, together with their immediate combat support andcombat service support. At the operational level, close operations comprise the effortsof large tactical formations—corps and divisions—to win current battles. At the tacticallevel, close operations comprise the efforts of smaller tactical units to win currentengagements.

enlisted terminal attack controller (ETAC). Enlisted person who is specificallytrained and certified by the unit commander to perform the terminal attack controlfunction routinely.

Glossary-8

fire support coordinator (FSC). The senior field artillery officer at each echelonabove platoon level who serves as the principal advisor to the commander for thecoordination of all fire support within the unit’s area of responsibility.

fire support elements (FSE). Found in Army maneuver battalions, cavalry squadrons,regiments, brigades, divisions, and corps. Fire support planning and coordination isdone in the fire support element.

fire support officer (FSO). A full-time coordinator of all fire support and the fieldartillery commander’s representative at the supported headquarters.

fire support team (FIST). Coordinates fire support for Army tank, mechanizedinfantry, and infantry companies, and cavalry troops. The FIST chief is normally anArmy field artillery lieutenant. The FIST has five major duties:

1. Planning fires2. Locating targets—requesting and adjusting fires3. Coordinating fire support4. Reporting battlefield information5. Providing target location to CAS aircraft when a FAC is not available

forward air controller (FAC). An officer (aviator/pilot) member of the tactical aircontrol party who, from a forward ground or airborne position, controls aircraft in closeair support of ground troops (Joint Pub 1-02).

forward edge of the battle area (FEBA). The foremost limits of a series of areas inwhich ground combat units are deployed, excluding the areas in which the covering orscreening forces are operating, designated to coordinate fire support, the positioning offorces, or the maneuver of units. (Joint Pub1-02)

forward line of own troops (FLOT). A line which indicates the most forward positionof friendly forces in any kind of military operation at a specific time.

ground/vehicular laser locator designator (G/VLLD). Provides distance, direction,and vertical angle as well as laser illumination termed designation for Army, Navy andAir Force guided munitions.

gunline. A term used to describe the heading that the attack helicopters will use toattack the target, (for example, gunline 050 means they will be attacking the targets ona heading 050 degrees).

Have Quick. An electronic counter-countermeasure modification which provides afrequency hopping capability to selected radios.

initial point (IP). A well-defined point, easily distinguishable visually and/orelectronically used as a starting point for the bomb run to the target. (Joint Pub 1-02)

joint air attack team (JAAT). A coordinated attack by rotary and fixed-wing aircraftnormally supported by artillery or naval surface fire support. Ground or airborneelectronic warfare systems may also support the JAAT.

Glossary-9

operational control (OPCON). The authority delegated to a commander to performthose functions of command over subordinate forces involving the composition ofsubordinate forces, the assignment of tasks, the designation of objectives, and theauthoritative direction necessary to accomplish the mission. Operational controlincludes directive authority for joint training. Operational control should be exercisedthrough the commanders of assigned normal organizational units or through thecommanders of subordinate forces established by the commander exercising operationalcontrol. Operational control normally provides full authority to organize forces as theoperational commander deems necessary to accomplish assigned missions, and to retainor delegate operational control or tactical control as necessary. Function, time, orlocation may limit operational control. It does not, of itself, include such matters asadministration, discipline, internal organization, and unit training. (Joint Pub 1-02)

pave penny. A passive laser energy detection system used by the Air Force as an aid intarget location and identification.

reasonable assurance. A circumstance under which the maneuver commander allowsaircrew to attack targets and release ordnance without positive control. Specificemployment criteria ensure that the maneuver commander, the controller, and aircreware reasonably assured, during each mission, that ordnance will not adversely affectfriendly forces.

reattack. Another attack made upon the same target array by the same attackingaircraft.

reconnaissance. A mission undertaken to obtain, by visual observation or otherdetection methods, information about the activities and resources of an enemy orpotential enemy or to secure data concerning the meteorological, hydrographic, orgeographic characteristics of a particular area.

standing operating procedures (SOP). A set of instructions covering those featuresof operations which lend themselves to a definite or standardized procedure withoutloss of effectiveness. The procedure is applicable unless ordered otherwise. Also calledstandard operating procedure.

suppression. Temporary or transient degradation of the performance of a weaponsystem below the level needed to fulfill its mission objectives by an opposing force.

suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD). That activity which neutralizes,destroys, or temporarily degrades enemy air defenses in a specific area by physicalattack and/or electronic warfare.

surface-to-air missile (SAM). A guided missile launched from land or sea for thepurpose of destroying fixed- or rotary-wing aerial vehicles.

tactical aircraft (TACAIR). Normally all tactical aircraft but for the JAAT, onlytactical fighter/bomber aircraft to distinguish from attack helicopters.

Glossary-10

tactical air command center (TACC) USMC/joint air operations center (JAOC)USAF. The principal air operations installation (land or ship based) from which allaircraft and air warning functions of tactical air operations are controlled. (Joint Pub1-02)

tactical air control party (TACP). A subordinate operational component of a tacticalair control system designed to provide air liaison to land forces and for the control ofaircraft. (Joint Pub 1-02)

time on target (TOT). The time an aircraft is scheduled to attack a target; the time anaircraft actually attacks the target.

universal transverse mercator (UTM). The grid coordinate reference systemcommonly used by ground forces for identifying a location on the earth’s surface.

vinson. The current series of secure voice equipment used in conjunction with FMradio.

WILCO. Radio communication for “will comply.”

zsu. Soviet antiaircraft cannon.

Index-1

INDEX

A

ACA II-3, D-3, Glossary-1air and naval gunfire liaison company (see

ANGLICO)Air Force JAAT responsibilities iv, II-10air liaison officer (see ALO)air operations center (see AOC)air support operations center (see

ASOC)airborne forward air controller I-1aircraft capabilities

fixed-wing iii, iv, v, vi, B-1, B-2rotary-wing iii, v, B-3

airspace coordination area (see ACA)ALO II-7, II-8, II-9, Glossary-1,

Glossary-7ANGLICO I-3, Glossary-1AOC II-2, II-12, Glossary-1Army A2C2 II-3, II-8, II-9, Glossary-1Army airspace command and control

(see Army A2C2)Army corps commander II-9Army division commander II-8Army JAAT responsibilities iv, II-7, II-8,

II-9artillery vi, I-1, I-2, I-3, II-3, II-4, II-5,

II-6, II-8, II-11, III-1, III-2, III-3, III-4,III-5, III-9, III-11, D-3, Glossary-1,Glossary-2, Glossary-8

ASOC II-1, II-7, II-9, II-10, Glossary-1,Glossary-7

attack methodscombined iv, II-6, III-5, III-6, III-8, D-4

random III-8sequential III-8simultaneous III-8

sectored iv, II-6, III-5, III-7, III-8, D-4random III-8sequential III-8simultaneous III-8

authentication II-6, III-10, D-3, E-1aviation brigade commander II-7, II-8,

II-9aviation liaison officer (see AVN LNO)AVN LNO II-3, E-1, Glossary-1

B

battlefield coordination detachment (seeBCD)

battlespace considerations iii, II-2BCD II-2, II-7, II-9, II-10, Glossary-1,

Glossary-7briefing formats F-1briefing guides i, iv, D-1

C

C2 i, II-1, II-2, II-3, II-6, II-8, II-10, II-11,II-12, II-13, III-1, III-5, III-10, D-1, D-2,References-1, Glossary-2,

CAS I-2, II-3, II-9, II-10, III-1, III-4, F-1,References-1, Glossary-2, Glossary-7,Glossary-8

CAS aircraft I-2, III-2close air support (see CAS)close air support aircraft (see CAS

aircraft)close fires I-2, II-3command and control (see C2)command net III-1, E-1command responsibilities iii, I-1communications

Air Force air request nets v, II-7, E-5Army fire support request nets v, E-5fixed-wing aircraft communication

summary v, E-4ground communication equipment v,

E-2JAAT communications matrix v, E-2rotary-wing communications

summary v, E-3USMC fire support request nets v, E-5

communications net D-3, E-1coordination vi, I-1, I-2, I-3, II-1, II-2, II-3,

II-4, II-6, II-11, II-12, II-13, II-14, III-1,III-5, III-9, A-1, A-2, D-1, D-3, D-4, F-1,F-3, References-1, Glossary-1,Glossary-3, Glossary-5, Glossary-7,Glossary-8

counterfires II-3

Index-2

D

DASC II-12, II-13, Glossary-2direct air support center (see DASC)deep operations I-1, E-1

E

egress II-1, II-3, II-5, II-6, III-6, III-9,III-11, D-3, D-4

electronic warfare (see EW)electronic warfare systems vi, I-1,

Glossary-8EW vi, I-1, II-2, II-6, II-8, II-9, II-11, III-9,

E-1, Glossary-2, Glossary-9execution iv, v, vi, I-1, I-2, II-1, II-2, II-12,

II-14, III-1, III-9, III-10, D-2

F

FAC(A) I-1, II-3, II-12, D-2, D-3, D-4,Glossary-2

FCT E-6, Glossary-2fire control team (see FCT)fire planning III-4firepower vi, I-1, I-2, II-3, II-6, III-1, III-4,

D-4fire support coordination

coordination center I-3coordinator II-3element I-1, I-2, II-3, II-4, D-1, D-2officer II-1, II-3, II-7planning I-1, I-2, I-3, II-1, II-2, II-3, II-4,

II-5, II-7, D-1, D-2team I-1, I-2, II-3, D-1, D-2, D-3

fire support coordination center (seeFSCC)

fire support coordinator (see FSC)fire support element (see FSE)fire support officer (see FSO)fire support team (see FIST)FIST A-1, Glossary-2, Glossary-8fixed-wing aircraft iii, iv, v, vi, I-1, I-2,

II-2, II-3, II-4, II-5, II-8, II-7, II-14, III-9,B-1, B-2, D-1, E-1, E-4, Glossary-8

flight lead iv, II-10, D-3, F-1, F-2, F-3forward air controller (airborne) (see

FAC[A])FSC II-3, II-9, Glossary 3, Glossary-8FSCC I-3, II-11, II-12, II-13, Glossary-3FSE I-2, I-3, II-4, II-7, II-8, II-9, D-1,

Glossary-3, Glossary-8FSO II-1, II-3, E-1, Glossary-3,

Glossary-8

G

G-2/S2 II-1, II-3, II-7, II-8, II-9, II-11,II-13, D-3, Glossary-3

G-3/S3 II-3, II-4, II-7, II-8, II-9, II-11,Glossary-3

H

helicopters attackAH-1W I-2AH-64 I-1Army I-1, I-3Marine Corps I-1, I-2, I-3OH-58D I-1UH-1N I-2

I

IPB II-1, II-2, II-5, Glossary-3indirect fire support iii, iv, I-2, II-3-II-5,

C-1indirect fire support weapons capabilities

field artillery II-4, C-1mortar II-4, C-2naval surface fire II-4, C-2

infrared marking devices (see IR markingdevices)

intelligence officer (see G-2/S2)intelligence preparation of the

battlespace (see IPB)IR marking devices II-4

J

J-SEAD II-4, II-5, II-6, References-1,Glossary-4

JAAT i, iii, iv, v, vi, I-1, I-2, I-3, II-1, II-2,II-3, II-4, II-5, II-7, II-8, II-9, II-10, II-11,II-12, II-13, II-14, III-1, III-4, III-5, III-9,III-10, III-11, A-1, D-1, D-2, D-3, D-4,E-1, E-2, F-1, F-2, Glossary-4,Glossary-7, Glossary-8, Glossary-9

jamming II-4, II-5, D-2, E-1JFACC II-10, II-12, II-14, Glossary-4JFC vi, I-1, II-10, II-12, II-13, II-14,

Glossary-4

Index-3

joint air attack team (also see JAAT)briefing guide v, D-2, D-3, D-4components iv, vi, II-2, II-3, II-7, II-11,

II-12, III-1, III-10fire support iii, iv, v, vi, I-1, I-2, I-3, I-1,

II-2, II-3, II-4, II-5, II-6, II-7, II-11,III-5, D-1, D-3, E-5

mass briefing guide v, D-3, D-4operation vi, I-1, I-2, I-3, II-2, II-3, II-5,

II-7, II-11, II-14, III-1, III-9, A-1planning guideline iii, II-5responsibilities i, iii, iv, I-1, II-7, II-8,

II-9, II-10, II-13, II-14, D-1, D-2joint force air component commander (see

JFACC)joint force commander (see JFC)joint suppression of enemy air defenses

(also see J-SEAD) destructive means II-5 disruptive means II-5

L

lasercodes II-4, A-1, D-3, F-1coordination vi, I-1, I-2, I-3, II-1, II-2,

II-3, II-4, II-6, II-11, II-12, II-13, II-14,III-1, III-5, III-9, A-1, A-2, D-1, D-3,D-4, F-1, F-3

designation zones iv, A-3, A-4operations iii, iv, I-1, I-2, I-3, II-1, II-2,

II-3, II-4, II-5, II-7, II-10, II-11, II-12,II-14, III-9, III-10, A-1, A-2, D-1, D-2,F-1

laser-guided munitions II-4

M

MACCS II-11, II-12, References-1,Glossary-4

MAGTF I-1, I-2, I-3, II-10, II-11, II-12,II-13, Glossary-4, Glossary-5

maneuver force commanderresponsibilities i, I-1

maneuver unit commander D-1Marine

air-ground task force I-1, Glossary-4expeditionary force II-10, Glossary-4expeditionary unit II-10, III-1,

Glossary-4special purpose forces II-10

Marine air-ground task force (seeMAGTF)

Marine Corpsaviation combat element II-11, II-12,

II-13aviation combat intelligence section

II-11command element II-11fire support iii, iv, v, vi, I-1, I-2, I-3,

II-11, References-1ground combat element II-11,operational responsibilities iv, II-7,

II-13Marine Corps air command and control

system (see MACCS)mission

coordination vi, I-1, I-2, I-3, II-1, II-2,II-3, II-4, II-6, II-11, II-12, II-13, II-14,III-1, III-5, III-9, A-1, A-2, D-1, D-3,D-4, F-1, F-3

execution iv, v, vi, I-1, I-2, II-1, II-2,II-12, II-14, III-1, III-9, III-10, D-2

N

naval in-direct fire support I-2, C-2night considerations iv, II-6, III-10

O

operations officer (see G-3/S3)operational responsibilities iv, II-7, II-13ordnance vi, II-1, II-6, III-1, D-3,

Glossary-9

P

planningconsiderations iii, iv, v, II-2, II-3, II-4,

II-6, III-9, III-10, D-2, D-4fire support iii, iv, v, vi, I-1, I-2, I-3, II-1,

II-7, II-11, III-5, D-1, D-3precision-guided munitions II-3responsibilities i, iii, iv, I-1, II-7, II-8,

II-9, II-10, D-1, D-2

R

radiocalls iv, II-4, A-1, A-2, D-2, D-3, D-4, F-1communications iv, v, II-3, II-6, A-1, D-4frequency II-2, II-3, II-4, A-1, D-3, F-2

Index-4

reattacks D-2reconnaissance I-1, I-2, II-1, II-2, II-11,

II-12, II-14, III-1, D-2, References-1,Glossary-7, Glossary-9

request procedures II-7, II-14risk management iv, vi, II-6, III-9rotary-wing capabilities B-2rotary-wing element iii, I-1

S

scenarios D-1, F-1SEAD I-2, II-4, II-5, II-6, II-8, II-9, II-14,

III-3, III-9, References-1, Glossary-5,Glossary-9

strike frequency E-1suppression of enemy air defense (see

SEAD)synchronization II-2

T

TACP iv, vii, I-1, II-1, II-3, II-7, II-8, II-9,II-12, II-13, D-1, D-2, D-3, D-4, E-1, F-1,F-2, Glossary-6, Glossary-7, Glossary-10

tacticalair command center II-12, Glossary-6,

Glossary-10air control party I-1, Glossary-6,

Glossary-8, Glossary-10

air operations center II-2, II-12,Glossary-6

operations center II-1, II-2, II-12,tactical air

fixed-wing aircraft weapons nnniv, B-1,B-2

fixed-wing flight lead iv, F-1, F-2, F-3requests I-2, I-3, II-2, II-7

tactical air control party (see TACP)target marking/designation II-4targets vi, II-3, II-4, II-5, II-7, III-5, III-6,

III-8, III-9, III-10, III-11, D-2, Glossary-3,Glossary-7, Glossary-8, Glossary-9

task force I-1, III-1, Glossary-4terrain analysis II-1theater commander II-12threat

enemy air defenses II-4, II-5levels II-2, II-7, D-1suppression II-4, II-5, D-2

training options iv, D-1

V

visibility II-2, D-2

W

weather conditions II-2

FM 90-21MCRP 3-23ANWP 3-01.03

AFTTP(I) 3-2.103 JUNE 1998

BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE

RONALD E. KEYSMajor General, USAFCommanderHeadquarters Air Force Doctrine Center

FM 90-21MCRP 3-23ANWP 3-01.03

AFTTP(I) 3-2.10 3 JUNE 1998

DISTRIBUTION:Active Army, Army National Guard, and U.S. Army Reserve: To be distributed inaccordance with the initial distribution number 114343, requirements for FM 90-21.

MARINE CORPS PCN: 14400004100