arm assembly language and machine code

ARM

Assembly Language and

Machine Code

Goal: Blink an LED

Watchout…Manualsays:0x7E200000Replace7Ewith20:0x20200000

Ref: BCM2835-ARM-Peripherals.pdf

GPIO Function Select Registers Addresses

GPIO Function Select

3 bits are used to select function

Bit pattern Pin Function000 The pin in an input 001 The pin is an output 100 The pin does alternate function 0 101 The pin does alternate function 1 110 The pin does alternate function 2111 The pin does alternate function 3011 The pin does alternate function 4010 The pin does alternate function 5

GPIO Pins can be configured to be INPUT, OUTPUT, or ALT0-5

2 1 05 4 38 7 69101114 13 1215161720 19 1821222326 25 242728293031

GPIO 0GPIO 1GPIO 3 GPIO 4GPIO 5GPIO 6 GPIO 7GPIO 8GPIO 9 GPIO 2

2 1 05 4 38 7 69101114 13 1215161720 19 1821222326 25 242728293031

34 33 3237 36 3540 39 3841424346 45 4447484952 51 5053

2020001C:GPIOSET0Register20200020:GPIOSET1Register

GPIO Function SET Register

Notes 1. 1 bit per GPIO pin 2. 54 pins requires 2 registers

Data Processing Instructions and

Machine Code

3 Types of Instructions

1. Data processing instructions

2. Loads from and stores to memory

3. Conditional branches to new program locations

From armisa.pdf

#dataprocessinginstruction##ra=rboprc

oprbrarc111000ioooosbbbbaaaacccccccccccc

Data processing instruction

Always execute the instruction

Immediate mode instruction

Set condition codes

Assembly Code OperationsAND 0000 ra=rb&rcEOR(XOR) 0001 ra=rb^rcSUB 0010 ra=rb-rcRSB 0011 ra=rc-rbADD 0100 ra=rb+rcADC 0101 ra=rb+rc+CARRYSBC 0110 ra=rb-rc+(1-CARRY)RSC 0111 ra=rc-rb+(1-CARRY)TST 1000 rb&rc(ranotset)TEQ 1001 rb^rc(ranotset)CMP 1010 rb-rc(ranotset)CMN 1011 rb+rc(ranotset)ORR(OR) 1100 ra=rb|rcMOV 1101 ra=rcBIC 1110 ra=rb&~rcMVN 1111 ra=~rc

#dataprocessinginstruction#ra=rboprc#


addr1r0r211100000100000010000000000000010

#i=0,s=0

#dataprocessinginstruction#ra=rboprc#


addr1r0r211100000100000010000000000000010

11100000100000010000000000000010E0810002

#Assemble(.s)into'object'file(.o)%arm-none-eabi-asadd.s-oadd.o

#Createbinary(.bin)%arm-none-eabi-objcopyadd.o-Obinaryadd.bin

#Findsize(inbytes)%ls-ladd.bin-rw-r--r--+1hanrahanstaff4add.bin

#Dumpbinaryinhex%hexdumpadd.bin0000000:020081e0

E0 81 00 02020081E0

ADDRADDR+1ADDR+2ADDR+3

little-endian (LSB first)

most-significant-byte (MSB)

least-significant-byte (LSB)

ARM uses little-endian

32-bit word consists of 4 consecutive bytes

E0 81 00 02E0810002

big-endian (MSB first)

most-significant-byte (MSB)

ADDRADDR+1ADDR+2ADDR+3

least-significant-byte (LSB)

32-bit word consists of 4 consecutive bytes

Read: Holy Wars and a Plea For Peace, D. Cohen

The 'little-endian' and 'big-endian' terminology which is used to denote the two approaches [to addressing memory] is derived from Swift's Gulliver s Travels. The inhabitants of Lilliput, who are well known for being rather small, are, in addition, constrained by law to break their eggs only at the little end. When this law is imposed, those of their fellow citizens who prefer to break their eggs at the big end take exception to the new rule and civil war breaks out. The big-endians eventually take refuge on a nearby island, which is the kingdom of Blefuscu. The civil war results in many casualties.

Registers

ALU

DATA

ADDR

INST

+

Memory

ADDR

1

r1

r0

addr0,r1,#1

Immediate Value (#1) stored in INST

#dataprocessinginstruction#ra=rbop#imm##imm=uuuuuuuu

addr1r0imm111000101000000100000000uuuuuuuu

addr0,r1,#1

#i=1,s=0##Asinimmediatelyavailable,#i.e.noneedtofetchfrommemory



addr0,r1,#1addr1r0#111100010100000010000000000000001



addr0,r1,#1addr1r0#111100010100000010000000000000001

11100010100000010000000000000001E2810001

Registers

ALU

Shift

DATA

ADDR

INST

+

Memory

ADDR

Rotate Right (ROR) - Rotation amount = 2x

#dataprocessinginstruction#ra=rbopimm#imm=(uuuuuuuu)ROR(2*rrrr)

oprbrarorimm1110001oooo0bbbbaaaarrrruuuuuuuu

RORmeansRotateRight(imm>>>rotate)

Made up notation!

Note only 4-bits available to specify the rotation


oprbraroruuu1110001oooo0bbbbaaaarrrruuuuuuuu

addr0,r1,#0x10000addr1r00x01>>>2*811100010100000010000100000000001

0x01>>>160000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000010000000000000000


oprbrarorimm1110001oooo0bbbbaaaarrrruuuuuuuu

addr0,r1,#0x10000addr1r00x01>>>(2*8)11100010100000010000100000000001

11100010100000010000100000000001E2810801

#Determinethemachinecodefor

subr7,r5,#0x300

#imm=(uuuuuuuu)ROR(2*rrrr)

#Rememberthatraistheresult

oprbrarorimm111000ioooosbbbbaaaarrrruuuuuuuu

//Whatisthemachinecode?

Assembly Code OperationsSUB 0010 ra=rb-rchint:

#dataprocessinginstruction#ra=rbopimm#imm=uuuuuuuuROR(2*rrrr)

oprbraror111000ioooosbbbbaaaarrrruuuuuuuu

subr7,r5,#0x300subr5r7#0x03>>>(2*12)11100010010001010111110000000011

11100010010001010111110000000011E2457C03

…

//SET1=0x2020001cmovr0,#0x20000000//0x20>>>8orrr0,#0x00200000//0x20>>>16orrr0,#0x0000001c//0x1c>>>0

ldrr0,[r1,#4]

r1

ADDR=r1+4DATA= Memory[ADDR]

Load from Memory to Register (LDR)

4Registers

ALU

DATA

ADDR

INST

+

Memory

with increment

//configureGPIO20foroutputldrr0,FSEL2movr1,#1strr1,[r0]

//setbit20

ldrr0,SET0movr1,#0x00100000strr1,[r0]

loop:bloop

FSEL0:.word0x20200000FSEL1:.word0x20200004FSEL2:.word0x20200008SET0:.word0x2020001CSET1:.word0x20200020CLR0:.word0x20200028CLR1:.word0x2020002C

Fetch

3 steps to run an instruction

Decode Execute

Fetch

3 instructions takes 9 steps

Decode Execute Fetch DecodeDecode Execute

Fetch Decode Execute



To speed things up, steps are overlapped ("pipelined")

Fetch

To speed things up, steps are overlapped ("pipelined")

Decode Execute



PC value in the executing instruction is equal to the PC value of the instruction being fetched - which is 2 instructions ahead (PC+8)

Principal Designers of the

ARM Architecture and Processors

movr1,#(1<<20)

//TurnonLEDconnectedtoGPIO20//Writinga1toabitinSETmakestheoutput1//Writinga0toabitinSEThasnoeffectldrr0,SET0strr1,[r0]

//TurnoffLEDconnectedtoGPIO20//Writinga1toabitinCLRmakestheoutput0//Writinga0toabitinCLRhasnoeffectldrr0,CLR0strr1,[r0]

2 1 05 4 38 7 69101114 13 1215161720 19 1821222326 25 242728293031

34 33 3237 36 3540 39 3841424346 45 4447484952 51 5053

//ConfigureGPIO20forOUTPUT

loop:

//TurnonLED

//TurnoffLED

bloop

Loops and Condition Codes

//defineconstant.equDELAY,0x3f0000

movr2,#DELAY

loop:

subsr2,r2,#1//ssetcondcode

bneloop//branchifr2!=0

Orthogonal InstructionsAny operation

Register vs. immediate operands

All registers the same**

Predicated/conditional execution

Set or not set condition code

Orthogonality leads to composability

SummaryYou need to understand how processors represent and execute instructions

Instruction set architecture often easier to understand by looking at the bits. Encoding instructions in 32-bits requires trade-offs, careful design

Only write assembly when it is needed. Reading assembly more important than writing assembly Allows you to see what the compiler and processor are actually doing

Normally write code in C (Julie, starting Fri)

The Fun Begins …Lab1

■Assemble Raspberry Pi Kit

■ Introduction to breadboarding

■ SDHC card and the boot loader

■blink and button

■Read lab1 instructions (now online)

Assignment 1

■ Larson scanner

■YEAH office hours Thu 11am-12noon

Definitive ReferencesBCM2865 peripherals document + errata

Raspberry Pi schematic

ARMv6 architecture reference manual

see Resources on cs107e.github.io

Manipulating Bit Fields

//SetGPIO20toOUTPUTmovr1,#1strr1,[r0]

//SetGPIO21toOUTPUTmovr1,#(1<<3)strr1,[r0]

//WhatvalueisinFSEL2now?//WhatmodeisGPIO20settonow?

2 1 05 4 38 7 69101114 13 1215161720 19 1821222326 25 242728293031

GPIO2 0GPIO2 1GPIO2 3 GPIO 24GPIO2 5GPIO 26 GPIO 27GPIO 28GPIO 29 GPIO 22

//LDRFSEL2,GPIO20isOUTPUTldrr1,[r0]00000010000000000000000000100001//0x700000000000000000000000000000111//0x7<<300000000000000000000000000111000//~(0x7<<3)11111111111111111111111111000111andr1,#~(0x7<<3)00000000000000000000000000000001orrr1,#(0x1<<3)00000010000000000000000000001001

//SetGPIO20toOUTPUTmovr1,#1strr1,[r0]…

//PreserveGPIO20,setGPIO21toOUTPUTldrr1,[r0]andr1,#~(0x7<<3)orrr1,#(0x1<<3)strr1,[r0]

//WhatvalueisinFSEL2now?

2 1 05 4 38 7 69101114 13 1215161720 19 1821222326 25 242728293031

GPIO2 0GPIO2 1GPIO2 3 GPIO 24GPIO2 5GPIO 26 GPIO 27GPIO 28GPIO 29 GPIO 22

arm assembly language and machine code

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