arlene diaz gender conflicts in the courts of the early venezuelan republic

8/10/2019 Arlene Diaz Gender Conflicts in the Courts of the Early Venezuelan Republic

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Vol. 2, n2 | 1998 : Histoire de la criminalit et de la justice pnale en Amrique latine /riminal justice !istor" in #atin AmericaArticles

Gender conflicts in the courts of the earlyVenezuelan republic, Caracas, 1811-1840Arlene J. !az p. $%&%$'sum | (lan | )e*te | +i lio-rap!ie | otes | itation | Auteur

"#su$#s

n-lis! 0ran ais omen in earl" repu lican aracas pursued t!eir quest 3or equalit" e3ore t!e la4t!rou-! t!eir numerous actions in court. )!e ne4 repu lic5s constitution o3 1811adopted t!e 6 'i-!ts o3 7en , and pro ided 3or equalit" and citi ens!ip toVene uelans. Ho4e er ;panis! ci il codes 4!ic! supported class, race, and -enderdistinctions still operated in t!e ne4 repu lic. )!is 4as t!e asis 3or t4o contendin- setso3 ri-!ts : t!ose o3 t!e padres de 3amilia


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1'esearc! on t!e participation o3 4omen o3 ran olom ia2 durin- t!e 4ars o3independence !as concluded t!at independence did not si-ni3icantl" c!an-e 4omen5s position in societ". Dt !as also een ar-ued t!at ot! men and 4omen !eld t!e sametraditional attitudes concernin- -ender, and t!at in ran olom ia 4omen !ad a er"limited notion o3 t!eir o4n ri-!ts$. 'esearc! on 7e*ico !as presented a more comple*

picture o3 t!e 3emale condition, as 4omen 4on respect, isi ilit", and an appreciation3or t!eir capacities t!rou-! t!e independence stru--le. Ho4e er, a3ter t!e 4ars, 4omen4ent acC to t!eir traditional roles>. )!e paucit" o3 researc! not4it!standin-, t!e-eneral notion is t!at independence 3rom ;pain did not rin- major c!an-es to t!e3emale condition in #atin America.

2 !ile t!ese o ser ations ma" e incontro erti le 3rom t!e standpoint o3 4!at 4as3ormali ed in la4s, disseminated in print media, and pu licl" e ident, t!e" re3lect t!eassumption t!at 3or contestation to occur it must e or-ani ed, per!aps collecti e, utcertainl" mani3est in t!e pu lic e"e. )!e pro lem 4it! t!is perspecti e is t!at it 3osterst!e impression t!at 4omen 4ere passi e mem ers o3 societ" durin- a period o3re olutionar" c!an-e ecause t!e" did not react in a particular, e*pected 4a". e mustconsider, !o4e er, t!at a su stantial proportion o3 4omen5s e er"da" acti ities in #atinAmerica


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>Dn t!is essa" D anal" e a mass o3 ci il, criminal, and ecclesiastical court cases toconstruct narrati es o3 indi idual e*periences o3 4omen in aracas durin- t!e earl"repu lic9. Burin- t!is period, 4omen stru--led 3or equal protection under t!e la4 as4ell as 3or a more e-alitarian relations!ips 4it! men 4it!in t!e !ouse!old. Dn ot!spaces, t!e conjuncture o3 t!e post&independence pro ed decisi e. )!e ci il 4ars o3

independence and t!e esta lis!ment o3 t!e ne4 repu lic pro ided 4omen o3 ot! eliteand lo4er&class acC-rounds 4it! a ne4 conte*t, and more importantl", 4it! ne4discursi e tools to stru--le 3or equalit" at !ome and in t!e courts.

%0emale notions o3 proper -ender relations 4ere not, o3 course, ne4 to t!e earl"repu lic. )o etter understand t!e c!an-es and continuities o3 -ender issues durin- t!eearl" repu lic, D 4ill 3irst discuss some salient points a out t!e nature o3 -endercon3licts in late colonial aracas. e*t, D e*amine t!e e33ect o3 independence o er t!er!etoric and actions o3 4omen durin- t!e earl" repu lic. A special section is de oted tocourt cases in ol in- -ender con3licts in 4!ic! lo4er&class 4omen participated. 0inall",t!e contestation o3 upper&class 4omen in courts is presented, one t!at openl" com ineda r!etoric o3 citi ens!ip 4it! t!e condition o3 propert" o4ners.

Gender relations in late colonial CaracasEDn t!e late colonial period, t!e lo4er classes 4ere quite conscious o3 t!eir position int!e ;panis! !ierarc!ical social order and 4ere 3amiliar 4it! upper&class, o33icial notionso3 proper -ender roles, in particular, 4it! t!e ideal o3 3emale isolation or separation3rom men. #i in- in t!e cramped conditions in late ei-!teent!&centur" aracas,!o4e er, made t!is ideal di33icult to accomplis!. I3ten, at t!e le el o3 t!e !ouse!old,man" people slept in t!e same room, sla es and 3ree, male and 3emale1?. ;eparation o3t!e races 4as equall" impro a le.

1? Dn !is diar" o3 t!e pastoral isit to t!e pro ince o3 Vene uela et4een 1@@1and 1@8>, +is!op 7ari


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marria-e and 4as 4illin- to e*c!an-e !er ir-init" !et!er t!ese ideas came 3rom t!e c!urc!, 4!o placed more constraints on

t!e prero-ati es o3 men t


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22 6 Autos de di orcio que si-ue Ba. 0rancisca 'osalJa HernNnde contra sule-Jtimo marido Bon Guan )? cases=. I3 t!ese, 81 percent 4ere 3iled " lo4er&class 4omen.Ho4e er, it s!ould e noted t!at it 4as a3ter 1@9? t!at t!e num er o3 la4suits reall"soared F indeed, >@ percent o3 t!e sample cases elon- to 1@9? alone. )!is increaseseemed to !a e een produced " an increase in t!e participation o3 t!e lo4er classes int!e courts. Dn t!at same "ear, %? percent o3 all t!e la4suits 4ere 3iled " pooraraqueRos. +e3ore 1@9?, la4suits " t!e upper classes predominated, most o3 t!emconcerned 4it! issues o3 propert" and social status. A3ter 1@9?, t!e claims ecame moredi ersi3ied, marria-e and personal con3licts ecomin- more common.

2$ ;ee 7a-allanes ;ee (ino Dturrieta ?.
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1>Accordin- to !istorian lJas (ino Dturrieta, man" o3 t!e re3ormist ideas t!aten-endered mo ili ation in t!e late ei-!teent! and earl" nineteent! centuries came toVene uela t!rou-! 3orei-n and ;panis! commerce s!ips2>. )!e introduction o3re olutionar" propa-anda ecame a concern 3or t!e ;panis! state, as demonstrated in aseries o3 ne4 le-islation a3ter 1@%? t!at increasin-l" punis!ed t!ose accused o3

participatin- in t!e spread o3 modern ideas and in promotin- popular mo ili ation2%. )rinidad 4as one important 3ocus 3or t!e spread o3 modern ideas, suc! as t!ose o3 t!e0renc! 'e olution and Lnited ;tates Dndependence. (u lic parties, oral transmission o3ne4s 3rom a road, su ersi e propa-anda, and in3ormal sc!ools or-ani ed in ar ers!ops !elped stir up nationalist sentiment and an appreciation 3or indi idual li erties,especiall" in t!e apital cit"2E.

2@ !erpaC


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$1 Accordin- to t!e 1811 onstitution, !apter DD, 2nd ;ection, art. 2E a oter4as a 3ree male, 21 "


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3ilin- a claim in court, aimed to resol e smaller complaints suc! as de ts under one!undred pesos, de3amation o3 c!aracter or marital 3i-!ts. Dn t!em, t!e contendin- partiessou-!t conciliation or a e*pedient solution, t!us minimi in- t!e need 3or a case to -o toa !i-!er court$E. ;ome o3 t!e 2>? cases o3 t!e earl" repu lic 4ere collected amon-t!ese $uicios de conciliacin and $uicios verbales 3or t!e aracas paris!es.

$@ )!e percenta-e 4ould e !i-!er i3 D added t!e num er o3 cases in ot!ercate-ories in 4!ic! 4omen 4


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ot!er !and, poor people5s cases a-ainst 4ealt!" de3endants 4ere mostl" related toclaims made " sla es.

2E ases in 4!ic! ot! parties 4ere poor 4ere t!e most common 1 +et4een 1@9E and 1829, t!e se* ratios in aracas remained rat!er constant,4it! an a era-e o3 a ou 2 aldron $ In t!e 6 race and class 4ar , see D ard 2. onsequentl", man" 4omen 4erenot under t!e patria potestas o3 an" male. Burin- t!e independence 4ars and a3ter, t!e people o3 aracas e*perienced t!e popular re olts and ci il 4ars t!at trans3ormedtraditional ur an societ". )!e stru--le o3 t!e pardo population 3or equalit" and up4ardmo ilit", and t!e searc! o3 sla es 3or li ert" in s!ort, t!e 4idespread rumors o3 a6 race and class 4ar t!at t!reatened t!e 4!ite elite Cept Vene uelans a4are o3 t!eirsocial condition>$. As an n-lis! tra eler to aracas in t!e 18$?s o ser ed, a 6 -eneralde-ree o3 3reedom... no4 e*ists amon- t!e races , addin- t!at 6 ne-roes and mulattoesK!a eO t!e pri ile-e o3 -reetin- an" person, 4!ate er !is ranC or situation in li3e, 4it!t!e 3amiliar appellation o3 citi en >>. 0or man" ot!er 4omen, t!eir a-enc" durin-t!ese tur ulent "ears -a e t!em sel3&assurance and sel3&a4areness o3 t!eir capacit" asdecision&maCers. +" t!e e-innin- o3 t!e 'epu lican era, a3ter Vene uela separated3rom ran olom ia in 18$?, 4omen in aracas 4ere alread" claimin- t!eir citi ens!ipri-!ts in court.

)A+# 1 : )"pe o3 #a4suit " ;ocial lass o3 t!e #iti-ants < aracas, 18$%&18>?=
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a 7altrato cases mainl" deal 4it! p!"sical punis!ment in3licted on 4i es and sla es "t!eir spouses and o4ners.

%stupro is t!e de3lo4erin- o3 a ir-in 4oman or c!aste 4ido4 " deceit or seduction.scric!e " 7artin ?=, s. . 6 estupro .
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Sources & Arc!i o del 'e-istro (rincipal del Bistrito 0ederal < aracas=, i iles,riminales, 18$%&18>? F Arc!i o Arqui&diocesano de aracas, Gudiciales,7atrimoniales, 18$%&18>?. (ercenta-es 4ere computed " t!e aut!or.

)o$en defendin( their indi*idualliberties + the hidden transcripts28 ourt records in ol in- t!e poor 3or t!e earl" nineteent! centur" demonstrate am"riad o3 issues t!at 4ere at staCe, especiall" i3 4e compare t!em 4it! t!e situationamon- t!e upper classes. )!rou-! t!ese claims, t!e lo4er classes de3ended t!eir particular understandin- o3 -ender relations!ips and t!eir 6 ri-!t to de3end t!eirindi idual li erties.

>% 0or e*amples o3 t!ese strate-ies in ot!er countries, see !al!ou


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more t!an one jo . A nei-! or or !ousemate 4ould !elp 4!en a 3riend 4as in personaldan-er. )!ese personal alliances 4ere stron- ut could e roCen " er al o33enses or p!"sical a use.

>E (a lo 'odri-ue discusses t!e importance o3 t!ese s"m olic e*c!an-es

@ )!e 3act t!at D am presumin- a material linC a33ectin- 4oman&man

relations!ips does not mean t!at@. !at t!ese e*c!an-es o3 material/emotional -oods ma"ultimatel" re3lect is t!e demand man" 4omen made t!at men responsi l" 3ul3ill atraditional role as !ouse!old pro iders.

>8 0or a discussion o3 t!e issue o3 er al de3erence and economic o li-ation,see ;tern =.
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%@ 6 (edro (a lo Herrera contra su mujer scolNstica utierres por !e ria ,A'(B0, i iles, 18$9, #e ?)!e ina ilit" to 3ul3ill ideal -ender roles ecause o3 po ert" 4as anot!er point o3contention. )!e need 3or 4omen5s economic support 3or t!e !ouse!old contradicted t!ecompliance 4it! t!e code o3 proper 4oman!ood. 7an" 4omen could not remain in t!e!ouse ecause t!e" needed to seeC sustenance " sellin- in t!e streets or at t!e marCet, " 4orCin- at ot!er people5s !ouses or " 4as!in- clot!es in t!e ri er. 7an" times

t!ese 4omen 4ere 6 -o ernin- t!emsel es as repeatedl" mentioned in t!edocuments and rentin- a room in a cro4ded !ouse. I3ten t!e" de3ended t!emsel es p!"sicall" 3rom personal con3licts 4it! nei-! ors or stran-ers, s!o4in- t!eirindependent and unsu missi e c!aracter. )!e iolent e!a ior o3 males in t!ese casesmi-!t e related to t!eir ina ilit" to control 4omen and t!ere3ore sa e 3ace in t!ecommunit"%9.

>1 ndorsement o3 proper -ender e!a ior " t!e popular classes could e taCen as asi-n o3 t!eir acceptance o3 dominant 3amil" alues, "et eac! -ender assi-ned a di33erentmeanin- to t!e ot!er5s role. )!e lo4er&classes 4ould 3ollo4 -ender role e*pectations4!et!er married or li in- in consensual unions on t!e condition t!at t!e ot!er actedaccordin-l". 0rom t!ese notions, 4omen deri ed particular ideas a out t!eir ri-!ts4!ic! t!e" de3ended acti el" in t!e courts o3 aracas.
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A clai$ of citizenship + the publictranscript

>2Bemandin- t!at men e equall" responsi le 3or t!eir duties to t!e !ouse!old,de3endin- t!emsel es 3rom a usi e relations!ips, and indicatin- t!eir ri-!t to 4orC 3or a salar", lo4er class 4omen 4ere protectin- t!eir indi idual ri-!ts. (oor 4omen ma"!a e not made er al re3erence to t!e concepts o3 citi ens!ip as o3ten as t!e upper&classes did, ut t!eir man" actions in court su--ested t!at t!e" alued t!is status just as!i-!l". )!e court records contain t!e 6 !idden transcript o3 t!eir de3ense o3 t!eirnatural ri-!ts in t!e domestic sp!ere.

>$ ealt!" 4omen, instead, openl" appealed to t!eir ri-!ts as citi ens 4!en 3i-!tin-a-ainst t!eir !us ands o er questions o3 propert". Ine case is t!at o3 7aria Antonia(re , 4!o in 1811 3iled a di orce suit a-ainst !er !us and claimin- t!at !e did not pro ide 3or !er sustenance 4!ile administerin- t!e onl" marital propert" 4!ic! elon-ed entirel" to !er. ;idin- 4it! !er !us and, t!e court decided to 3or id 7arJaAntonia 3rom -oin- out o3 t!e !ouse o3 con3inement, e en t!ou-! a 4eeC e3ore t!ecourt !ad allo4ed !er to -o out 4it! !er ser ant. 7arJa Antonia responded to t!e courtdecision in t!ese 4ords :

E? 6 Bi orcio que prepara BoRa 7arJa Antonia (re a su le-Jtimomarido Bon 'amQn 7aucQ , AA , 7atri %;imilarl", 7icaela 'a elo " AlcNntara 4ent to t!e Alcalde 7unicipal in 18$E to asCt!at !er !us and aut!ori e !er to administer t!e propert" in!erited 3rom !er 3at!er. ;!e!ad een married 3or man" "ears to Guan Gos spinosa and !ad orne !im 3i e c!ildren.Guan Gos !ad a andoned !er 3our "ears earlier 4it!out pro idin- support 3or !er or t!ec!ildren. ;!e !ad in!erited 4ealt! 3rom 4!ic! s!e could earn a decent li eli!ood, ut!er !us and did not aut!ori e !er to use it, s!e 4as 6 li in- in miser" .

E1 6 #a ;ra. 7icaela 'a elo solicitando se le !a ilite judicialmente paraadministrar por si los ien


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E2 Ibid., 3ol. 1@ .

>E)!e !us and claimed t!at it 4as a out time t!at s!e assumed 6 !er duties as mot!erand as a su missi e 4i3e E1. 7oreo er, !e maintained t!at s!e !ad no judicial standin-to pose a demand. As a 4i3e5s 3irst jud-e 4as !er !us and, !e s!ould !a e een asCed

3irst e3ore s!e rou-!t t!e case to t!e attention o3 t!e aut!orities. Guan Gos clinc!ed !isar-ument to t!e jud-e : 6 )o e!a e in an" ot!er 4a" is to dismiss 4oman 3rom t!eduties and ri-!ts o3 t!e male F it is to de3raud t!e male 3rom t!e pri ile-es t!at !e !as3rom nature, 3rom t!is nation5s la4s, and 3rom t!e unc!an-in- order o3 t!e 4!oleuni erse. E2 He denied t!at !e !ad not supported !is 4i3e and 3amil" F rat!er, !eclaimed it 4as 7icaela 4!o 4ould 4aste and misspend t!e stipend. 0inall", !erequested t!at s!e e returned to !er mot!er5s !ouse, 3rom 4!ic! s!e 6 ran a4a".

E$ 6 Guan Gos spinosa solicitando que 7icaela 'a elo se restitu"a con los!ijos que !a ocultado a l Ibid., 3ol. E .

E% -ienes para(ernales are t!e -oods t!at a 4i3e rin-s to marria-e, independento3 !er do4r", and t!a@7icaela 4as surprised to learn t!at !er !us and 4as no4 6 assertin- t!at D am aruna4a" 3rom !is marital po4er and demandin- ri-!ts 3rom a consortium 4!ic! !e !ascompletel" 3or-otten, a andoned, i-norin- !is conju-al responsi ilities E$. ;!eclaimed t!at e!ind all t!is 4as Guan Gos5s am ition to dispose o3 !er in!erited3ortuneE>. ;!e alle-ed t!at Guan Gos 4as no4 administerin- !er monies t!rou-! !isri-!t as a !us and, not acCno4led-in- t!at " la4 s!e !ad dominion o er andadministration o3 t!ebienes para(ernalesE%. ;!e !ad not -ranted !im suc! po4ers "la4, and 6 t!e onstitution o3 t!e ;tate K-a e !erO t!e precious condition o3 citi en,o4ner o3 m" ri-!ts and assisted " m" o4n properties EE.

E@ ;ee 6 Guan Gos spinosa , 3ol. 18r.

>8Dn cases liCe t!is !us ands consistentl" accused t!eir 4i es o3 rel"in- on t!e6 su ersi e principles o3 t!e onstitution, t!at is, o3 citi ens!ip and t!e equalit" o3 people e3ore la4. Hus ands claimed t!at suc! li eral ie4s 4ould lead to anarc!"since t!e" directl" a33ected male 3amilial control, 4!ic! 4as t!e asis o3 t!e ci ilsociet". 7oreo er, suc! principles de3ied male aut!orit" and !onor in societ"E@.

>9Dt is !ard to 3ind suc! an articulate de3ense o3 citi ens!ip ri-!ts amon- lo4er&class4omen. LnliCe t!eir counterparts in t!e upper run-s o3 societ", lo4er&class 4omende3ended t!eir ri-!ts as citi ens mostl" " t!eir actions at !ome and in t!e courts. Met D3ound one instance in 4!ic! a 4oman er all" e*pressed !er e*pectations o3 ein-treated 4it! equalit". ;uc! 4as t!e case o3 a 3reed 4oman called +ar ara Gedler, 4!ocomplained a out t!e cruel a use !er son su33ered 3rom t!e (ro incial o ernor and !ismaster in 18$% :

E8 6 +ar ara Gedler quejNndose contra el -o ernador de la (ro incia porel cruel casti-o que !a !ec!o


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6 !en D started to contend a-ainst a 4ealt!", po4er3ul and in3luential man, D, a lo4colored 4oman, and !im, a !i-! cate-or" man 4!o is t!e o4ner o3 m" son, !at couldD e*pect !at 4ould e t!e result o3 a contro ers" amon- people o3 di33erent sp!eres Fand 4!at 4ould e m" success i3 D did not count on t!e justice and e en&!andedness o3t!e court )!is persuasion encoura-es me, and t!ee#ualit o( ri!)ts all "enezuelans

en$o -i es more stren-t! to m" 4eaC 3orces and empo4ers me, to not !ide m" 3ace3rom 7r. Hui i5s ar-uments... ecause, alt!ou-! D am a 3reed sla e, it 4ould depress m"condition o3 respect3ul 4oman to ot!er men and especiall" to social manners, ut its!ould not e elie ed ecause o3 t!is t!at D am a3raid o3 maCin- use o3 m" ri-!ts... E8.

%? ote t!at t!e act o3 complainin- respect3ull" to court 4as not incon-ruent 4it! t!eideal o3 an !onora le 4oman. ;uc! a 4oman 4as not 4illin- to 4it!dra4 a just demandin t!e conte*t o3 !er ri-!ts as a citi en o3 Vene uela. In t!e contrar", s!e claimed t!ats!e 4as encoura-ed to pursue !er claims.

%1LnliCe t!e situation amon- t!e upper classes, -ender con3licts amon- t!e popularclasses 4ere related to t!e de3ense o3 indi idual li erties. (oor 4omen questioned nott!e alidit" o3 t!e institution o3 marria-e ut t!e capacit" and c!aracter o3 t!eir!us ands or lo ers. )!e" accused men o3 ein- alco!olics, la ", or a usi e partners4!o 4ere not responsi le to reciprocal ri-!ts and duties em odied in t!eir 3ormal orin3ormal marria-e contract. Dn t!is sense, D 4ould ar-ue t!at poor 4omen 4ereem racin- notions o3 citi ens!ip, li ert", and equalit" em edded in t!e 1811onstitution. #o4er&class 4omen 4ere alread" practicin- li eral ideas in t!eir dail"relations!ips 4it! men at t!e le el o3 t!e !ouse!old, a situation t!at transpired in t!ecourt cases. )!e" did not 4ant to e a used, to e anned 3rom 4orCin- 3or a salar" orto e depri ed o3 t!eir li erties. )!e" 4anted compensation 3or t!eir ser ices and, "t!e same toCen, t!e" 4anted material contri utions 3rom t!eir relations!ips. )!e"4anted to e treated asciudadanas, 4it! equal protection under t!e la4.

%2Dn earl" repu lican aracas poor 4omen pursued t!eir quest 3or equalit" e3ore t!ela4 " t!eir numerous actions in court. Lpper&class 4omen spelled out more openl"t!eir pretended citi ens!ip, 4!ile de3endin- t!eir propert". ontrar" to t!e 4idespread elie3 t!at independence did not rin- si-ni3icant c!an-es to 4omen, m" data s!o4 t!at4omen 4ere seeCin- indi iduall" a trans3ormation in t!eir ri-!ts. )!e" met 3ierceresistance 3rom t!eir !us ands or lo ers 4!o stucC to t!eir claims as customar" padresde (amilia.

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iblio(raphie

Arrom, ;.7., omen o( /e0ico Cit ,123451672,;tan3ord, ;tan3ord Lni ersit" (ress,198%.

+o"er, '., omen, 5#a mala ida5, and t!e politics o3 marria-e,in #a rin, A., d.=,Se0ualit and /arria!e in Colonial 8atin 9merica, #incoln, Lni ersit" o3 e rasCa(ress, 1989, p. 2%2&28E.

+re4er& arJas, A.'., 8as constituciones de "enezuela, 7adrid, Lni ersidad del )Nc!ira" entro de studios onstitucionales, 198%.
http://chs.revues.org/index964.html#ftn67http://chs.revues.org/index964.html#article-964http://chs.revues.org/index964.html#ftn67http://chs.revues.org/index964.html#article-964


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+us!neil, B.,*)e Santander Re!ime in :ran Colombia, e4arC, Lni ersit" o3Bela4are (ress, 19%>.

arrera Bamas, ., -oves & aspectos socioeconmicos de la :uerra de Independencia, aracas, Lni ersidad entral de Vene uela, 19@2.

!al!ou , ;., *rabal)o, lar e bote#uim & o cotidiano dos trabal)adores no Rio de aneiro da -elle .

!iossone, )., >ormacin $urdica de "enezuela en la colonia en la rep?blica, aracas, Lni ersidad entral de Vene uela, 198?.

ope, B., *)e 8imits o( Racial Domination & Plebeian Societ in Colonial /e0ico Cit ,1@@45122A,7adison, Lni ersit" o3 isconsin (ress, 199>.

osta, . Viotti da, Cro+ns o( :lor , *ears o( -lood & t)e Demerara Slave Rebellion o(16AB, e4 MorC, I*3ord Lni ersit" (ress, 199>.

BJa , A.G., 6Ciudadanas and Padres de >amilia & 8iberal C)an!e, :ender, 8a+,and t)e 8o+er Classes in Caracas, "enezuela, 126@51666, (!.B. diss., Lni ersit" o37innesota, 199@.

scric!e " 7artJn, G., Diccionario razonado de le!islacin civil, penal, comercial (orense, aracas, Dmprenta de ValentJn spinal, 18>?.

0lor", )., 'ace and social control in independent +ra il, ournal o( 8atin 9mericanStudies, 19@@, 9, 2, p. 199&22>.

0riedman, ;.G.,Cit o( Caracas & 16B4516E@,(!.B. diss., e4 MorC Lni ersit", 19@E.

ould, G.#.,*o 8ead as %#uals & Rural Protest and Political Consciousness inC)inande!a, Nicara!ua, 131A51323, !apel Hill, Lni ersit" o3 ort! arolina (ress,199?.

uardino, (.0., Peasants, Politics, and t)e >ormation o( /e0icoFs National State &:uerrero, 164451672, ;tan3ord, ;tan3ord Lni ersit" (ress, 199E.

u", B.G., #o4er&class 3amilies, 4omen, and t!e la4 in nineteent!&centur" Ar-entina, ournal o( >amil =istor , 198%, 1?, $, p. $18&$$1.

Gosep!, .7., and u-ent, B., < ds.=, %ver da >orms o( State >ormation & Revolutionand t)e Ne!otiation o( Rule in /odern /e0ico, Bur!am, BuCe Lni ersit" (ress, 199>.

D ard, 7., %l miedo a la revolucin & la luc)a por la libertad en "enezuela G1222516B4H,7adrid, ditorial )ecnos, 19@9.


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#om ardi, G.V., People and Places in Colonial "enezuela, +loomin-ton, DndianaLni ersit" (ress, 19@E.

7a-allanes 7.V., 8uc)as e insurrecciones en la "enezuela colonial, aracas, Academia acional de la Historia, 1982.

7allon, 0. ., Peasant and Nation & *)e /a in! o( Postcolonial /e0ico and Per?, +erCele", Lni ersit" o3 ali3ornia (ress, 199%.

7atos 'odri-ue , 0.V., #a mujer " el derec!o en el si-lo SDS en ;an Guan, (uerto 'icoamilia, !'nero mentalidades en 9m'rica 8atina, 'Jo (iedras, ditorial de la Lni ersidad de (uerto 'ico, 199@, p. 22@&2E$.

7c aa, '., alidad, lase, and 7arria-e in olonial 7e*ico : t!e ase o3 (arral, 1@88&9?, =ispanic 9merican =istorical Revie+,198>, E>, $, p. >@@&%?1.

a ari, 7., Disappearance o( t)e Do+r & omen, >amilies, and Social C)an!es inS o Paulo, -razil, 1@4451344,;tan3ord, ;tan3ord Lni ersit" (ress, 1991.

(ino Dturrieta, .,Contra lu$uria, castidad, Caracas,Al3adil diciones, 1992.

(ino Dturrieta, ., 8a mentalidad venezolana de la emancipacin,2d ed. aracas,diciones ldorado, 1991.

(ino Dturrieta, ., and al adilla, (. ., amil , and Communit in -uenos 9ires, 1614516@4, ;tan3ord,;tan3ord Lni ersit" (ress, 1988.


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)roconis de Veracoec!ea, ., Indias, esclavas, mantuanas primeras damas, Caracas, Al3adil diciones, 199?.

Vallenilla #an , #., Cesarismo democrKtico otros te0tos, aracas, +i liotecaA"acuc!o, 1991.

aldron, X., 9 Social =istor o( a Primate Cit & *)e Case o( Caracas, 127451614,(!.B. diss., Dndiana Lni ersit", 19@@.

aldron, X., )!e sinners and t!e is!op in colonial Vene uela : t!e 5 isita5 o3 +is!op7ariano 7arti, 1@@1&1@8>,in #a rin, A., < d.=,Se0ualit and /arria!e in Colonial 8atin 9merica, #incoln, Lni ersit" o3 e rasCa (ress, 1989, p. 1%E&1@@.

Haut de pa-e

/otes2 A3ter attainin- independence 3rom ;pain, t!e 3ormer aptainc"& eneral o3Vene uela, t!e Vice&ro"alt" o3 ;anta3 de +o-otN, and t!e Audiencia o3 Uuito 3ormedt!e 'epu lic o3 olom ia, more commonl" re3erred to " !istorians as 6 ranolom ia . )!e -reat +oli arian dream o3 unit" 4as s!ort&li ed and ended a ruptl" in18$? 4it! t!e dissolution o3 t!e political entit" into t!ree independent states : olom ia,cuador, and Vene uela.

$ !erpaC Arrom &%2=.% ;cott


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to e*amine t!e e*perience o3 t!e majorit" o3 t!e population. Dn terms o3 t!e participationo3 t!e liti-ants " t"pe o3 court , +is!op 7ariano 7artJ ad ised !is paris!ioners to pre ent mem ers o3 t!eopposite se* 3rom s!arin- t!e same ed and room, 4!ic! 4as quite di33icult. aldron

12 ;ee BJa !et!er t!ese ideas came 3rom t!e c!urc!, 4!o placed more constraints on t!e prero-ati es o3 men t!an t!e state did, or 4ere -enerated " people li in- under se*ualor racial oppression, needs to e 3urt!er studied. Met it is interestin- to note t!at some4orCs !a e 3ound t!at 4omen and sla es tended to !a e more e-alitarian ie4s onsocial relations!ips. milia Viotti da osta, maCes an e*cellent ar-ument t!at sla es !ada particular notion o3 ri-!ts in 4!ic! t!eir relations!ips to t!eir masters entailed a6 mutual o li-ation , p. @2&@$=. Ine instance o3 !o4 3emale leaders!ipe*panded notions o3 democratic and e-alitarian ideolo-" is t!e icara-uan case aptl"studied " ould 1=.

1% KLntitled : Bon M-nacio on Nle & su mujer se resiste a cumplir con laso li-aciones de su estadoO, Arc!i o Arquidiocesano de aracas K!ereina3ter AA O,7atrimoniales, 1@9%, le-. 12>, 3ols. 2@r&2@ . Dn t!e colonial period, t!e 4ord citi en4as used in t!e sense o3 ein- a resident o3 a place or a state, a condition t!at carriedsome ri-!ts. ;ee scric!e " 7artin ?=, s. . 6 iudadano .

1E KLntitled : Bi orcio & Guana 0eliciana Bias con Guan Bomin-o 7orenoO, AA ,7atrimoniales, 1@9>, le-. 12?, 3ol. 8r.

1@ KLntitled : Bon M-nacio on Nle O, 3ols. @2r&@$r.

18 0or instance, 6 Bemanda matrimonial de 7arJa de los ;antos 7arques contra Guande la 'o* Bias , AA , 7atrimoniales, 1@89, le-. 1?E F 6 Bemanda matrimonial puesta por Guana 7arJa 7uRo


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19 KLntitled : Bi orcio & Guana 0eliciana BiasO, 3ol. 8r.

2? )!is idea is 3irml" asserted in t!eSiete Partidas, 4!ic! 3urt!er esta lis!ed t!at t!eadult male


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directl" or indirectl" contradicted t!ose o3 t!e onstitution or o3 t!e le-islature 4ould!a e no e33ect. !iossone =.

$$ )!is same pattern is discussed 3or Ar-entina " ot! ; uc!man 1 +et4een 1@9E and 1829, t!e se* ratios in aracas remained rat!er constant, 4it! ana era-e o3 a out 1.E 4omen 3or e er" male. omputed 3rom data in #om ardi


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>> Uuoted " 0riedman % 0or e*amples o3 t!ese strate-ies in ot!er countries, see !al!ou


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%E ;ee 3or e*ample, 6 Bemanda de di orcio de Gos de la ru (arra contra su mu-er'osa 7arJa (re , AA , 7atrimoniales, 18$2, le-. 2%@.

%@ 6 (edro (a lo Herrera contra su mujer scolNstica utierres por !e ria , A'(B0,i iles, 18$9, #etra H, e*p. s/n.

%8 6 riminales contra Antonio 'omero por aporreo , A'(B0, i iles, 18$@, #etra ',e*p. 12. ;ee also 6 A eri-uaciQn sumaria por la que resulta que la ;ra. Aureliana ;il eraecina de esta arroquia, en uso de su de3ensa natural Kile-i leO repelendo, !iriQ a osmeIrosco, ecino de la de !acao , A'(B0, riminales, 18$E, #i ro ';, #etra ;, e*p. $.

%9 ;ee ;tern &8@=.

E? 6 Bi orcio que prepara BoRa 7arJa Antonia (re a su le-Jtimo marido Bon 'amQn7aucQ , AA , 7atrimoniales, 1811, le-. 18@, 3ols. >Er&>@r.

E1 6 #a ;ra. 7icaela 'a elo solicitando se le !a ilite judicialmente para administrar por si los ienes que !eredQ de su padre 7i-uel 'a elo " sin la inter enciQn de sumarido el ;r. Guan Gos spino a , A'(B0, i iles, 18$E, #etra ', e*p. 1>, 3ol. 1>r.

E2 Ibid., 3ol. 1@ .

E$ 6 Guan Gos spinosa solicitando que 7icaela 'a elo se restitu"a con los !ijos que!a ocultado a la casa de su madre donde aquel la tenJa , A'(B0, i iles, 18$E, #etra, e*p. 1%, 3ol. E .

E> Ibid., 3ol. E .

E% -ienes para(ernales are t!e -oods t!at a 4i3e rin-s to marria-e, independent o3 !erdo4r", and t!at are at !er disposal. Lsuall" t!ese -oods 4ere clot!es and je4els and an" propert" s!e acquired t!rou-! in!eritance or donation. Dt seems t!at !us andscustomaril" mana-ed t!ebienes para(ernales 3or t!eir 4i es, alt!ou-! t!e la4esta lis!ed t!at !e could not dispose o3 t!ose -oods unless t!e 4i3e a-reed in 4ritin-.;ee scric!e " 7artJn ?=, s. . 6bienes estradotales , and 6 bienes para(ernales FArrom


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"#f#rence #lectroni ue

Arlene J. !az , 6 ender con3licts in t!e courts o3 t!e earl" Vene uelan repu lic,aracas, 1811&18>? ,Crime, =istoire M Soci't's Crime, =istor M Societies K nli-neO , Vol. 2, n2 | 1998 , mis en li-ne le ?$ a ril 2??9, onsult le $? juillet 2?11.L'# : /inde*9E>.!tml F BID : 1?.>???/c!s.9E>

Haut de pa-e

Auteur

Arlene J. !az

Bepartment o3 Histor", Dndiana Lni ersit", +allantine Hall+loomin-ton, Dndiana >@>?%.EE2>, L;A, &mail:ardia Yindiana.eduArlene G. BJa is Assistant (ro3essor o3 Histor" at Dndiana Lni ersit"&+loomin-ton,Dndiana. ;!e !as pu lis!ed 6 5 ecesidad !i o parir mulatas5 : li eralismo, nacionalidad eideas so re las mujeres en la u a del si-lo SDS ,in (ilar on al o, amilia, !'nero mentalidades en 9merica 8atina amil =istor , and a more recent ersion at t!e on3erence on6 )!e ontested )errains o3 #a4, Gustice, and 'epression in #atin American Histor" ,Male Lni ersit", April 199@.

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arlene diaz gender conflicts in the courts of the early venezuelan republic

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