ario damar tropical coastal and marine...

TROPICAL COASTAL AND MARINE ECOSYSTEMS :

DYNAMICS OF JAKARTA BAY BIODIVERSITY

Response to Climate Change ?

Dr. Ario Damar

Centre for Coastal and Marine Resources Studies - Bogor Agricultural University - Indonesia

For

Spring School

Littoral méditerranéen et vulnérabilité au changement global

Aix Marseille Universite – A*MIDEX

June 2015

Outline of presentation :

- Tropical coastal estuaries : Indonesia

- Problems and challenges of Indonesia Coastal Estuaries

- Jakarta Bay Estuary : Complex Ecosystem

- Phytoplankton and Eutrophication

- Coral Reef Ecosystem

- Mangrove Ecosystem

TROPICAL COASTAL AREA :

- A Transition zone between land and sea

- Productive area

- Ecologically complex area

- Pollution risk

- Economically Attractive area

- High accessibility

Ecological functions of coastal ecosystems

• Bio Natural resources and biodiversity

• Fisheries

• Mangrove

• Coral reef

• Life supporting services

• Source of clean water

• Culture area

• Transportation

• Amenity services

• Recreational places

• Tourism development

• Waste disposal area

• Both from marine and rivers (land)

TROPICAL COASTAL AREA

- Located : 23.5 N - 23.5 S

- Sun is available across the year

- No 4 seasons : only moonsonal seasons rain and dry

- Temperature average > 20oC

- No big temporal fluctuation

TROPIC

TROPICAL COASTAL ECOSYSTEM :

HIGH BIODIVERSITY

0.0

3.0

6.0

9.0

12.0

15.0

18.0

21.0

24.0

27.0

30.0

33.0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

air

tem

pe

ratu

re o C Jakarta, Indonesia

Büsum, Germany

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360

tota

l da

ily P

AR

(µ

mo

l pho

ton

m-2

s-1

)

Jakarta, Indonesia

Buesum, Germany

(6oS)

Büsum, Germany (55oN)

(6oS)

(55oN)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec


A

B

DAMAR, 2003

Issues related to coastal degradation

1. Surface mining

2. Underground mining

3. Industries

4. Agriculture

5. Transportation

6. Settlements

7. Domestic waste

8. Coastal tourisms

9. Termal plant

10. Man made lake

11. Agriculture

12. Slash and burn

13. Road construction

14. Forest plantation

15. Irrigation and draination

16. Agrocultural wastes

17. Water recreation

18. Gravel mining

JAKARTA BAY

Coastal Aquatic Pollution and Eutrophication

Coastal Aquatic Pollution and Eutrophication (nutrient and plankton)

Coastal Aquatic Pollution and Eutrophication

Eutrophication states of

Jakarta Bay

Indonesia

The Jakarta Bay

J A K A R T A B A Y

INTERNATIONAL HARBOUR

TRADITIONAL AND FISHING HARBOUR

INDUSTRIES

INDUSTRIES

INDUSTRIES

DOMESTIC

DOMESTIC

DOMESTIC

SOURCES OF

POLLUTION

End of 13 river mouths :

-input of 21000 t/y DIN

-Input of 5700 t/y P

-Input of 14 ton solid waste/y

ISSUES AND PROBLEMS

HYPER-EUTROPHIC 503 g C m-2 y-1

Heavy metal contamination

Mass mortality of fish : dissolved

oxygen 0.14 – 0.80 mg/l

Heavy metal contaminated

green mussels

FLOOD

FLOOD

Ecological Problems

J A K A R T A B A Y

CONFLICT BETWEEN

FISHING AND DEVELOPER

SOCIAL EKONOMI

CONFLICT BETWEEN

MUSSEL FARMERS AND

SEA TRANSPORTATION

HIGH RATE OF

URBANISATION

HIGH RATE OF

CRIMES

UN-HYGIENE

ENVIRONMENT

UN

COASTAL RECLAMATION

ABSENCE OF INTEGRATED SEA-LAND USE ZONNING

Social Problems

UN-HYGIENE

ENVIRONMENT UN-HYGIENE

ENVIRONMENT

JAKARTA BEKASI

BOGOR

TANGERANG

INTER-ADMINISTRATIVE

JURISDICTION AREA




-Input of 14 ton solid

waste/y

ISSUES AND PROBLEMS

INTERNATIONAL HARBOUR

TRADITIONAL AND FISHING HARBOUR

INDUSTRIES

INDUSTRIES

INDUSTRIES

DOMESTIC

DOMESTIC

DOMESTIC

SOURCES OF POLLUTION

J A K A R T A B A Y

Cd in the sediment

Heavy metal contamination

Profile Horisontal Oksigen Terlarut (DO)- Dasar

Dissolved oxygen

MESOTROPHIC

EUTROPHIC

HYPER-

EUTROPHIC

HYPER-

EUTROPHIC

EUTROPHICATION

STATUS

EUTROPHIC

503 g C m-2 y-1

118 g C m-2 y-1

45 g C m-2 y-1

mean Chl a (µg l-1

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Jakarta Lampung Semangka Johor Singapore Guanabara Büsum

Organic pollution (Damar et al., 2013)

Kerang

hijau

Mass mortality of fish :

dissolved oxygen 0.14 – 0.80

mg/l

Heavy metal contaminated

green mussels

FLOOD FLOOD

FLOOD FLOOD

Algae bloom

KAMAL

COASTAL RECLAMATION

SEA TRANSPORTATION

MAL

HARMFUL PRODUCT

DECREASE PRODUCTION

GREEN MUSSEL PROBLEMS

Phytoplankton and Eutrophication




-Input of 14 ton solid

waste/y

Phytoplankton and Eutrophication

Kus Prasetyahadi, 2008

Sources of sea-based pollution

Results : Jakarta Bay Parameters related to underwater irradiance : Zmix:Zeu

Euphotic depth (Zeu)

Mixing depth (Zmix)

Euphotic depth

(Zeu)

Mixing depth

(Zmix)

Euphotic depth (Zeu)

Mixing depth (Zmix)

A. Zmix : Zeu > 1

unfavourable light supply

A. Zmix : Zeu = 1

reduced light supply

A. Zmix : Zeu < 1

intensed light supply

DIN

0

500

1000

1500

2000


time

DIN

load

(t m

onth

-1)

Phosphate

0

100

200

300

400

500

600


time

phos

phat

e lo

ad (t

mon

th-1)

Silicate

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000


time

silic

ate

load

(t m

onth

-1)

annual load

21 260 ton DIN year-1

annual load

6 741 ton PO4 year-1

annual load

52 416 ton Si year-1

DIN

phosphate silicate

< The Elbe river load :

110 000 ton DIN year-1

average values

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 10 11 12 M A P

stations

Z mix:Z eu

average values

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

11 Dec 00 23 Feb 01 24 Apr 01 9 July 01 20 Sept 01 20 Nov 01

stations

Z mix:Z eu

inshore offshore

Dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations

DIN : ammonium dominates

river mouth and inshore

waters

phosphate

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Dec 00 Feb 01 Apr 01 Jul 01 Sep 01 Nov 01

µM

silicate

0

50

100

150

200

250


µM

DIN

0

10

20

30

40

50

60


µM

river DIN

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

M A Pstations

µM

DIN

0

5

10

15

1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 10 11 12stations

µMriver phosphate

0

10

20

30

40

M A P

stations

µM

Phosphate

0

1

2

3

1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 10 11 12

stations

µM

river silicate

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

M A P

µM

silicate

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 10 11 12

stations

µM

phosphate

DIN

silicate

inshore offshore

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 10 11 12 M A Pstation

nitrite

nitrate

ammonium

Nutrient loads

vs

Nutrient concentrations

Phosphate

y = 0.0292x + 4.2584

R2 = 0.64

y = 0.0004x + 0.0595

R2 = 0.22

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 100 200 300 400 500 600phosphate load (t month-1)

phos

phat

e co

ncen

tratio

n (µ

M)

DIN

y = 0.0833x + 15.616

R2 = 0.51

y = -0.0044x + 4.0664

R2 = 0.22

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700DIN load (t month-1)

DIN

con

cent

ratio

n (µ

M)

Silicate

y = 0.0407x + 12.32

R2 = 0.94

y = 0.0006x + 3.243

R2 = 0.21

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

silicate load (t month-1

)

silic

ate

conc

entra

tion

(µM

)

phosphate

silicate

DIN

inshore waters

offshore waters

Phytoplankton biomass and algae pigments

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 10 11 12 M A P

µg l-1

Zeaxanthinß CaroteneLuteinDiadinoxanthinFucoxanthinPeridininChl-cChl-b

diatoms Skeletonema costatum

Chaetoceros debilis

Pseudonitzschia spp.

cyanophyceae Trichodesmium sp.

chlorophyceae cf. Scenedesmus

dinoflagellates Ceratium furca

Dinophysis caudata

Chlorophyll a

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 10 11 12 M A P

stations

µg l-1

to offshore river

Chlorophyll a

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Dec 00 Feb 01 Apr 01 Jul 01 Sep 01 Nov 01sampling time

ug l-1

rainy dry rainy

N/P and N/Si ratio

Fig. 3.22. Molar ratios of DIN:P (above) and DIN:Si (below) at each station in Jakarta Bay.

Horizontal lines indicate where DIN:P is 15 (above) and DIN:Si is 1 (below) (note the logarithmic

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

1000.0

0

15

N:P

ra

tio

s

0.0

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10

11

12

13

14

15

stations

N:S

i ra

tio

s

M=Marunda river mouth

A=Angke river mouth

P=Priok river mouth

N/P and N/Si ratio

The light and nutrient resources limitation maps for phytoplankton growth in

December 2000

54

286

7

131191012AP M

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6light I'

DIN

N'

February 2001

10 9 452678

1

3

12

11PAM

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6light I'

DIN

N'

April 2001

1051

4

62

1211 7

8

93AM P

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6light I'

DIN

N'

July 2001

94

57

6

10

8

23

11

112

M AP

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6light I'

DIN

N'

September 2001

1567

8910

23

4

1112

A M P

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6light I'

DIN

N'

November 2001

12 78 4569

3

1211 10A PM

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6light I'

DIN

N'

Light or nutrient

limited ? (Cloern,

1999)

- river mouths, plume

and inner part of the bay :

light limited

- middle and outer parts :

nutrient limited

Phytoplankton primary production

14C incubation P-E curve method

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800µ mol photons m-2 s-1

stat. 1; July 2001 PBmax

Tanjung Priok Angke River

Marunda River

JAKARTA

106 50’ Eo

6 00’ So

05

10

5

10

20

Jakarta Bay

Java

107 00’ Eo106 40’ E

o

Priok

Rive

r

1

2

4

7

58

69

3 10

11

Sampling Station

107 00’ Eo

6 00’ So

106 50’ Eo

0 4 km2

Karawang Cape

Gembong

Ancol

Angke

Cilincing

Kapuk

Tanjung PasirPondok Tengah

Untung Jawa Island

Rambut Island

Damar Island

Wanara Island

Tawar

Kamal

Java Sea

12

1

5

10

0

5

10

15

20

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500µ mol photons m-2 s-1

stat. 10 ; July 2001

PB = a (1-e-bE)e-cE

PBmax

a Ek

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 200 400 600 800 1000

µ mol photons m-2 s-1

stat. 5 ; July 2001 PB

max

Annual phytoplankton primary production

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

1 17 33 49 65 81 97 113

129

145

161

177

193

209

225

241

257

273

289

305

321

337

353

daily

prod

. (mg C

m-2

d-1)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1 19 37 55 73 91 109

127

145

163

181

199

217

235

253

271

289

307

325

343

361

daily

pro

d. (m

g C

m-2 d

-1 ) 47 g C m-2 y-1

119 g C m-2 y-1

503 g C m-2 y-1


station 10

station 5

station 1

Intercomparison of abiotic growth resources (Damar et al., 2013) Zmix:Zeu

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

Jakarta Lampung Semangka

Zmix:Zeu

average phosphate

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00


µM P

O 4-P

phosphate load t y-1

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000


average DIN

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

45.00


µM D

IN

average silicate

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

100.00


µM S

iO4

DIN load t y-1

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000


silicate load t y-1

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000


1

0.2 0.1

1

0.2

0.1

1

0.3 0.3

1

0.5

0.1

1 0.7

0.2

1 0.9

0.6

phosphate

load

(t y-1)

silicate

load

(t y-1)

DIN

load

(t y-1)

phosphate

concentration

(µM)

silicate

concentration

(µM)

DIN

concentration

(µM)

Intercomparison of biomass levels (Chl a) and comparison

to other coastal systems (Damar et al., 2013)

Johor and Singapore (Gin et al, 2000)

Guanabara Bay (Ribeiro and Kjerfve, 2002)

Büsum (Tillmann et al, 2000)

mean Chl a (µg l-1

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Jakarta Lampung Semangka Johor Singapore Guanabara Büsum

annual phytoplankton primary production (g C m-2

y -1

)

0

50

100

150

200

250

Jakarta Lampung Semangka Büsum

1

0.4

0.1

1

0.4

0.1

mesotrophic

eutrophic

hyper-eutrophichyper-eutrophic

Trophical index for marine system (TRIX) (Vollenweider et

al,1998) : DIN, phosphate, Chl a and oxygen saturation.

n

TRIX = k/n å ((logM-logL)/( logU-logL))

i=1 k = 10 (scaling factor) ; n = number of the variables (4) ; U = upper limit; L= lower limit

M= value of a variable

Jakarta Bay

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 10 11 12 M A Pstation

TRIX

Jakarta Bay

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

Dec 00 Feb 01 Apr 01 Jul 01 Sep 01 Nov 01time of measurement

TRIX

river offshore

rainy rainy dry

hypereutrophic

eutrophic

mesotrophic

oligotrophic

eutrophic

mesotrophic

(Damar et al., 2013)

ß caroteneN totalattenuation

lutein

zeaxanthin

I aver.

N:Si

ZeuN:P

Zmix:Zeu

NitrateNitrite

Silicate

Ammonium

Chlorophyll a

Phosphate

secchi depth

O2

pH

salinity temp.

Peridinin

diadinoxanthin

turbidity

fucoxanthin

Phytoplankton

chl-c

chl-b

26

9

58

471

10

311

12

Angke

Marunda

Priok

factor 2

fac

tor

1

A

PCA Analysis of Jakarta Bay

PROBLEM OF ESTUARY :

EUTROPHICATION

THE CAUSE OF :

- BLOOMING OF ALGAE

- BLOOMING OF TOXIC ALGAE

- OXYGEN DEPLETION : HYPOXIA

- MASS MORTALITY OF MARINE BIOTA

- NOXIOUS FOR HUMAN

TOXIC ALGAE (Damar et al., 2013)

Protoperidinium claudicans

Dinophysis caudata

Ceratium tripos

DISEASES RELATED TO TOXIC

ALGAE

- AMNESIC SHELLFISH POISONING (ASP)

nerves system disorder. Pseudonitzschia

- CIGUATERA FISH POISONING (CFP)

nerves and cardiac. Gambierdiscus

- DIARRHETIC SHELLFISH POISONING (DSP)

stomach. Prorocentrum dan Dinophysis

- NEUROTIC SHELLFISH POISONING (NSP)

nerves and respiratory. Gymnodinium,

Fibrocapsa, Heterosigma

- PARALYTIC SHELLFISH POISONING (PSP)

trmebling and acute respiratory. Alexandrium

CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEM

CORAL REEF

•Formed by massice calcium carbonate (CaCO3), produced by coral

organism reef building organisms (hermatipic) from the phylum of

Cnidaria, ordo Scleractinia which live in symbiotic form with zooxantellae,

and other organisms and coraline algae secreting calcium carbonate

•The coral animals live in colony and each coral animal live in small plate

called coralite.

D. Coral Reef

•In gastrodermis there are

microscopics single cell

organisms called

zooxantellae living

symbiotically with coral animal

Zooxantellae produce organic

materials trough

photosynthethic and used by

coral animals as food.

Types of coral reefs • fringing reef

• barrier reef

• atoll

Life coral distribution in Jakarta Bay Damar et al (2015)

Living coral

Death coral

Macro algae

Biotic

Abiotic

Coral fish density distribution in Jakarta Bay Damar et al (2015)

Coral fish family distribution in Jakarta Bay Damar et al (2015)

Coral fish density distribution in Jakarta Bay Damar et al (2015)

Seriatopora sp.

Acropora sp.

Porites sp.

Millepora sp.

Pavona sp.

Fungia sp.

Acropora sp.

Goniastrea sp.

Lobophyllia sp.

Montipora sp.

Asterospicularia sp.

Montipora sp.

Hydnopora sp.

Sarcophyton sp.

Goniopora sp.

Sinularia sp. Rubble

Coral reef distribution in Jakarta Bay Damar et al (2015)

TANTANGAN TEMATIK PESISIR DAN LAUT

Threats for Coral Reef :

- Coral minning

- Hot water waste disposal

- Deforestration

- High sedimentation

- Dredging

- Tourism

- Organic waste (EUTROPHICATION)

- Reclamation

- Destructive fishing practices (poisson, explotion)

- GLOBAL WARMING and ACANTHASTHER

Land reclamation

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Survival Rate

karya

kelapa

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

Chart Title

Panjang

Tinggi

Transplanted coral growth

10

2

1

6

1

2

1

3

1

11

8

1 1 1

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

growth

growth

cm

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

April 2010 June 2010 Sept 2010 Dec 2010 May 2011

Chart Title

Fam-Kar

Spe-Kar

Fam-Kel

Spe-Kel

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

Genus

Chart Title

Kelapa

Karya

Coral fishes

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

September 2010 Desember 2010 Mei 2011

0

10

20

30

40

September 2010 Desember 2010 Mei 2011

Chart Title

Acropora Caulastrea Chyphastrea Heliopora

Hydnopora Montipora Pavona Platygyra

Pocillopora Porites Stylopora Echinopora

Stylocoeniella

MANGROVE ECOSYSTEMS :

- Typical of tropical ecosystems

- Terrestrial plant but able to tolerate salty

environment

- Muddy substrate

- Regular supply of fresh water

- Organic contents

Ecological function of MANGROVE :

- NURSERY, SPAWNING, and FEEDING GROUND

- Marine biota HABITAT

- Coastal protection

- Sediment trap

- Detritus export

- Education and tourism

- Wodd (carcoal, construction, etc.)

Division 3: Kepulauan Seribu

Dua, Nyamplung, and Penjaliran Island

The thickness of the coastline: 50 m

Density: <1000 trees/ha

Utilization: coast border and tourism

Status: protected (Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Parks)

Position: 5°25'17.28"S; 106°29'31.34"E

Species: Rhizophora sp.

Substrate: sand rocky



Genteng, Kelapa, Kotok, Pramuka


Density: <1000 trees/ha

Utilization: coast border and tourism

Status: protected (Kepulauan Seribu national Parks)

Position: 5°37'46.74"S; 106°33'26.60"E



Species: Rhizophora sp. (planting)

Substrate: sandy

Tidung, Pari, Rambut and Untung Jawa Island


Density: <1000 trees/ha and spread uneven (F<75%)

Utilization: coast/river border

Status: protected (Rambut Island Natural Reserve)

Species: Rhizophora sp. (planting)

Substrate: sandy

Tidung, Pari, Rambut and Untung Jawa Island


Density: <1000 trees/ha and spread uneven (F<75%)


Status: protected (Rambut Island Natural Reserve)

Position: 5°51'11.36"S; 106°37'33.34"E



Species: Avicennia sp., Rhizophora sp.

Substrate: sandy

Unit of analysis 13: Muara Bendera – Tanjung Sedari

Location : Tanjung Wetan – Tanjung Bungin


Density: <1000 - 1500 trees/ha, and spread uneven (F <75%)

Utilization: coast/river border and water bird

Position: 5°56'10.77"S; 107° 5'44.45"E

Species: Avicennia sp.

Substrate: mud sandy

Species: Avicennia sp. Rhizophora sp.


Species: Avicennia sp., Rhizophora sp.

Substrate: sandy

Location Tanjung Pakis–Sedari Beach

Species: Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia marina, Sonneratia alba,

Lumnitzera racemosa


Wide: 18.34 ha

Density: <1500 trees/ha, and spread uneven (F < 75%)


Position: 5°57'22.77"S; 107°17'42.49"E


Substrate: sandy

Unit of analysis 12: Marunda Port – Muara Bendera

Location : Muara Gembong (Muara Bendera)


Density: <1000 - 1500 trees/ha, and spread evenly (F = 75%)

Utilization: coast/river border, mangrove tourism, as habitat of water bird, macaque

Status: Local protected

Position: 5°56'35.82"S; 106°59'25.31"E


Substrate: muddy

Species: Avicennia sp. Rhizophora,

Sonneratia sp., Acanthus ilicifolius

Substrate: muddy



Threats for MANGROVE :

- Logging

- Changes of river flows and fresh water supply

- Converted into other landuses

- Liquid waste disposal

- Solid waste disposal

- Oil pollution

- Minning

- Land Reclamation

Threats for pelagic estuary :

- Reclamation

- Organic waste

- Pollution

- Solid waste pollution

- ALLIEN SPECIES

Thanks to :

Dr. Franck TORRE

Dr. Agung Dhamar Syakti

Dr. Luky Adrianto

I Nyoman Adi

Dr. Budhi H Iskandar

Husnileili

Novit Ricardi

MERCI BEAUCOUP

Dr. Ario Damar

Coastal Ecologist

CCMRS IPB

Bogor Agricultural University

Indonesia

Email: [email protected]

ario damar tropical coastal and marine...

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