arguments for using feed ingredients of animal origin in broiler diets

8/22/2019 Arguments for Using Feed Ingredients of Animal Origin in Broiler Diets

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Improvementby nature

Arguments for using feed ingredientsof animal origin in broiler diets

In general

Nutritional ingredients of animal origin have an excellent digestibility and an optimal nutritional

profile of their amino acids, fatty acids, calcium and phosphorus. At the same time they have lit-

tle or no anti-nutritional factors present in contrast to products of vegetable origin where good

digestion and utilization of the ingredients, as well as a good balancing of different ingredients

are much more critical and challenging to realize.

In cases of sub-optimal nutrition where the health and wellbeing of the animal as well as the

environment (unnecessary output of nutrients and greenhouse gasses) are compromised, Sonacs

range of feed ingredients play a vital role.

Feed ingredients of animal origin that are currently allowed to be used in EU in poultry feeds

are:

Animalfats

Porcinehemoglobin

DCP,dicalciumphosphate(Delfos)

Nonruminantgelatin(pelletbinder)


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Sustainability

Category 3 animal fats for feed use are

produced from animal by-products, such as

skins, fat deposits and viscera. These fats are

appearing as co-products in the production of

meat for the food chain. Sonac considers the

re-use of these high quality edible fats in the

feeding of farm animals to be much nearer

the principle of a closed production chain

than the alternative use of these fats for

biofuels where they are definitively burned

and taken out of the system. Most animal

fats (like pork and poultry fat) show high

digestibility and therefore bio-availability for

poultry.

LocalforlocalAnimal fats need to be processed very shortly

after the slaughtering process (because of

risks of decay and oxidation). Sonac process-

ing locations are within easy reach of slaugh-

tering facilities. Likewise end-users of these

fats are located within a reasonable distance

of the fat producing plant. So here we see the

principle of local processing for local produc-

tion in practice!

No land use/ land usechange

Obviously by using animal fats we are

reducing the need for fats coming from

plant sources such as sunflower, rapeseed,

palm or soya. It also partly replaces starch-

like products such as wheat, barley and corn.

This reduces the claim on land use for strictly

agricultural animal feed crops.

CarbonFootprint(CFP)

The described benefits all accumulate in the Carbon Footprint (greenhouse gasses output,

expressed as kg CO2-equivalent / ton of product) of animal fats that is much lower than the foot-

print for vegetable oils. See below figure:

Animal fats

0 1000

Carbon footprint of fat

Carbon footprint of oil

LULUC emissions of fat

LULUC emissions of oil

2000 3000

Carbon footprint (kg CO2eq per tonne)

4000 5000 6000

Foodgrade fat

Cat 3 poultry fat

Cat 3 mixed fat

Soybean oil

Palm oil

Rapeseed oil

Figure 1: Carbon footprints of cat 3 poultry and mixed fat and food grade fat and three different vegetableoils per ton of product (taken from Blonk, 2010)

Comparison CFP animal fats vs. vegetable oils

The Carbon Footprint (CFP) of poultry fat is only 39 % of the CFP of Soy oil and 22 % of

that of palm oil. If we would add the LULUC (land use and Land use change) trait to this

figure poultry fat has just 12 % (to soy oil) or 16 % (to palm oil) of the effect on green-

house gas emission that the vegetable oils have.

(LULUC = the effect that growing crops (land use) and land use change (e.g. deforesting)

have on the carbon footprint)


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Animal fats

TC

LDL-C

HDL-C

12:0(n=2)

14:0(n=3)

16:0(n=9)

trans-18:1(n=7)

18:0(n=5)

cis-18:1(n=12)

18:2n-6(n=16)

2.4

2.0

1.6

1.2

0.8

0.4

0.0

-0.4

-0.8

-1.2

-1.6

0.062

0.052

0.041

0.031

0.021

0.01

0.00

-0.01

-0.021

-0.031

-0.041

mg/dL

Individual fatty acids (every 1% of energy increase)

mmol/L

Figure 2: Effects of lauric (12:0), myristic (14:0), palmitic (16:0), elaidic (trans-18:1),stearic (18:0), oleic (cis-18:1), and linoleic (18:2n-6) acids on total cholesterol (TC),LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) (from Hu et ai, 2001).

RelationtohealthOverview of the fatty acid profile of some fats

Chemi-cal

Name Poultryfat

Porkfat

Soy-beanoil

Palmoil

Rapeseedoil

C-12 Lauric 0,5 0,2 0 0,2 0,2

C-14 Myristic 1 2 0,2 1 0

C-16:0 Palmitic 19 24 10,5 43 4,5

C-18:0 Stearic 7 15 4 5 1,5

C-18:1 Oleic 33 39 22 38,5 58

C-18:2 Linoleic 22 11 54,5 11 20

C-18:3 Linolenic 2 1 7,5 0,2 9

Pork fat and especially poultry fat is rich in linoleic acid (C-18:2, 6).

This is one of the essential fatty acids that animals need to receive

through the food they eat. Linoleic acid (among other functions)

plays an important role in the immune system and its response. It is

also vital in processes related to fertility and reproduction (hormones

and tissue structure). Oleic acid is also known as a healthy fatty acid

(olive oil contains up to 75 %). Like linoleic acid it has a declining effect

on the formation of bad LDL lipoproteins in blood (to transport the

fat): see figure 2.

Figure 3: Effect of fatty acid U:S-ratio on digestion in broilers.

100,0%

95,0%

90,0%

85,0%

80,0%

75,0%

70,0%

1,5 3,52,5 4,52 43

U:S-ratio

relativeutilization

5

chicken 1,5 week age chicken 7,5 week age

Needless to say that a big proportion of the dietary fat is directly depos-

ited in body fat tissues. In broilers this is mainly in subcutaneous fat.

Furthermore unsaturated fatty acids like oleic and linoleic acid exert

a positive effect on the digestion of other fatty acids (fats) present in

the gut lumen. This is nicely described by Wiseman (1998) in figure 3.

The higher the unsaturated : saturated ratio of the fat the better it

is absorbed. This is more important for young animals (like broilers

or piglets) than for older ones. The figure above shows the effect of

fatty acid U:S ration on digestion in broilers. Improved fat digestion

means more efficient production (less feed necessary), less waste

through excretion to the environment and fewer health issues

(because of wet droppings diarrhoea)


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Animal fatsIn animal fats the fatty acids are bound to glycerol: so called

triglycerides. It is known that if you offer the fatty acids in a free

form (so not bound to glycerol like in fatty acids blends) this

especially for young chicken is more difficult to digest (to process).

This is illustrated in figure 4 and 5.

Figure 4: Effect of U:S-ratio of low FFA fats on ME-content Figure 5: Effect of U:S-ratio of high FFA fats on ME-content

U/S Ratio

38

36

34

32

30

28

26

241 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 3.25 3.5

DietaryEnergyoffat(MJ/kg)

Birds - young Birds - old

Pigs - young Pigs - old

U/S Ratio

38

36

34

32

30

28

26

241 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 3.25 3.5

DietaryEnergyoffat(MJ/kg)

Birds - young Birds - old

Pigs - young Pigs - old

Source:Wisemanetal.,

1998

Low FFA (10 %) content High FFA (50 %) content

The young broiler suffers the most from the high FFA content of the

fat: the ME-content of the fat dropped from 32 MJ/kg to 28 MJ/kg

(-/- 12,5 %) by increasing the FFA content of the fat used. It can also be

noted that in general for all the animals the available energy content

is decreased.

Vice versa if the (fat) digestion is jeopardized by a bacterial over-

growth in the gut (E-coli, Clostridium) the bird benefits from easier

digestible feed ingredients like animal fats.

To summarize

Compared to vegetable fats animal fats have a higher sustainability

profile (shorter transport chains, no land use change, much lower

carbon foot print) and in some cases a healthier nutritional value (e.g.

pig fat in comparison to palm oil). Animal fats offered by Sonac are

triglycerides. They are always easily digested and are most particularly

useful at times when optimal nutrition is critical e.g. with very young

animals and when there are health challenges.


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Strictlyprotein

Hemoglobin is a high density protein source (90 % protein, high available lysine level). It has

no ANFs present that can influence digestion or health in a negative way. No bulky, unneces-

sary components present. It has a high biological value (figure 6), which means that the protein

can be utilized almost completely (figure 7) by the animal, implying hardly any spillage into the

environment.

Hemoglobin

0,5

0,45

0,4

0,35

0,3

0,25

0,2

0,15

0,1

0,05

0Hemoglobin

powder

0,49 0,48

0,37 0,37 0,36

potatoprotein

soy proteinconcentrate

whey powder(delac)

fish meal

120

100

80

60

40

20

0Arg His Ile Leu Lys Met Cis Phe Thr Ala Asp Glu Gly Ser Tyr N

Pigs Poultry

Figure 6: Essential amino acids as part of the crude protein of different proteins

Figure 7: Digestibility of hemoglobin powder in pigs and poultry


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Concentrationoftheproducedfeed:

So being such a concentrated source of protein hemoglobin makes

it possible to formulate high density diets. High dense diets show, of

course, technical advantages: better ADG, less feed needed to pro-

duce one kg of meat, but also the manure production is less and of a

better quality as can be seen in next overview:

Effect of diet concentration on litter score

Nutrient Litter score

PV-459 AME+ 250 kcal/kg +1.8

PV-404 AME+ 150 kcal/kg +0.5

(taken from Dr v/d Aar: Sonacs China lecture 2009; scale 1-10 with 10 being very

dry)

Litter quality plays a very important role in the well being (hock burns

as a result of too wet litter is even part of legislation on chicken

welfare) but also zootechnical performance of broilers as well as on

carcass quality.

The importance of influencing litter quality in a positive way will even

become more important as the industry will diminish the use of anti-

biotics as is required by government and public opinion.

Sustainability

Re-using this high quality protein source in animal feed is of course a

sparing action towards specially produced vegetable protein sources

or fish meal. Fish meal is becoming an ever more scarce and some-

times very expensive raw material for which especially the aqua feed

and cat food producers will always pay a premium to get it. Looking

for a sustainable alternative would be a wise thing to do. Also with

respect to Salmonella contamination fish meal poses a risk. Further-

more more and more public concern is raised against the commercial

fishing only for the production of fish meal.

Hemoglobin

Figure 8: Effect of Potassium on moisture in litter(v/d Aar, 2009)

CarbonFootprint(CFP)

Because of its origin as a byproduct of the meat industry the CFP of

hemoglobin is expected to be much lower than that of specially pro-

duced proteins like fish meal. The CFP of fish meal is 1.7 - 3.6 kg CO2

eq/kg of protein and for hemoglobin the CFP is only 0.95 kg CO2

eq/kg

of protein (Blonk, 2011).

Relationtohealth

Hemoglobin has a high iron content and is for a protein source rela-

tively low in potassium (11 g/kg at 90 % protein) as compared to soya

(22 g/kg at 44 % protein). This means expressed on a protein equiva-

lent a factor 4 lower K level. Potassium is a key driver in determining

the moisture content of the litter as can be seen in next figure:850

800

750

700

650

600

550

500

50 10 15 20 25

Dietary potassium content (g/kg)Moistrurecontentofdro

ppings(g/kg)

Recently a lot more attention is paid to the amino acid valine. Hemo-

globin is a rich source of valine.


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Sustainability

In feed DCP from bones competes with mineral phosphate sources

like MCP (monocalcium-phosphate) and DCP that are produced from

rock phosphate. Apart from its use in animal feed the major field

of application of rock phosphates is in fertilizers. The current world

demand is estimated to be about 148 million tonnes per year. The

rock phosphate is found in the soil and needs to be mined. The min-

ing, processing and transport of rock phosphates is an energy intense

matter. 80% of the mines are found in only a few countries: China,

Morocco, Brazil and the USA.

The mining reserves are finite: the world reserve is diminishing and

the estimation is that at the current level of extraction the phosphate

reserve will last for another 50 years only.

So this is not sustainable at all, apart from also being energy intensive

to produce.

Heavy metals and dioxins

Mineral phosphates may contain elevated levels of heavy metals

(especially Fluor) and dioxins. This is why maximum allowable levels of

inclusion have been put in place by the EU to prevent the use of phos-

phate sources showing high levels leading to environmental pollution.

Sonacs DCP is well below all the maximum levels required.

Fluor also acts as an antagonist in the uptake of phosphates from the

gut lumen. The same is true for aluminium and magnesium both of

which can also be present at high levels in some mineral phosphates.

Again these problems are overcome through the use of Sonacs DCP.

DCP,dicalciumphosphate(Delfos)

Figure 9: The excretion of phosphate rock in the last decades.

Year

Historical global sources of phosphorous fertilizers (1800-2000)

Guano

Human excretaPhosphorus(MT/yr)

22

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

1800

1805

1810

1815

1820

1825

1830

1835

1840

1845

1850

1855

1860

1865

1870

1875

1880

1885

1890

1895

1900

1905

1910

1915

1920

1925

1930

1935

1940

1945

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

Phosphate rock

Phosphaterock

Guano Human excretaManure

Manure

Maximum EU maxallowance

levels

DCPSonac

Arsenic mg/ kg 10 < 1

Cadmium mg /kg 10 < 1

Fluor mg/ kg 2000 50

Lead mg/ kg 15


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08/2011

www.sonac.biz

Summary

Sub-optimal nutrition leads to unnecessary excretion of nutrients

into the environment. As a rule of thumb products of animal origin

have an excellent digestibility and a good nutritional profile (little

non nutritious material present). So by using animal products as feed

ingredients fewer mistakes in formulation are made.

Animal fats score highly with respect to sustainability and have a

Carbon Foot Print (CFP) which is only 12% that of soy oil and 16%

that of palm oil. Animal fats are very well digested and healthy for

the target animal: the oleic acid (and linoleic acid in the case of

poultry fat) content is high compared to most vegetable oils. Since

animal fats are triglycerides they are always easily digested and are

most particularly useful at times when optimal nutrition is critical e.g.

with very young animals and when there are health challenges .

Hemoglobin: a high density protein fit to formulate high density

diets to minimize the output to the environment. High dense diets

have a positive influence on the litter quality. Hemoglobin had a

low Potassium level, that helps again to improve the litter quality.

Hemoglobin replaces specially produced vegetable proteins or fish

meal, that come from less sustainable production systems. With

hemoglobin there is no risk of salmonella contamination.

DCP: a Dicalcium phosphate produced from pig bones. No further

depletion of the finite reserve of rock phosphates is necessary when

using this source of phosphorus. Bone DCP contains a very low level of

heavy metals and dioxins compared to much of the mineral phosphate

sources. It can be a way of adjusting the (sub) clinical sub-optimal

nutrition status of the animal by replenishing the body reserves of

phosphorus and calcium with an easily digestible source of calcium

and phosphorus.

Non ruminant gelatin: a nutritious 100 % protein pellet binder. It

facilitates the production of difficult-to-produce high density diets:

less flow of unnecessary and unused nutrients into the environment.

References:

Aar, Dr P van der, Schothorst Feed Research, China lecture 2009 Blonk milieuadvies, Carbon footprint assessment of cat 3 and foodgrade fat,2010

EAPA, Brochure: Important opportunity to improve piglets health and welfarebenets, 2007

Hu Frank B. , MD, PhD, JoAnn E. Manson, MD, DrPh, and Walter C. Willett,MD,DrPh, Types of Dietary Fat and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A CriticalReview,Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 20, No.1, 5-19 (2001).

Wiseman, J., J. Powles and F. Salvador. 1998. Comparison between pigs andpoultry in the prediction of the dietary energy values of fats. Animal feed

science and Technology 71: 1-9 Several product brochures of Sonac

Non ruminant gelatin(pellet binder)

Non ruminant gelatine can be used as a nutritional pellet binder. It has a very high protein content (85%) and typical inclusion levels in the feed

(< 0,5%) are very low. This implicates that non ruminant gelatin is an ideal binder for energy and protein concentrated feeds, like broiler feed.

Concentration: Under critical technological circumstances (e.g. high fat addition as in concentrated broiler diets) gelatin binders deliver good

quality pellets. So this indirectly helps to reduce the manure production. Good quality and durable pellets also mean less feed spillage and hence

manure production.

arguments for using feed ingredients of animal origin in broiler diets

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