area-based governance for fisheries and aquaculture sustainability in southeast asia
TRANSCRIPT
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Area-based Governance for Fisheries and Aquaculture Sustainability in Southeast Asia
Simon Bush Environmental Policy Group, Wageningen University
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Seafood production
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Pro
du
ctio
n p
er c
apit
a (k
g)
Fish
erie
s an
d A
qu
acu
ltu
re P
rod
uct
ion
(m
illio
n t
)
Capture fisheries Aquaculture Production/capita
8.1% per annum since 1970
60% stocks fully exploited
~8% growth p.a.
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Challenges in coastal Southeast Asia
IUU fishing beyond control of coastal communities Insecure or non-existent
rights based management systems Overcapacity in fishing and
rapid expansion in aquaculture Global market volatility Overall ... risky business
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Shifts in governance
Perceived over regulation in North, under-regulation in South Growing demand for
sustainable fish in high value seafood markets Global sustainable
seafood movement Industry co-management
and global sustainability partnerships
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Private certification
Limited (!) market demand Narrow take on sustainability Self-selection of good
performers in need of small improvements Exclusion of poor performers
in need of large improvements Dependence on public and
private intermediaries for ‘improvement’
Bush et al. 2013; Gulbrandsen 2010
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Demonstrating improvement
Cambridge et al. 2011; Bush and Oosterveer 2015, Sustainability
Certification ‘pull’ below certification threshold?
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Credibility
Accessibility Continual improvement
‘Devil’s triangle’
Key governance challenge
Developing world
producers?
Best performing producers?
New approaches
needed?
Bush et al. 2013, Marine Policy
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Clustering
Cooperative production to enhance farm level production and trade function.
Time for area-based governance?
Ecosystem based approach
Ecological function central, but little attention on organisation, trade and risk transfer.
Zonal management
Disease, regulation and certification. Less focus on ecological function.
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Vo et al. 2013, Remote Sensing
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Farms in landscapes
Ha et al. 2012 Journal of Rural Studies
Mangrove-shrimp integrated systems, Ca Mau, Vietnam ● Timber: US$596 ha/yr; vs.
Shrimp US$ 1539 ha/year
● But ... farmers see mangroves as income and disease (risk) reduction
● Government forest-pond ratios tiered by farm scale
● Naturland set ≥50%
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Joffre et al. 2014
CONTINUE INTEGRATED MANGROVE SYSTEMS
MOVE FROM EXTENSIVE TO INTEGRATED MANGROVE SYSTEMS
INTE
RNAL
DRI
VERS
DRIVER WEIGHT (100 total)
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Joffre et al. 2014
MOVE FROM EXTENSIVE TO INTEGRATED MANGROVE SYSTEMS
EXTERNAL DRIVERS
CONTINUE INTEGRATED MANGROVE SYSTEMS
DRIVER WEIGHT
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Overcoming regulatory fragmentation?
Landscape level coordination to reduce farm level risk
Benefit sharing models incentivise coordination
State oversight on ecological and production functions
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Claiming value and reducing risk
Possibility for claims to be made and rewarded in the market Support from buyers and
the state – although benefit sharing remains an issue Possibilities for
certification to provide assurance for insurance and finance?
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Case 2: Indonesian coastal tuna
Information poor
Transboundary Small-scale
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FAD distribution based on logbooks handline, P&L fishers, Bitung Indonesia. Nugroho et al. In Prep
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Inclusive, transparent, traceable
Middlemen Processor Exporter Buyer
RFMO Licence Register
POINT 2: Catch and vessel enumeration
POINT 1: On the water
POINT 3: Traceability data
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Risk profile of tuna fishery
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http://thisfish.info/fishery/yellowfin-tuna-handline-buru-indonesia/
Handline Fishery, Buru, SERAM SEA INDONESIA (WPP 715)
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Timely and legible information
iFISH
Sub-national National Regional
Producer Consumer
Mar
ket
Sta
te
?
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Inclusive, risk assessed area-based approach?
Co-management data-management areas?
Market recognition for not IUU, but LRR fisheries?
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New possibilities for area-based approaches?
Inclusive business models
Risk transfer (Finance and
insurance)
Secure market supply and
claims
Reinforcing government regulation
Continuous improvement
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Conclusions
Need to move beyond technical interventions at producer level to govern shared social and ecological factors
Area based as a new kind of governance – bring together different forms of market and state authority
New informational technologies making area based management possible to address production and market risks