Pakistan Affairsfor CSS/PMS CandidatesResource Person: Ahtisham Jan ButtLecturer, Department of HistoryGC University Lahore

I am here to COACH not to TEACH Compulsory paper always a psychological pressureMisconception among studentsIts impossible to secure good marks in Pak AffairsDifficulty in memorizing Dates and YearsLengthy syllabusOver confidence

Problem of INTERESTHow to develop interest in Pakistan Affairs?Defective Teaching Methodology at Secondary, Higher Secondary and Graduate levelCramming Technique to pass Pakistan StudiesUnderstanding leads to interest

How to develop INTEREST?Syllabus Class lectures- understandingAt least one book- 15 to 20 pages a daySay NO to Borrowed Ideas and Notes

SyllabusArea 1

Evolution of Muslim Society in IndiaCauses of decline of Muslim Empire in IndiaMujadid Alf Thani Shah Wali Ullah Jehad Movement Faraizi MovementArea 2

Sir Syed and Aligarh MovementWar of Independence Muslim Revivalist movementsTwo Nation Theory Ideology of PakistanIqbal and Jinnah

SyllabusArea 3Partition of Bengal 1905Simla Deputation 1906All India Muslim League 1906 Lucknow Pact 1916Khilafat Movement 1919-24Delhi Muslim Proposals 1927Simon Commission 1927Nehru Report 1928Fourteen Points 1929Allabad Address 1930

Area 4 Round Table Conferences 1930-1932Congress Ministries 1937-39Lahore Resolution 1940Cripps Mission 1942Wavell Plan and Simla Conference 145The Cabinet Mission Plan 19463rd June Plan 1947The Radcliffe Award 1947

Syllabus

Area 5- Post Partitioned History Jinnahs vision of PakistanObjective Resolution Constitution MakingConstitutions of Pakistan 1956, 1962 and 1973 Separation of East Pakistan Area 6 Formula based Questions 18th and 19th Amendment N.F.C AwardCrisis of Federalism Failure of Democracy in PakistanGood Governance Political Culture of Pakistan National IntegrationMilitary and Politics in Pakistan Baluchistan CrisisRecent constitutional and political developments

Syllabus Area 7- EconomyNatural Resources of Pakistan Agriculture: Problems and Solutions Industry: Problems and Solutions

Area 8- Text Book type Questions Education Human Rights Women Rights Minority Rights Child labor Labor Policy etc

Syllabus Area 9- Foreign PolicyTerrorism and Pakistan Kashmir Issue Afghanistan Issue Pakistan and International Organizations Pakistans relations with USA, Russia, China, France, Britain, Islamic countries and India

Area 10

Tricky Question

Understanding

Try to absorb class lectures For in order to develop interest lets start with political history and try to grasp it in a story telling methodology

Book Reading

Good Book Formula1. Haroon ur Rasheed, Pakistan: Successful Culmination2. Ahmed Saeed, Trek to Pakistan 3. I.H.Qureshi, The struggle for Pakistan 4. Khalid Bin Saeed, Pakistan: The formative phase5. S.M.Ikram, Modern Muslim India and Birth of Pakistan 6. K.K.Aziz, The Making of Pakistan

BRITISH INDIA( PRESIDENCIES, AGENCIES , PROVINCES, STATES - circa. 1905)

1 - UNITED PROVINCES2 - MADRAS PRESIDENCY3- BENGAL PRESIDENCY (X - SHOWS BEHAR WITHIN THE PRESIDENCY)4- MYSORE5- NEPAL6- BOMBAY PRESIDENCY7- RAJPUTANA AGENCY8- CENTRAL PROVINCES9- HYDERABAD

Simla DeputationIntroduction Factors/ Historical BackgroundRise of Hindu Nationalism (Anti Muslim role of B.G.Tilak, Balpal Lal and Bipan ChandraEst. of CongressSir Syeds Death Results of 1892 Elections Anti Partition Movement against Partition of Bengal Coming of Liberal party in England 1905Morleys budget speech Resurgence of Hindi Urdu Controversy 1900- U.P

Formation of Simla Deputation 1. 35 members met Lord Minto on 1st October 1906 viqar ul mulk, muhsin ul mulk, kh hasan bilgarami, nawab imaad ud din, sir adam jee peer bhai and sir aga khan 2. Role of Nawab Muhsin Ul Mulk

FeaturesSeparate ElectoratesMuslim representation in Imperial Legislative councils as per their populationFavor of partition of Bengal Aligarh university Muslim appointment of Judges at High Courts Job opportunitiesPreserving the rights of Muslims in Non Muslim Majority Provinces

Reactions British Reaction Hindu Reaction

Amrita B Patrika

SignificanceFirst and formal demand of separate electorates on the basis of TNTFirst time Hindu Muslim Conflict was lifted to the constitutional platform Marked the beginning of Muslim political movement Demands of S.D are Magna Carta of Pakistan Movement Great boost to Muslim Nationalism Remained focal point of Muslim politics for next two decades Constitutional significance in worlds context Two fold significance for Syed Ameer Ali a) Muslim Politics b) British Policy Acceptance of demand of separate electorate served as the basis for subsequent development and Muslim demands

Lucknow PactIntroduction Factors/ BackgroundChange in Muslim politics in the 2nd decade of 20th century Emergence of new educated leadership Rise of new brand of Journalism Efforts for Hindu Muslim Unity Role of Muslim League London Branch British Indifference towards Muslim demands Sympathetic attitude of congress towards LeagueChange in Creed of Muslim League Role of Liberal Leadership Jinnahs efforts and his role Outbreak of World War I

Lucknow pactImmediate Background Scheme of 19- Sep 1916 Growing resentment among I.N.C and A.I.M.L against British Lucknow Pact Firstly both parties held annual sessions in Bombay December 1915

Est. of Committees for Joint Constitutional proposals

Committees met in Nov 1916 in Calcutta and prepared scheme. This scheme was passed in Dec 1916s combine session in Lucknow.

FeaturesHindus agreed to S.E33% representation for Muslims in Imperial Legislative CouncilWeight-age Formula***No non-official member will present bill relating to other nation if 3/4th of affected nation oppose. I.L.C seats 150 Right to move adjournment Bills Provincial Autonomy (Governor be elected)Right to ask supplementary questions All sources to be transfer to provincial governments except Railways, Telegraph, customs, salt, opium, post. Council of Secretary of State be disbanded- two assistant Secretaries- one be Indian Salary of Secretary of State be disbursed from British ExchequerHalf of the members of Governor General Executive council be Indians Judiciary be separated from Executive

SignificanceIn the dismal history of Hindu Muslim relations in the Sub-continent, the Lucknow Pact was the only bright spot Jamil ud Din Ahmed First and the last signed Pact Firm foundation for Protection of Muslim Rights Platform for Joint Anti Imperialist Movement First step towards attaining the goal of Self Govt. Carried great constitutional significance for future

CriticismWeightage Formula wasnt of much use of Muslims Muslims gained but at the cost of Bengal and Punjab Iqbals reservationsNoor Ahmed Ch Khaliq uz Zaman

Khilafat movementAssumes unique significance in the history of United India in the 20th century Marked the real beginning of popular politics among Muslims It was first and the last movement jointly launched by Hindus and Muslims Imparted political training to Muslims Its failure had great repurcussions

Khilafat A brief History Theoretical context Historical context Contemporary context

ObjectivesThree main objectives To prevent the institution of CaliphTo preserve the sanctity of Holy places Protection of geographical and territorial integrity of Turkey

Aspects of Movement Establishment of various organizations Khilafat Committee, All India khilafat committee and Anjuman e Khudaam e Kaba, 20 march, 5 july and december 1919 respectively. Khilafat Day 27th October 1919Khilafat Delegation visited Europe Non Corporation Movement Hijrat Movement

Impacts- positiveReal biginning of muslim pol. Movement Agitational politics Psychological impact on muslims Emergence of new leadershipGreat impetus to muslim nationalism Hindu muslim unity reached its zenith New brand of Muslim journalism Great mobilization efectAnti inperialist consciousness among Muslims

Critical viewAllowed Gandhi to become top notch leader of India Failure had disastrous implications on hindu Muslim Unity Disastrous fall outs of Hijrat Movement Failed to achieve its objectives Muslim League remained dormant.Islamization of Indian Politics Drew Ulema and Students into Politics

Delhi Muslim ProposalsConsequences of Khilafat Movement Hindu Muslim Riots, 117 between 1923-27Impact on Shudi and Shangtan Propaganda of being One Nation Muslim Response- Tanzeem and TableeghStandpoint of AIML and Jinnah 1927 Final effort towards Unity

Features33 percent for Muslims in the Imperial Legislative Council Sindh be Separated from BombayLegislative councils in NWFP and Baluchistan Representation in Provincial Legislative Councils of the Punjab and Bengal according to population If accepted then Muslims would accept Joint Electorates

Nehru ReportIntroduction Background A) growing classification regarding Montague Chelmsford Reforms/ Govt of India Act 1919B) Birkenhead's Challenge C) Immediate background

featuresIt demanded a dominion status as the next immediate step Common wealth of India would have bicameral legislature consisting of 500 members on the basis of specific number of seats being allotted to each province It demanded Adult franchise It proposed Joint Electorates It refused to reserve seats in Punjab and Bengal Unitary form of GovernmentQuestion of Sindh Question of Reforms in NWFP and Baluchistan 25 percent seats for Muslims in Central Legislative Council instead of 33 percent

Comparison Between Nehru and 14 points Introduction Comparison- Similarities Political constitutional natureReforms in NWFP and Baluchistan Comparison- Dissimilarities Unitary form vs. federal form of Govt25% vs. 33%Minority Rights Joint vs. Separate Electorates Difference in context of background Full fledge Constitution vs. Minimum Muslim DemandsReluctant approval of Sindh vs. Clear cut demand Represented Hindu point of view vs. Championed rights of minorities Rejected Idea of Muslim majority areas in India vs. containment of this Idea

Allabad AddressIntroduction BackgroundChange in the concept of Nationalism Nature of Indian Politics

FeaturesBegan his address with theoretical exposition of main principles of Muslim Polity Surveyed Indian Political Scenario and highlighted the peculiarities of Indian situation ( India: An International Problem)Raised the Question whether it is possible to accept Islam as an Ethical ideal and reject it as a polity in which religious attitude is not allowed to play any role. Proposed his solution

Analysis and Significance AnalysisShariful Mujahid- A cross between Territorialism and Pan-Islamism Aziz Ahmed- Renan+ Iqbal = Religion and Geograthy are basis of Nationalism

Significance Unapologetic exposition of TNTIqbal was first to clearly formulate the theory of necessity of creation of Nation state for Muslims Milestone in the history of Muslim Nationalism The greatest impact of Iqbals address was received or felt in territories now comprising Pakistan It led to enormous popularity of Partition process- Aftermath, Ch Rehmat Alis Now or Never 1933, Sir Sikandar Hayats Resolution of 1938 and Lahore Resolution 1940 Its significance further enhanced by the fact that it was proposed by personality of Iqbals stature and presented from a famous platform It contained the very spirit of Pakistan if not its name Presented an amicable and peaceful solution of Hindu Muslim conflictsFalls in the category of realistic proposal presented for Partition

Criticism Federation with in a federation Excluded Ambala Division NO mention of Muslim Bengal

The Round Table Conferences 1930-1932Introduction Historical Background First R.T.C 12th Nov 1930- 19th Jan 193157 delegates 18 Muslims + 16 representatives from Indian States Jinnah, Johar, Aga Khan, A.K.Fazl ul Haq and M.Shafi Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru, Shastri , M.R.Jayakar and B.R.Ambedkar Key Points- Burma be separated from India Federal system of Govt for India Abolition of Diarchy and replacing it with responsible GovtsSindh be separated from Bombay Problems Not Solved- Division of Power b/w Center and Provinces Hindu Muslim problems couldnt be settled Subsequent Developments- Gandhi Irwin Pact 25th Jan 1931

R.T.Cs2nd R.T.C, Sep 7-Dec 1 1931 Congress participated Gandhis role in failing the efforts to reach consensus i.e. his speech Objected the presence of other representatives, proposed to dissolve the Minorities Committee Gandhi was ready to endorse 14 points provided that AIML wouldnt support S.E for other communities S.E for Untouchables opposed.Subsequent Developments- Communal Award 16th August 1932Poona Pact 1932

R.T.Cs3rd Round Table Conference 17th Nov- 24th Dec 1932Congress didnt take partMuslims continued to the issue of Division of Power White Papers 1933Net outcome was 1935 Act, passed by both houses of British Parliament on 4th July 1935

Round Table Conferences- A Critical ReviewExposed the Hindu Mentality Standpoint of AIML: preserving the rights of all minorities of India Irwin Pact forced Muslims to think that British only understand agitational politics Failure of Liberal Elements of AIML and CongressOrthodox elements cant come to terms with each otherSuccess on the part of British as they manipulated the whole situation ad proved that locals are not good constitutionalistsRole of Gandhi Few successes on the part of Jinnah and Muslim League

Congress Ministries 1937-39Introduction Background ( see Trek to Pakistan page 232-34)Aspects of Congress Raj Congress conspiracies against AIML Refusal to form govt/ coalition with AIML Offered humiliating conditions for coalition in UPRole of congress in falling Sir Saadullahs govt in Assam Nehrus mass contact Hindu Conspiracies to Erode the Identity of Muslims Educational Policies ( Wardha Scheme and Vidya Mander Scheme )Emphasis on Uni-Nationalism- Tri Color Flag i.e. Taranga and Portrait/Statue of Gandhi to be worshipped at schools.

Economic Exploitations- Discrimination in Jobs Religious Interference Communal Violence Muslim Reactions in constitutional manner- Pirpur Report for Orissa, CP, UP, Madras and Bombay and Sharif Report for BiharCounter Reaction of Congress and reference of Abul Kalam Azad India Wins FreedomResignation of Congress Ministries 22 Oct 1939

Impacts of Congress RajDeep sense of Insecurity among Muslims Alienation of Muslim India from Hindus Exposed Hindu Mentality i.e. Ram Raj Gave strong impetus to Muslim Nationalism Transformation in the Outlook of Jinnah Popularity of demand for Pakistan Brought Muslim Provincial Leaders close to Jinnah i.e. A.K.Fazl ul Haq, Sikandar Hayat, Saadullah and CH Khaleeq uz Zaman etc

Lahore Resolution 1940Introduction Milestone, marked the real beginning of Pakistan Movement Ahmed Saeed Quotation- Never in the history of the world had a resolution of mere four hundred words changed the destiny of a nation. The L.R passed at the 27th session of AIML did this miracleBackgroundUnresolved Hindu Muslim Conflict Alienation of Muslim India from HindusApprehensions of Muslim Salariat class Popularity of partition proposals Experience of congress ministriesDesire for the establishment Of separate homelandOutbreak of W.W.IIJinnahs political strategyFeatures/ Aspects50,000 people attended that sessionImportant leaders- Sir Abdullah Haroon, Qazi M Isa, I.I.Chunrigar, Ch. Khaleq uz zaman, Nawab Bahadur Yar Jung, A.K. Fazl ul Haq, Sadar Abdurab Nishtar and Nizamuddin etcOn 23rd of march 1940 Fazal Ul haq presented the historic LR which was supported by Ch Khalequzzaman and Maulana Zafar Ali Khan etc400 words and 4 short paragraphsSee page 271 and 272 of Trek to Pakistan

Lahore Resolution 1940Significance/ ImpactsAIML committed itself for the establishment of an independent state Marked the beginning of Pakistan Movement Beginning of the end of Administrative unity of IndiaProvided Muslims a sense of identity/ purposeA peaceful solution Milestone in the history of Muslim NationalismThreefold significance LR highlighted by H.Craik, the governor of the Punjab- importance of AIML as the representative Muslim organization, emergence of Jinnah as an unchallenged political leader of Muslim India, Muslim opinion in favor of partition. Controversy State/ States controversyDidnt provide geographical link b/w the two wingsConclusion

The Lahore Resolution March 23, 1940 - Lahore While approving and endorsing the action taken by the Council and the Working Committee of the All India Muslim League, as indicated in their resolutions dated the 27th of August, 17th & 18th of September and 22nd of October, 1939, and the 3rd of February, 1940 on the constitutional issue, this session of the All India Muslim League emphatically reiterates that the scheme of federation embodied in the Government of India Act 1935 is totally unsuited to, and unworkable in the peculiar conditions of this country and is altogether unacceptable to Muslim India. It further records its emphatic view that while the declaration dated the 18th of October, 1939 made by the Viceroy on behalf of His Majesty's Government is reassuring in so far as it declares that the policy and plan on which the Government of India Act, 1935, is based will be reconsidered in consultation with various parties, interests and communities in India, Muslims in India will not be satisfied unless the whole constitutional plan is reconsidered de novo and that no revised plan would be acceptable to Muslims unless it is framed with their approval and consent. Resolved that it is the considered view of this Session of the All India Muslim League that no constitutional plan would be workable in this country or acceptable to the Muslims unless it is designed on the following basic principles, viz., that geographically contiguous units are demarcated into regions which should be constituted, with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary that the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in a majority as in the North Western and Eastern Zones of (British) India should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units should be autonomous and sovereign. That adequate, effective and mandatory safeguards should be specifically provided in the constitution for minorities in these units and in the regions for the protection of their religious, cultural, economic, political, administrative and other rights and interests in consultation with them and in other parts of India where the Muslims are in a minority adequate, effective and mandatory safeguards shall be specifically provided in the constitution for them and other minorities for the protection of their religious, cultural, economic, political, administrative and other rights and interests in consultation with them. The Session further authorizes the Working Committee to frame a scheme of constitution in accordance with these basic principles, providing for the assumption finally by the respective regions of all powers such as defense, external affairs, communications, customs, and such other matters as may be necessary."

Cripps Mission 1942 Introduction Background 1. British desire to break the political stalemate insofar as to gain Indian support2. Japanese invasion 3. Allied Pressure (Atlantic Charter)Immediate factorsFall of Burma 11 March 1942Churchills desire to get Indian supportAdvent of Cripps Mission 1. 22 March 1942- retreat from August offer of 1940 2. Cripps, Pathick Lawrence, Lord Privy SealFeatures complete independence to India after warnew constituent assembly to be formed after war to frame constitution of india its members would be elected on the basis of propositional representation by the members of the lower house of provincial assemblies states would also be represented in the CA Constitution prepared by CA would be acceptable to the British Govt. British Government would undertook the enforcement of newly framed constitution a treaty would be concluded b/w the assembly and British Govt. it would resolve all the issues and problems relating to transfer of powerduring the war and until the new constitution could be framed india was to be governed by a composite cabinet within the existing constitutionBritish Government was to bear the responsibility of controlling defense of India

Cripps Mission 1942Reaction rejection by congress and AIMLWhy congress rejected?why league rejected?Significanceclear indication of liquidation of British rule from India British agreed to invite Indians in running Government at centerprovided a procedure of transfer of power4. Contextualizing de-colonization Criticisman ambiguous proposalconflicting interpretations of word CENTERtime gaining device Didnt contain Congress Absolute Transfer of Power and leagues LRConclusion

Cabinet Mission Plan 1946Introduction Background1945-46 elections further intensified the political conditions Indian National Mutiny of Feb 1946INA Trail Coming of Labor Party in PowerAdvent of Cabinet Mission and its activities 1. For details see Trek to Pakistan, page 305.306 and 307Main factors Long term featuresthere should be Union in India, embracing both India and states- deals with foreign affairs, defense and communication- Union should have the power to raise financesThe union should have an executive and a legislature constituted from British India and state representative. All subjects other than Union subjects should be given to provincesUnion is divided into three groups. A) Northern, Central and Southern India, B) North Western India, C) North Eastern IndiaIn order to elect the CA, seats would be reserved for every province according to its population 10 year scheme

Cabinet Mission Plan 1946Short term features1. An interim government would be set up in which all the portfolios including defense would be handed over to the Indian leaders having the full confidence of the peopleAnalysisAyesha Jalals view- given the idea of Three Tear Federation Sharef ul Mujahid- last bid to keep India UnitedCabinet mission and LeagueRejection of Pakistan in the preamble of CM- Congress delighted AIML accepted the CM but later rejected it Significancerealistic proposal made by British Great constitutional significance interim government was establishedCriticism Criticism of few groups of Muslims Congress endured Long term and rejected short term plan but British didnt invite league to form governmentNehrus interpretation of CMPConclusion

3rd June PlanIntroduction Backgroundthe collapse of Interim governmentremoval of Wavell and appointment of Mountbatten The preparation of 3rd June PlanFor details see Trek to Pakistan Featurestwo separate sessions of Muslims and Non Muslims members of Punjab and Bengal provincial assemblies to decide their futureBoundary commission Special meeting of Sind Assembly Referendum in NWFPReferendum in Syhlet ChangesPartition of Punjab and Bengal Excluded the issue of Princely statesReactionsBritish press against Jinnah Muslim Press- Pro Unionist party paper, Inqilaab pro Muslim League paper- Nawa e Waqt

3rd June PlanSignificanceMilestone in the political and Constitutional History of IndiaRoadmap towards Partition End of British Raj contextualizing decolonization successful culmination of Muslim struggleCriticism drafted and redrafted to appease NehruJinnah wasnt consultedignored the minorities of both campsmarked the beginning of bloodshed minorities suffered in united India and even at the time of partition