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Variables and Expressions

Craig Zilles (Computer Science)Al Harris (Computer Science)

September 6, 2019

https://go.illinois.edu/cs105fa19

Today1. Objects, literals2. Types and representation

• Integers• Strings, Unicode, and Escaping• Reals, floating point

3. Identifiers, assignment, immutability4. Expressions and Operator Precedence

• Division, Floor division, and modulo operator

5. Modules and Importing6. Excel: relative and absolute references

• Moving formulas between cells

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You are in good company (other muddy pts.)

• I am still new to programming, so the whole terminology will definitely take some time to getting use to. A lot of the grammar in coding can be very confusing because coding has its own way to read and write.

• I honestly think that the hardest part of the chapter was all of the errors. As I was doing the practice problems and challenge problems, the program would tell me I was wrong, and it would take me forever to find my mistake! I would really like to review how to find errors, especially since one little period or quote can ruin everything!! Knowing the meaning of each of the error symbols would also be really helpful!

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The Python interpreter is your friend!

Use it to play around with the language5

All data in Python is stored in an object

• Every object has:• A type• A value

• Literals are textual descriptions, read by Python to make objects

• “hi there”

• 17

• -203.5974

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We’ve now met three types:• Integers: whole numbers of arbitrary precision• Strings: e.g., our string literals like “Hello CS 105!”• Floating point numbers: approximations of real numbers

• Types are important, because it specifies how to store data• Computers represent everything as a finite number of 1’s and 0’s• The type says how to interpret the 1’s and 0’s

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How ints are stored

• Integers are usually used for counting things

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int 1 000110101

int 2 000101011 110101001

Type Numberof chunks

Chunks(Store the number in binary)

Small number

Large number

How strings are stored

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String 6 001000011 001010011

TypeNumber ofcharacters

Characters(Stored using Unicode encoding)

000100000 000110001 000110000 000110101‘CS 105’

C S 1 0 5

Which of the following are considered ‘whitespace’?

A) SpacesB) TabsC) NewlinesD) Spaces and TabsE) Spaces, Tabs, and Newlines

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Which of the following are considered ‘whitespace’?

A) SpacesB) TabsC) NewlinesD) Spaces and TabsE) Spaces, Tabs, and Newlines

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In computer programming, whitespace is any character or series of characters that represent horizontal or vertical space in typography. When rendered, a whitespace character does not correspond to a visible mark, but typically does occupy an area on a page. --Wikipedia

How strings are stored

• Unicode can encode pretty much any character• Including many things that aren’t on your computer keyboard• How do we tell Python we want to use those characters?

• Can specify the Unicode codepoint: e.g., 0394 is the Greek delta (Δ)• How do we distinguish a codepoint from a number?

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String 6 001000011 001010011

TypeNumber ofcharacters

Characters(Stored using Unicode encoding)

000100000 000110001 000110000 000110101‘CS 105’

C S 1 0 5

Escaping

• Treat slash (\) as a special character• Means that the following characters should be interpreted differently

• \u followed by a number is a code point• '\u0394’ is the Greek delta (Δ)

• \” and \’ are quote characters that don’t end a string• \t encodes a tab• \n encodes a new line• \\ encodes a slash

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How many visible characters are printed?

• print('\\n\t\\t')

A) 1B) 2C) 3D) 4E) 5

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Numbers beyond integers

• Integers only represent whole numbers• Sometimes you need to represent numbers between integers

• Often when measuring things (lengths, speeds, etc.)

• Real numbers:• Mathematically, there are an infinite number of numbers between

each integer• On computers, we can’t represent an infinite number of possible

numbers with a finite number of bits• Can only approximate real numbers

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How floats are stored

• Like scientific notation: 6.02 x 1023

• mantissa x 10exponent

• Fixed-size mantissa: finite precision• Normally hidden by python• format(0.1, '.17f')

• Fixed-size exponent: limited range• 100.1 ** 200

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Float -3.76341 +22

Type Mantissa Exponent

Can specify in scientific notation

Which isn’t a valid Python literal

A) 1.000001B) 1E-7C) 1,097D) -3.00E) '\'\'\'' # Consists only of single quotes and slashes

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We’ve now met three types:• Integers: whole numbers of arbitrary precision• Strings: e.g., our string literals like “Hello CS 105!”• Floating point numbers: approximations of real numbers

• You can ask a value what its type is using: type(expression)• You can convert between them with str() and int() and float()

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Variables

• Useful to give names to objects

• Names in Python have to follow certain rules:• Begin with letter or underscore• Contains only letters, numbers, or underscores• Avoid reserved words (also known as key words)

• Python recommended style: Snake Case• lower_case_words_separated_by_underscores

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Which are legal Python names?

1. ______2. 12monkeys3. m0nk3yM4n

A. 1 and 2B. 1 and 3C. 2 onlyD. 2 and 3E. 1, 2, and 3

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Assignment

• Variable names are bound to values with assignment statements

• Structure: variable_name = expression

• What happens:1. expression evaluated to compute a value2. variable_name is bound to the value

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What is the value of y after this code executes

x = 2y = x + 3x = 5

A) 2B) 3C) 5D) 8E) 10

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What is the value of y after this code executes

x = 7y = xx = x + 2

A) 2B) 5C) 7D) 9E) None of the above

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Immutability

• strings, ints, and floats are all immutable• Once an object has been created, it can’t be changed• New ones must be made instead

• Multiple variables can be bound to the same object• If object is immutable, updating one variable doesn’t affect the others

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Garbage Collection

• If an object isn’t bound to any variable, the Python interpreter gets rid of it.

• Frees up space for new objects

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Logistics• Lab next week: Spatial skills development • Homework on PL:

• More points available than you need• Report any problems with “Report an error in this question”• Code reading exercises using natural language processing

• Exam 0 next week: Sign up on https://cbtf.engr.illinois.edu/sched/• Meant to get comfortable in the CBTF• Drawn almost completely from pre-lecture 1 & 2 and HW 1 & 2

• For late adds (and everyone)• We’ll allow late submission of everything up until 9/10 10pm for 70%

credit

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Logistics, cont.• Need help?

• Sending me email is probably not the answer• Questions about course content?

• Search Piazza (first) or ask question on Piazza (second)• Office Hours: Wohlers Hall Computer Lab

• Today: noon – 4:30pm• Sunday: 2:30pm – 7pm

• Questions about course policies, grading -> Piazza• Questions/documents about DRES, excused absences?

• cs105admin@Illinois.edu (Jillian, our course administrator)

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Expressions

• Any Python code fragment that produces a value• Can include:

• Literals• Variables• Operators• Functions

• Right-hand side of assignment can be arbitrary expression

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Order of Operations

• Parentheses () highest precedence• Exponentiation **• (unary) Positive, negative +x, -x• Multiplication, Division, Modulo *, /, %• Addition, Subtraction +, - lowest precedence

Left-to-right within a precedence level

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What is the value of this expression?

-3 ** 2

A) -9B) -8C) 8D) 9E) None of the above

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Good Style with Expressions

• Put a single space between every variable, operator, and number• this_is + a_readable – expression

• Break up complicated expressions

• vs

• Be generous with parentheses32

total = num_machines * (cost_per_machine * (1 + tax_rate) + shipping rate)

machine_cost = num_machines * cost_per_machinemachine_cost_with_tax = machine_cost * (1 + tax_rate)shipping_cost = num_machines * shipping_ratetotal = machine_cost_with_tax + shipping_cost

What would happen…

• if I type the following into a brand new Python interpreter: x + y

A) nothingB) SyntaxErrorC) NameErrorD) ValueErrorE) TypeError

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Expression types

• Result type generally depends on types of values in expression:• an_integer + another_integer -> an integer• a_float + another_float -> a float• a_string + another_string -> a string

• If you mix ints and floats, ints will be promoted to floats:• 3.0 + 7 -> 3.0 + 7.0 -> 10.0

• Generally can’t mix strings with either ints or floats

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What (if any) kind of error is in this program?

value = input("Input your favorite number!\n")print("Your new favorite number is", value + 1)

A) No errorB) SyntaxErrorC) NameErrorD) ValueErrorE) TypeError

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Division, Floor Division, and Modulo• Division operator (/) gives best approximation to true result

• always results in a float

• Floor Division (//) rounds down to closest whole number• Uses normal type rules for result

• Modulo operator (%) performs a division and returns a remainder• Uses normal type rules for result

• For any numbers x and y, the following equality holds:y = (y // x) * x + (y % x).

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Floor division and modulo example

dollars = product_cost_in_pennies // 100cents = product_cost_in_pennies % 100

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Modules

• Very few real computer programs are written from scratch• Too inefficient

• Frequently use previously written code• Libraries• Python functions you previously wrote

• We call both of these modules

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Importing modules

• import command puts module in your program’s namespace

• Access functions and variables in module with qualified name:math.sin(7.3)

• Access documentation with help() and tab completion

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Excel: Relative and Absolute References

• Every cell in Excel has a name: e.g., C7 (column C, row 7)• When written in an Excel expression, this is a relative reference

• If moved/copied to another cell, it will change proportionally• If you move = 2 * C7 down two rows, it will become = 2 * C9

• You can make absolute references by adding $ before row and/or column• $C$7 moved anywhere stays $C$7• $C7 moved two down and two to the right becomes $C9• C$7 moved two down and two to the right becomes E$7

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