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7-1 -

r

Solicitor General Solliciteur général Canada Canada

ive/ere

THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITY-BASED RESIDENTIAL CENTRES

IN CANADA

HV 9308

Z4 1976 c.3

ass z.ef tlleo e,3

THE DEVELOPMENT OF

COMMUNITV-8ASED RESIDENTIAL CENTRES

IN CANADA

LIBRARY MINISTRY OF THE SOLICITOR

rFreerm.

A VG' 1 1965

BIBLIOTHÈQUE MINISTÈRE DU SOLLICITEUR GÉNtRAL

by MA_ loui6 îeitoun \. :Dirtectot oé Communcty Remeca

Nationae Panote SeAvice MinkAtty oé the Saiciton Geneke oé Canada

Ottawa, Canada

deeiveked at

The Fiut Inteknatione Con4etence on Community Re4identiat Cake éon the Di4advantaged on Society Stigmatized

JuZy 11-14, 1976

Univeuity o4 Sukkey Guitd6okd, Sukkey, U.K.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Baclegkound 1

Ta3k Fa/Lee on Community-ba3ed Ruidentiat Centke 4

Natione Conéekenee on Community-bau.d Re3identie Centke3 . . 6

Poeicy o4 the Minieley o4 the Soticiton Genekat TowakdS Community-bauxt Re4identiae Centke4 7

The Community-bued Reidentiae Centke4 a4 Pakt o4 Community Cmtection4 11

StandakdA éoft Community-bwd Re4identie Centke4 14

Funding 15

Sta.66 Tkaining and Deveeopment 18

Re4eakeh and Evaeuation 20

Pub.tic Attitude4 to Con munity-ba4ed Raidentie Centke4 . . . 22

Stigma '76 28

Reekeneu 32

- 1

BACKGROUND

The concept oé community-baftd ne4identiaZ centne3 i)s not.new.

Thkoughout the age3, 4uch centne4 have exieed in diééenent éonmps éon the

punpoft oé pnoviding a tnawsitionaZ peniod oé 3ecunity and a 4i4tance to

thcme who 4uééen (.'tom Zack oé noots ok who have di4abi1itie's aééecting theik

éunctioning in the community. AA 3ociety became mane unbanized, coping

with Zi e became mone compeex. The ca4uattie4 énom éaielee to adju3t

inckeaed and theneéone the need éon nuidentiaZ centne4 became gkeaten.

The need to eeabti)sh nuidentie centne4 éon 3peciaZ tanget gnouo with

Apeci6ic pnognam to meet theik wants wa's necognized. A4 a ne4utt, community-

ba4ed neÀidentiaZ centne4 éon mentaZ patient3, éon the netakded, éon &Lug

addict's, oééendeu, etc. weke eeabti4hed.

In Nonth Arnenica, one oé the majon chanacteni4tic4 oé the Connectione

4ytemys had been its inenea4ing diveuity. Thikty yeau ago, the coknectione,

on what weke tenmed penaeogicat 3y4terws, wene chanactekized by huge gney-watted

pene ineitution's in which 4ometime4 moke than 1,000 inmata weke hou4ed.

In thou. day4 moe in4titution4 weke oé the 3ame type; maximum ecwiLty.

Then we began to fte the deveZopment oé attennative4 to the maximum isecunity

pnion. Fiut oé ae-e, medium and minimum 4ecunity in3titution4 began to

mete. In the community, pubation and pa/tote 4ydstetm gnew napidZy. The

Za4t ten yea/vs have 4een an even éunthen diveuiéication oé connectionaZ

pxognam; pnognam moite ceoeey a pat oé the community. One oé the4e

muvemevilA bia6 be^evi the devekapment u(, Cammuvi,i.ty-ba,sed Raidevtia,(. Centh.es

6an aUf endurz and exa66endeu.

Fan the b ene4,i.t a4 nv n- Canadianz,the teAm "eammun,ity- ba,sed

ne6identi.a2 centlr.a" a)r.. CRC.6 6an zhatt, was descr.i.bed by a fr.eeent Task Fonce

on Community-bcs ed RaidentiaZ CentAe6 a^ '6a-P_2ams:

"a wide vani..é.ty a4 nezidenti,a,2 senvieu ^)ajr. man y Fü.ndz a()pmsau in need. These inceude the physicaUy and menta.P.eyhand.icapped,, the etdejr,2y and distcvt.bed m deti.nquent eh.i,edfr.en," we,U as a^6endeu . They stand between some 4an.m a6camp2.ete ivv^tituti..anati..zati,an and eamp.2ete integjcat.i.vn intothe eammuwi,ty, pnoviding aseAv,Lee to thase maving 6nam adependent statuz such a.6 "patient" an "inmate", to a .2a.6dependent one such as "d.Lschcvi.gee" on. "pafr.a2ee". EquaZ2y,they may be pnavided " at.tennati.ves to a mate eompnehevs.ivetevet a4 instituti..una.Uzati.an as in pnabatian camps okha.6tets ali gnaup hamm, i.e., Uan pex6a" maving 6nam anindependent .6tatuz to a dependent. ane. They tend,.by and.2cucge, to be ^unded by zacvicea athen than the neAident,s.They di66eA 4nam ivstituti,an/s in that they tend to bezma.P.een., mane in6an.mat and to pnavide easiek acce66 to theeammuvi,iwty. They di^)6en (I}cam baanding hacvsa and hvsteUin that tha.6e nespansib.2e 6an the.ih. admtni/st)r.ati.an, peAee.i.vea6 th emsetv ez az 6^f etring Iso m ething in addition ta na amand/a& baafr.d. This extAa pnagnamme may nange aU the way6ham ",sZ6tanee in abtai,ning emp.toyment to intensive gnaupcauvv^e.t2,t.ng m a eamp.2ete a.2teAnati,ve ti,^je-Atyte."

Sinee then the teAm has been uzed-in Canada tc,, appX.y to a

pn.i.va,teX-y apen.ated nmidenti.at ^aci.e,ity in the cammuwi.ty whtich pnavidels

nea i.de.^i-tiak senv.i.c" to af 6endeAz and ex-a{y^endeu.

Oven the pa,st twenty yeafcz, a gndwing numbvr. a6 pn,i.vate agenc i.e/5

and atc.ganizcct,i.an^s in Canada have been ptc.aviding accommodation, 6ood and

1. Canada. RepalLt a{y the TasFz Fan,ee on Cammuwity-ba/,ed Re,6tdentiea2CentAe/s (In (lan.matian Canada 973 p. X

I1

f

rII1III

Iteeuted ftkvice's to ex-o46endeu. Tkaditionatey, theft ftnvice's have been

phovided to ex-o44endeu upon heteaft (nom 4edeke on phovincie in'stitution's

to aui4t in thein keintegnation into the community. In necent yean's, the

xe3ident6 have included, as weLe, ftLected pakolee3,.peuon's on mandatong

upenvi3ion, pnobatione/t4 and peuon's with panticatax publems 4uch a3

atcohol and dhug abuft.

Theft centhe4, commoney known a's hae4-way houft's, ho4tet's oit

gnoup home wene 4upponted by vaniows onganization's 4uch a4 the Sevation

Ahmy, the John Howand Society, the Etizabeth Fhy Society and the St. Leonakd 1 4

Society on weke initiated and opehated independentey by phivate citizen4

with no onganizatione aeLeiation. They g4ened, in addition to ba'sic koom

and boand, a wide hange 4o4 knotted fthvicu depending on the he4ouhce3 194

the ohganization a's wete. cus it4 phielmophy, pkinciee4 and pxognam4. Among

the eitvice4 gened wehe neligiou4 counftLeing, temponany dinanciae isuppoht,

pemonat counftUing, gnoup thehapy, empZoyment guidance and heéehhae, etc.

In atmoe ate caft4, the centhe4 had a vakiety g emding 4ounce's.

Theft ,sounee included edekal and pnovinciat govehnment agencie4, United

Community Fun*, chukchm, phivate donation's and °then's.

Ovek the yeau, the Miniehy 194 the Soliciton Genehae o4 Canada

phovided éinanciae uppoht in the 60AM 06 eant4 to a Pie 4e1ected centke3

which geked naidentie and hetated fthvice3 to cehtain o4.6endeu heteaftd

4nom edekal ineitutiows. Howevek, a4 the numbet g CRC4 expanded and the

demand lion 6inanciat 4uppoht 4nom the Miniehy incheaftd, it became diWcutt

to decide how avaitable ite/soctkeu 1,Lould be allocated among the many CRC4.

4

in 1968 the 4inanciae .suppol(t wa/s eonvented plom a oant WImuea

to a corduct pan ba/sed on a "4ee-4ok-)seAvice3-kendeked" concept. A

4uktheft.di66icety ako3e when it became appakent that the 3eAvicu puvided

by a CRC coued.not be measmed and it wa4 theke6one, dieLcutt to a3cektain

whethek oit not the quatity g 4e/tvicu being. ?moulded beyond the pkovi ■sion

o4 'Loom and boakd wcv adequate.

Then theke wa3 the ba3ic ionobZem g the koee g a CRC. ttU the

movement gkew, the/Le wa/s a need to utabti/sh whethek CRC4 have a /w -?-e to

pay in the ftimine Ju3tice Sytem and what dikection houed thi4 movement

take.

With thi4 3hokt backgkound, I wite pkoceed now to tkaee the

evoeution g the poeicy g the Mini/stky g the Soeicitox Geneke o4 Canada towakds

outeine the koee they can peay in Community Cofftectiows and dee with

sonie. g the baie ,i)mum in 4unding, &ta44 tkaining, kea3eakch and evaluation,

and pubeic attitude3.

TASK FORCE ON COMMUNITV-BASED RESIDENTIAL CENTRES

In view g thee di44icuttie3 and uncektaintiu about the

no-te. and (l unding g CRC3,the Soeiciton Genekae g Canada appointed a nationae

ta-3k 6oAce 1972 to eudy thi/s -ituation and to kepet to him on valtiouis

achons, which.might be taken by the 4edekae goveknment. In developing

the hepoht the tcvsk eece membelus tkavetted extenivety, conuueting cokkectionae

adminatitatou and pko4e33ionae pemonnet at the edekat and pkovinciat eevet,

tepite6entative.6 plom Po-ce., Judiciak, 4unding . ageneie4 and, oé couue, CRC

-5

dikectou themulve4. A éinal kepokt wa4 4ubmitted in Septembek 1972

which contained, among 'it2 éindine, the éollowing:

1. Ceo4e to 200 CRC4 weke identiéied in Canada a3 accepting adult ex-oééendeu.

2. A wide vakiety o4 pkogkam 4ekvice4 weke o44eked by CRC4 a3 a eoup, Aanging ékom Alcohol and DAug Tneatment Centku to tAawsient centku to Mi4cettaneows Howse's.

3. A Aeview oé evaluative 4tudie4 o4 CRC4 keveated no commonty accepted and adequate eandakds oé evatuation. Thu4 conctu4ion4 about the eééectiveneu o4 CRC4 in genekal, Oh about 4tandaAds oé evatuation cannot be &Lawn 4ito1fl the ke4uLt6 o4 empikice 4tudie4 to date.

4. Funding akAangementA CRC4 in Canada weke a jungle oé type3, 4oukce, kemoomibiLitie4, ckitekia and )standakâ.

5. No degkee o4 contact between CRC ,bs

6. Many inmate4 in penal inAtitution4 do not know oé the exitence o4 CRC4s in the communitie4 to which they plan to AetuAn.

4 a Amult oé thue éinding4, a 4et o4 pAinciple4 and

kecommendation's wa6 - developed and ,subisequently uftd cus a beysiis sok the

development oé the goveknment policy to guide the écethek gkowth o4 CRC

a4 one impoktant atteAnative to conventionat 4onm4 o4 impAi4onment.

NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNITY-}3ASEa RESIDENTIAL CENTRES

In June 1974,.the. M,Lvws.tAy.of the Sa.Pi.e,itan Genenct. and the

l.ilrcti[,Ir ('n('currt,irz Ucl.rrc^rtmevi( n(I the AftU)rVle.y GevlelIa.e, in .i.mr,keme.vi-t;iviq one

uo the ia6Fz (Ukce. iceeammendatt.ovs, jaivtty eanvened a6aun-day nati.ancc,L

can4eh.ence on CM to eovzideh rnajajc. .iszue/s. About two hundned CRC,5, ,i.nc,2uding

the nez,i.dewU , wen.e nepnesented " we,P2 a,6 gaven.nment depcv>tmevt,s at the

6ede)r.at and pna v.i,ne.i.at tev et.s .

In hi,6 apev^i.ng tcemcuch.s, the Deputy Sa.P.i,e.i.tan Genenat 6tated:

"Ta me one a4 the mast. exc,Lti.ng ehanac,teA"ti.c/s a4 thismeeting ,is that 4an. the 4,vczt time a /substawti.at numbetca4 thvAe who have .2i.ved in CRC.6, admivc.isteA them andatheu who cuc.e in a pals.i,ti.an to ,i.n6tuenee gave}r.nmevtpjc.agnam,s and pa2,i.e,i,ez hegcUr.d,i.ng the 4unding a^ this newand pnam"ing eaAAecti,anu2 nmacvcce wi,Q.e be tathingwith .ane anatheA and gaiwi.ng an â.ppicec.i.atian a6 eachathut',s pe"peeti.ve/s. The /seatceh 6an. camman gfc.aundzin the d-izeu^Aianz appeaAz to me to be one a4 thepa6,i.t,i.ve 6anm6 a6 communication that .iz pa^zib.2e 6otuz to have."

At th.i^s can6eAence a numbefc. a6 i/ssué/s wene d.(seu^,6ed ,i.nctuding

utm, 6und,i,ng, pnagnams, ^5ta66 th.aivû,ng and communications. It wals the

cav,sen.6uz that theAe wals a need 6an CRC.6 to continue to eammuwi.eate with

each atheA on theze ,i66uu and to wonFz with gaveAnmevt6 at at2 Zeve.Pz

w.i.th a view to gaiwi.ng mane neeagniti.an a6 the-ih na2e and mate suppatt.

The necammendati.avs on the/se .i^.6ues have he.eped sigvi^ieavtty

-tdi.e MI.vi,6tAy a^j the Sa.2i.ci.tan Genetr.at to deve.2ap a pci.P.iey on CRC.6, whieh

cautd eventuaUy pnavide gheateA d-ivc.eeti..an and ztab,i 2ity in its,4utuhe

neX.a.t,i.avz with such ajc.ganizatiaw5.

tIrIIIrItI

III

II

7

POLICY OF THE MINISTRY OF THE SOLICITOR GENERAL TOWARDS COMMUNITY-BASED RESIDENTIAL CENTRES

In the tight g the vaniows deve2opment4 in the CRC movement and

taking into con4idenation the kecommendation4 o4 the Tak Fokce kepont and

the nationat conéekence, the Minieny o4 the Soticitok Geneke adopted, in

Decembek 1974 the 4ottowing poticy 4tamen:

The Miniistity o4 the Soticitm Genene necognize4 and

accept4 that pnivatety openated CRC4 ptay an mpontant

pant in Cniminat Ju4tice Sytem in Canada. IX

&ethyt kecognize)s that 4ok utected gendeu and

potentione 044endeu, CRC4' do nepkeuxt a viane

attetnative to conventione 4oitm g impkionment.

It 4ottom that the Mini3tAy 194 the Soticitm Genenae

wilt, in pattneuhip with pkovinciat goveknment and

pkivate 4ekvice agencieÀ, &tppont the e44ective opekation

and expan3ion o4 a wide kange o4 CRC4 thws pekmitting

community tkeatment o4 potentie o44endeu and

otheu convicted o4 Ze4 6 eniotus o44ence4.

In okdek to make the gneate4t uft oé pnivatety openated

itaidentiat 4aci1itie4, the 4ottowing guidaine4 wexe at4o adopted:

1) In keponding to identi4ied need's 4oft nysidentiat

4acititie, appnopniate kepkeentative)3 o4 the

Minieny g the Soticitox Genene in cowsetation

-

with appkopkiate o66iciat)s 6kom the ne3pective

pflovince.6 wife eook 6imt to the p'(-va-te isectok

to a3cektain whethek Oh not adequate ke4identie •

6acititie4 atkeady exi3t to meet the identi6ied need.

16 not avaitabte, they wite,, in con3uetation with the

pkivate ,ectok, con4idek whethek the pkivate 4ectok

cowed, with appkopkiate (edekat aui4tance, pkovide

3uch «Avice4 at anucceptabZe Zevet o6 quaeity and

at a keaAonab.ee co'st to the Mini,stky. 16 a deCi3ion, • . .

L4 keached that•C'a.eieknative3 ake not 6ea3ibZe,

then a 6edekety-opekated ke'sidentie 6acitity - Wowed -

- be utabZi3hed.

2) CRC's peA6okm, ementigty,the WtOWing , 40ahliâlidti0113 , —

a) they kepkeu_nt,an atteknative to conventione

6okm4 o6 incakcekation;

b) they pkovide a bkidge between ineitutionae cake

and the community;

c) they kepkuent an agent 6ok innovation and change;

d) they kepke3ent a vehicle 6ok community and citizen

invotuément.

3) Within the context 06 a tote continuum o6 cokkectionaZ

ftkuice3, theke i4 a need 6ok a vakiety o6 kuidentiae

6acititie4 o66eking 4ekvice.6 'such a4 accommodation,

600d, 3ocict. and keckeatione appoktimitie's and 4 ome 6okm

- 9

i

I1IItttIIIII^

a6 cauvusaP,i.ng. On one hand, such 6aai,P.i.tiez camp.2ement

ex.i,sti.ng i►vstituti.ana.2 pnagnam.6 by pjcaviding .eessex

degnee.6 o6 zupenvisian, cantAaZ and tAeatmevt than

canventi,anat .i.vAti,tuti,aws. On the athen hand, they

camptement extsti,ng commun.i.ty pnagnams by pnaviding

gneaten .6uppon,t, supenv.is ian and a^.6,istance than axe

genenaUy avai,eab.Ce underc. 6u,?,2. palr.a2.e and pnobatian,

bnee bnam nezident.i.at cand.ition,6.

Thws Cammuwi.ty-balsed Re•sidentia.2 CentAe/s pnov-i.de

a 6tex.ib.i,P.ity, w.i.thtin the continuum, in dev.iAing

.6pee.i.at pugtams ban non-via.2ent, non-dangeAaus

o44endeu in spec,i..a.2 gn.aup^ .such as nati,va, yau,th,

the aged and dnug and/ax atcahot abu.seu.

Depending on the ava.i,2ab.itity o4 commun.ity n"oujr.ce,6,

n.e.s.identi.at 4aci.Zirti.m can be openated exe2u6tvety by the pn:i.vate

,secton, by the pnavincez, by the 4edeAa.2 gavennment on undetc a"paAtnetuship".

4ac,^ez:

The 6o.22owing axe exampZe.6 o6 gavPJt.nment .6pa"oted nesidenti.a.2

1. Communi.ty Ca"ec,t,i.anat CentAM: The.6e axe apen.ated b y

the Canadtian Pen.itent.i.axy Senv.ice as pxe-ne2ease centA.e,6

and penbanm a mu.?,i,p.P,i.c,i.ty o6 4unctionz. In addition

to haulsing inmate^s pn,f..an to exp.ilcati.an a6 zentence,

they axe "ed to hou6e zwspended panateez; ,i.nmatu on

tempanarcy ab.6ence and day pcuca.ee; to accommodate inmatez

I

- 10-

who ake on vocationae on academic tnaining and to

pkovide a pet -Lod o4 a44e34ment don panoee candidate.

Theke ake 16 4uch centku Canada.

2. Community PLaining Ruidence: Theft aie. (me/teed by

the Connection4 DivÀÀion o4 the Pnovince o4 Sa3katchewan

to enabZe fttected inmate3 g pnovincie in4titution4

and pnobationen4 to panticipate in community activitie4

3uch a3 empeoyment, medice tuatment, atcohoti4m

tneatment, vocatione Ok academic tkaining and othek

benaiciae pnognam4. They ake tange 4amity dweeeine

-i.tuated in ne4identiat cute.aiO neax the centne o4 community

activitie)s and accommoda-te appnoximateey twelve pen.sows

each.

3. Community Reounce Centke: Theft ake opekated by a

community agency undek an agkeeMent with the Mini3tny

g Connectione Senvice3 g the ftovince o4 Ontanio.

They ake utabei4hed 4on a ftZected numbek g inmateÀ,

who ake netea4ed on Tempoitany Abftnce to enabee them to

puuue an educationae pnognam in the community on

pnovide them with the oppontunity to milk and 'te-e4tab.ei)sh

themfteve3 in the community whiee they comptete theik

ftntencu. Theu ake 20 3uch centke3 ackou Ontanio now.

- 11 -

AU the e. kuidential centke4 pkovide pke-ketea'se pkogkams,

whin the pkivatety opekated centku concentkate mainey on po4t-keeew6e

pkognams. Since the kaident's ake istitt comideked inmate4, the pkogkam3

iluatty have a gkeatek degkee o4 cant/La, and uwekvi/sion than the pkivate

kuidence4.

THE COMMUNITY-BASED RESIDENTIAL CENTRES AS PART OF COMMUNITY

CORRECTIONS

The kecent gkowth o4 community - baftd kuidential centke4 in Nokth

Amekica i4 a neélection oé the 4hiét in empho4i4 in cokkectiom 4kom

in3titutional cake to community cake, upecialey 4ok thoft o44endeu who

do not pkeftnt a thkeat to 4 0 c2ety.

Expexts in the 4ie.ed g cokkectiom have come to kealize that

pkgeuionats aeone: do not have the anmek3 to the ptevention oé ckime and

tkeatment oé oééendeu. They at4o kecognize that tkaditional methodS o4

cleating with gendeu away 4kom theik communitiu weke not a4 eééective

a4 they ishoued be. Hence the tkend now i4 towand community cokkectiom.

To achieve th,i's end, the community ha's to become pakt oé the kehabititative

pkoceu. It k's a tki-paktite ke4pomibitity between the cokkectionat

authokitie4, the oééendek and the community.

Thi)s concept wa4 eteakey delineated by the Tae Foitce on

Cotkection4, o4 the (U.S.) Pke3ident 1 3 Ckime Commiuion:

"The genekal undekeying pkemift 4ok the new dikectiom in cokkectiom i's that ckime and delinquency ake 'symptom g 4aieuke and di4mganization oé the community a's wett.a4 the individual oééendeu. In pakticutak, theft éaituke4 au 'seen a4 depkiving oééendeu o4

I

1

1

- 12 -

conlael with in?ditutiows (06 c,iety) that afie ba ,sicaety ne5ponibte. 60n aiscuting the development 06 £aw-abiding conduct.

The ta3k g connection4 theke6one inctuded buitding on nebuieding àeid tie3 between the o66enden and the communitY, integkating on keintegkating the 046endek into community Zide - ne3toning damiey tie3, obtaining empZoyment and education, 3ecuking in a tangen eee a peace 4on the q6endek in the noutine 6unctioning 06 3ociety . . . . Thi4 it.equike not oney e66ont)s dikected towand changing the individue 066endek, which ha4 been emo,st the exctu4ive ecu4 06 nehabieitation, but aUo mobitizatpn and change o6 the community and it's in3ti-tutiows."

• In Canada, the Tae Fonce on Community-ba4ed Reidentiae Centke4

expkeued a 4imitan view by 4tating that:

"Mo■st eltimine condu it i4 3pawned in the community, contnibuted to by the 4ociat, economic and poeiticat cikcumtancu 06 the community. Thu4 ckiminae behavioun Lo a 6unction 06 both the oé6endek and 06 the community and the 4otution3 mu3t be u'ught in both." 2

.Thene i4 gnowing evidence to 4how that community-baftd connection4 which

wowed pekmit a peuon to tive in hi3 own community and main-tain nonmae 3ociae

neation.ship4 whiee pkoviding cont./we, and guidance and acceu to community

3ekvice)s L6 a mone e64icient, economic and humane appnoach to the tneatment

-06 the g6endek. It ,i)3 at4o mone eikeey to neduce necidivi4m than 4eveke

(10/m 06 puni6hment, aethough mone nmeakch i4 needed in thi)s akea to 3u)5ti6y

tu i cfflumption.

1. The Pnuident'3 Commi)mion on Law EnpiLcement and Admini)st/tation o4 "Ta-o it Fonce Repont: Connection's." (U.S. Goveknment

066ice. Wahi_ngton, D.C. 1967) p.7.

2. Canada. Repont 06 the Tousk Fokce on Community-baftd Re4identie. Centne)s (In6onmation Canada 1973) op eit p. 29.

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Community-ba4ed Re4identie Centke4 can ptay a majon note in

community connection4 by devetoping eééective naidentiat pnognams that

witt bnidge the gap between the imstitution and the community. But they

have to eakn that note by achieving a mea4uke oé ctedibitity.

White theke continues to be a need PA. govennment openated

pnognaym in the community, the/Le ane 4evenat advantage's oé having pnognam

openated by non-govennment agencie4:

1. Non-goveknment agencie4 have ea4ien acces to community

nuounce4 thnough thein &and oé Dinectou;

2. Non-goveknment agencie4 ake quickek to kupond to Lace

needs and ane éneek to initiate pnognam4 to meet theise

need4;

3. Non-goveknment agencie.s pnovide an attekna.ti.ve 4eltvice

to cti.ent)S which ,iJs teis)s thneatening tha.n gOveltement

4e1vice4 cys they timed-4 kepte.sent authonity;

4. Non-goveknment agencie4 ake 4mattet in 4ize and thekeéone

the deci4ion making pkoce44 Ls 4tex;

5. Non-goveknment agencie4 can ptay a monitoning note and thu4

inétuence govennment pxognam4 and poticie4;

6. Non-govennment agencia can ptovide a vakiety oé additionat

4envice4 éon which the govennment ha's no mandate;

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7. Non-goveimment agencie4 can pumote active citizenAhip

invotvement and commitment mone than govennment can.

The Commiimion on Pkivate Phitanthkopy and Pub.eic Needs in the

U.S.A. pub.eiAhed a kepont in 1975 entitted "Giving in Amenica" which diAcuues

in guatek depth the note and dunction4 o4 the "voeuntaky" 9/Loup and catts

4ok a Atungek ba4e 4oit. the Votuntaky Seaton.

In Canada, a TuAk Fmce on the /tote o4 the pitivate agencies waA

Aet up in Januaky 1976 unden the auApiceA o4 a Fedekat Pkovincie Committee

o4 Deputy MiniAteu keAponsibZe 4ok Co/uLection4 to Atudy the ute o4 the

pitivate agencieA in Citiminae JuAtice. We hope that the /Lepokt o4 the

Task Fmce witt eta/L.4y many o4 the i4Aues that a44ect the netation4hip

between goveknmentS and the pnivate agencieA and wite eistabti4h a sound

bau.:4ok 4ukthek coopenation and conuttation.

STANDARDS FOR COMMUNITV-BASEURESIDENTIAL CENTRES.

/n conAuttation with.a ekoAA-Aection o4 CRC4 the MiniAtny o4

the Soticiton Genekat ha 3 devetoped the 4ottowing minimum tandakdis 4ok any

CRC that appeie4 4on appkovat a4 a centke 4ok edekat neenkatis:

a) That the Cent/Le be Itecognized a4 a non-pu4it

onganization;

b) That the Centke be pnovinciatty incokponated;

c) That a conAtitution ha2s been pnepaked and i3 avaiZab.ee;

d) That the Cent/Le ha4 a duty appointed Boand o4 Dikectou;

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e) That the Ceeke maintain éinancie keconds including a

budget, xecoxd oé income and expendituke4 and an annuat

audit by a chaxtexed accountant;

é) That the Centke mu3t be cextiéied a's meeting Zocee heatth

and utéety 4tandaxds;

g) That the Centke have pxogxam3 and 4ekvice4 'such a's the

éott.owing:

- 'Loom and boaxd;

- upexvi4oxy peuonnet avaitune on a 24-houx ba'si's;

- a éoxm oé pxogxam activity 3uch emgoyment

and vocational aui/stance, coueeleing, éinancie

4uppokt, invoZvement oé xe'sident's in the community

at take.

h) That the 4taéé oé the Centke be appkopkiate to the pxogxam

and 4exvice's géexed;

L) That the Centke have a cteakty deéined adMiuion po.e.icy

éok to xe'sident's.

Thae minimum 3tandaxds wexe devetoped to en,suke uure 4tabieity

and to pxovide éxeedom éox pxogxam innovation.

FUNDING

ThL L a butning iuue with ate CRC3 and pke4entis a pxobt.em to

goveknment4 at ate. ZeveU. The éateowing axe 4ome oé the point to be

consideked in éunding oé CRC:

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1. 14 govennment i4 to be invoeved in éunding:

a) How mach po,mibte invavement i/s wanted in the

CRC movement?

b) What (unding modee i4 be4t 4uited to a34i4t the

CRC in the community and at the ume time piLmenve

autonomy?

2. Demoite the éact we aee /Lecognize the need 4o -'z. éunds

4u CRC4 inevitany {and s witt. be unabZe to meet the

demand. Thwo it wiee be neceuaky to 3et pniokitie4:

a) How do we ftt 4uch pkimitie3, inauding the

cxitekia to be med?

b) What kind o4 comsuletation and at what 3tage 3howed it

occun with the pAivate agencie3 to hap the pub.eic

éunding agenciu decide what theft p/Lio/uUti.0

4houtd be and how the Limited (Çunds 4houtd be

attocated?

3. 14 a éunding agency pfLovide4 4und/s to a CRC, 3ome kind o4

contue oit inguence oven_ the centne i3 expected ugakding

management, mganization, pup/mance, etc.:

a) What hind oé punic invavement in CRC)s i)s de/sifted

and in Mich akea4?

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I

1IIII1t

IIII

b) .I.6 therr.e a dangen o^ CRCs becom-i,ng "buneaucAati..zed"

by the 4unding?

c) Ulhat e44ect doe6 pub.P.i.c 6unding have on the CRC6 ^-3 ^ AJ

initiative to zo.Ei.c,U commun.i.ty invo.2vement in the

pnognam?

In Canada, the Mini.stAy o6 the So.2i.aiton GenenaZ hals made 6unds

ava.i.2ab.2e to CRCz 6on the 6o.2eow.i.ng pcvcpo,6es:

a) A peA diem jca,te .i-s paid to an appjcoved CRC, 6on eveAy

ne6etvcae made by a duty authojr.fzed o6^ic,i.a.2 o6 the titii.n.i.s tAy.

Th,iz tcate .vs nev.ized petr.f.odicat2.y and .i6 bazed on a nati.ona2

aveAage da.i,2y co.6t o{y a.6etee.ted numben o6 CRCs.

b) A guananteed minimum numbeJc o6 n.ejeUVca,U 4otc a yewc. to a

CRC ba6ed on 75% o6 the wseage made the yean be^on,e.

C) "Stan,t-up" jun&s Uon new CRCb conz.i^sti,ng o6 payment in

advance o6 up to 80% o4 the openati.ng expen6m ob the CRC

4o& the 6.i^ust 6 month,6 with the undeutanding that the

nema-i.ndetc .i.6 seccviced 6rcom pjc.ivate .6o cvccu.

IAhou,2d mention hene that 2oa" coutd be obta,i.ned 6nom

CentAa.2 MoA.tgage and Nowsing Conpotation ( CMNC )6on pcvcch"e

oA a howse. Th.iz spee,i..a.2 4und .iz ava,i,cabte 6on non-p&o6.i,t

oAganizati..on,s and cov.6.i,6ts ob 100,16 mon,tgage, .1.0% o6 which

,iz paid in advance by CMNC and jotgivabte, white the 90%

I

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i3 paid ovek a pekiod o4 50 yeau at a.pkime /Late o4

inteM>St.

d) Vmon3Illat,ion mojectA which afie innovative and expekimente

in na(u/le.

e) Re4eakch in any aApect o4 CRC opekation ok evaluation.

We do not pketend that thme 4unds ake adequate to enutke the

ulooth opekation o4 a CRC becau3e 4evenaZ o4 them continue to expekience

4inanciat di44icuttie3 in. making both ends meet. Howevek, we ake con3tantey

wo/dzing to impkove the 4unding e/Luctuke and i4 you (mnow o4 any 4unding

modee which can pkovide moke 3tabieity, we wowed be intekeeed in heaking

about it.

STAFF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT

In )setting up any pkogkam a qua1i4ied ta{ iA neceuaky 4ok

it)s 3ucce.

We kecognize in Canada that theke ÀÀ an ukgent need Pk ta,44

tkaining and development o4,CRC peuonnet 4ok the 4oteowing keaun4:

1) Theke i4 a natukal deÀike 4ok 4ta 44 fo impkove theik

capabititie3 to deeivek a moite e44ective 3ekvice

and bettek team wokk e44mt/s.

2) To keduce the "buknt out" yndkome among ta44 which

dkain4 the CRC o4 a potential manpowek kuounce3.

3) To heep CRC 4StCL44 become moite awake o4 thei t /wee in

the Ckiminae Jtoti:ce Setém. •

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In ,Le,spowse to thi4 need, the Ministkg o4 the Soticitm Genekae

commiuioned a study in Janauky 1976 to:

1) Identi4y the need Pit stadd tkaining in CRC,s;

2) Review existing tkaining pkogkams and aue44 theik

appticabitity to CRC .&ta;

3) Deveeop a cukkicweum modet to meet the need 4oit.

stadd tkaining;

4) Recommend methods od impZementation g the cukkicutum.

The kepokt is expected to be compteted th,bs month. Sa'sed on a

Avey g a ,sampte o4 CRCs t was dound out that:

1) aside dkom a dew pitot pxoject3, theke ake no tkaining

cOunses specidicatey de4igned elk CRC stadd;

2) the pkimity )seeum to tie in eddective counseeting

techniques in both individuat and gkoup counselling;

3) theke is a need doit skill's in the devetopment and

utiZization g community ne,sounce,s.

These tkaining needS cowed be met in one at att o4 the 4ottowing

methods:

1) one day wonfahop in the Centke itseed;

2) seminau kanging dkom 2 claws to 2 weelm;

- 20-

3) avaUabitity oé couk3e4 at Univeksities and Community

CoZtege3 on a pakt-time bas.

The que)sion now s what tkaining modets can be devétoped and how

can they be (unded and rniotemented.

RESEARCH AND EVALUATION

In view. o4 the 4act that the CRC movement in Cokkection4 in Canada

stiLe in -ilt)s gkowing stage, veky tittee is known about the e44ectiveness

oé pkogkam3. In okdek to gain a bettek undekstanding o4 the di44ekent

aspects oé thé CRC movement, the éatowing kueakch pko3ect4 weke undektaken:

Inemmation Gatheking Systems Pkoject:

At the pkesent time the tate o4 the akt dou not ate.ow an

extensive evatuation o4 community-based kesidentia 4aci.eities

because o4 tadz oé basic knoweedge oé how they 4unction.

Thekeéoke, a4 a 4ikst step, it is necessaky to utab1i3h a

data Left Which witt:

1. Pkovide cukkent and continuing in4okmation on how

community-ba3ed kesidentie 4acitities 4unction;

2. 'WOW PA. a moke keetalIe.e toa don management to

monitok the opeAation oé the éacitity and;

3. Pkovide a bau. to assess the impact o4 keteasing

4edekae inmate4 on the institutiona,e popeation,

the Ckiminat Justice System and the pubZic.

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III1I

1tI1IIII

The M.i.n.i.stAy ab the So.P.i,c,c.tan Genejr.a.2 ha6 jcvst cammti6,s.i.oned

,such a.6tudy wh,i.ch is expee.ted to be eomp.2eted by next yeah..

2. Se.26-Eva.2uati.on in the CRC:

Anathen .6tudy which ha/s jc.wst been campteted dea,Pz w.i.th ze24-

evatuati.on ob commuvi,i.ty-based nes.identi.at centAu . The nepoxt

eonta,i.v,6 the nauPtis a4 atwetv e-manth nes eaneh pxo j ec.t desig ned

to cuate a meth.ada.2ag y which cauf-d be u/sed b y commuvi,i.iy- bcc6ed

tce/stdenti.ae eentAe/s to evatuate the.Ur. own acti.v.iti.e/s. One

gaat o6 the pnajee.t was to pnovtde a guide to 4eX-U-eva.2uati.on

app.P.i.eabte to zma.P.2 he/sidentiat eentAes and to include examp2es

a6 monitaA,i,ng twstic.ument/s and t"tAue.ti.aw5 on how to u.6e them.

The athen majan. gaa.P.s weAe to ptcavide a daeA.i.pti,on a6 the

nange a4 ae.fi,i.v,i,t,i,ez 6aund in Canadian CRC.6. and to maFze

tc.eeammendati.an5 an the 6utuvr.e a6 ^se.26-eva.2uati,an and eva.2uation

in theze hauis es.

It .is hoped to pub.P.iA th.iz nepajr,t zaan and make it ava.i.2ab.2e

to thase CM who w,izh to wse it.

3. Re/S eaneh on Pub.P,i.c Attitudeh to CRCz:

At the pfcment ti.me, knowtedge .iz .2aeFii.ng a.6 to the be/st meaws

a^ estab.e i6hing a commun.ity-bazed ne6identiae centAe in a way

that w.i t2 not ati.enate the pub.P,i.c. As a nau,?.t a4 thi,6 tacFi

o4 fznawtedge, extAeme appaz-i.t,f.an on the paAt a4 the pub.P,i.e

towand6 such 6ae,i,E:iti.e6 has been eneauntened in cen,tain iv-6tanee,6

ne,s uPti.ng in the ctazing down a^the eewtlce.

I

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In onden to . gain a bettek undeutanding o4 the dynamic's o4

community attitudu to CRC4 the Mini4tny ha's necentey commi43ioned

a istudy'which witt:

a) a's4u4 the impact o4 a community-ba3ed ne&i,dentiat centke

on the'community;

b) detenmine what pnion attitudu bet pkedict acceptance

and what 'community invoZvement technique3 bee inguence

the meMben4 o4 a Community 4on the acceptance od a CRC

in thein community.

Such a >study coued be veny vatuabZe to govennment's cvs wete

ao Pnivate onganizatiows in making judiciouA deci)siows o4

4iteÀ 4on 4utune ke4identie centke4 and delietoping 4ound

intenvention ineaisuneis 3uch as educationat and demoutnation

and 4ociat animation pkogkam3.

PUBLIC ATTITUDES TO COMMUNITY-BASED RESIDENTIAL CENTRES

In Canada we have had oun 4hane o4 pnobtem netated to the acceptance

o6 a new CRC by a cektain community. Th-L.6 community attitude apptie3 equatey

4on buieding o4 new in3titution4. Whiee the pubtic 3uti4ied in being concekned

about it/s ut6ety and pkotection, it tend4 to tkeat att 044enden4 cus dangekouA

and keact3 to them in a vindictive manne. Theke ake vaniou4 neaon4 4on thi)s

attitude. Vii. Menningek, in hi4 book, The Cnime o4 Puni4hment, 6Ligge4t/s

that:

"The gkeat ucket, the deep.ey bunied my4teny o4 the appakent pub.fic apathy to mime and to pnopouct4 '4on bettek contnoZting mime, Zie3 in .the peui3tent, intuusive wi3h 4ok vengeance.

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We ate a'shamed o4 it; we deny to oceusetve's and to otheu that we ate inguenced by it. Out moxat's, oux xetigiou's teaching's even auk Law xepudiate it. But behind what we do to the o44endex i's the de4ixe 4ox xevenge on 'someone - and the unknown vittain pxoved guiîty oé mongdoing i's a good cape-goat. We cat/C. it a wi'sh to 'see juAtice done, i.e. to have him npuni3hed". But in the Za4t anaeek)s thi4 tute4 out to be a th-Ln ceoak éot venge4ut eeting4 dikected againt a Zegitimized object")

WhateVet the motivation's o4 the pubtic towatds exime axe, we

3houed xecognize them a's a teatity and cleat with them in a 'sound and

xe'spowsine manne'. Hete ate a 4ew incident's 0, 4 pub.eic attitude's to

CRC which iteuetate vividey the chateenge that tie's ahead o4

1. Stoney Point, Ontaxio

La-te. in 1975 a gtoup o4 citizen's putcha3ed an ad convent

neat Stoney Point, Ontaxio, a vitZage o4 500 inhabitant's

in a/L(1ex to eeabZi4h a tuidentie centte 6ot ex-inmate's

to ttain them in anming and makket gandening. When the

te'sidents heaxd about it they gooded theix Memben's o4

Pateiament and the Ptovincie and Fedetae Mini4teu with

a petition oppo4ing the eeabZi4hment 6, 4 4uch a centte.

They 'stated that they objected onty to the Ucatity o4 the

centte but not the putpo3e 4ox which it i's eeabti4hed.

The pteuuke on the 'spowsou o4 the pxoject wa4 4o gteat

that they wete 4oxced to et.e the ptopetty at a .694's and

change theik eaws.

1. Kant. Menninget, M.D. The Cime. o4 Puni'shment. (New Voxiz: the Viking Pte-s4 1968) p. 190.

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2. St. John' ', New4oundtand

Lat yean in S. John'4 Newéoundtand, the John Howakd

Society had'an option to puncha4e a hou4e on Leeie Stkeet

to opekate a4 a hat4-way hotme 4oit. "non-vioZent" 044endeu

4ubject tc; City Counciti4 appnovat. On Decembek 30,

City Councie i3,sued a pekmit to the agency to kun the

howse; but a week Zatek it began Zooking 6on a way to

nucind the pekmit agek eiLdent6 o4 the 3tkeet

pkuented a 231-name petition againe it. A bkie4ing

4e4ion wa3 had in Januaky 1976 with both the ne4ident4

and 3powsou b4 the houe and City Councie. The on3c,A4

tnied to auuke the nuident4 that onZy "non-vioUnt"

o46enden4 wiZZ be admitted. One woman maintained that

peopte who eakt out committing non-vioZent ckime4

eventuattygo on to commit mone 4eniou4 vioZent one-s.

Anothek woman 4aid 4he had thkee ulatZ chiteen and

4he wa4 tenni4ied at the pko4pect o4 a hou3e o ,6 ex-convictA

in the neighboukhood. Said anothek woman: Ne wiZZ have

to tock oun windom and doou. When we have had chiedken

naped and mugged it will be too Zate to cky woZe. The

counciZZon3 admitted they weke conutted by the 4pon4ou

but hadn't neeized what it wa4 they weke appkoving.

A month &ten, the pekmitma4 kecinded and the John

Howakd Society had to cancel the pnopoed pnoject and

Zook éon a new 'site.

I .

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3. Gkanby, Quebec

In Gkanby, Quebec, a battee hais been kaging 4ok the pat

two yeau between City Councie and Lei Soeuu Auxieiatkicm

about the au_ o4 a 'section o6 theik convent cus a ha! 4-way

hawse 4ok inmate's keteaftd 4okm 4edeke in4titution. The

convent happended to be 'situated in a veky exctuAive

kuidentie diekict o4 Gkanby.

In 1974, Le JoinA-Toi, a pkivate non-pko6it okganization,

wa's 4okmed to kun the kmidence in quution and appZied

to the Town Rearming Commi44ion 4ok an occupancy pekmit.

When the Commiuion wa4 about to i'sue the pekmit, the

kaident's in the akea voiced theik oppo3ition to City

Councie ctaiming that the ptuence o4 4okmek pki4onek3 in

theik neighboukhood cowed endangek theik chiedken and

deveue theik pkopekty. They 'said they weke not againe

kehabititation but no t in theik akea. They even o44eked

to buy the 4pon4ou a hawse 4omewheke et3e they agkeed

to cto4e th,bs one.

In a heated open debate at a councLe meeting on Septembek 26,

1974, with pkeu and TV pkuent, the counciteou decided

7-1 to keject the opekating pekmit apeication agaiwst

the wi3he4 oé the mayok.

The 4pow3on2 oé Le Join4-Toi Inc. 4ieed a wkit a4 mandamu3

Ln the Supekiok Coukt o4 Quebec kequeting the Count to

okdek the city to i's4ue the pekmit. In the meantime, the

hou4e ha's kemainded open without a pekmit deeite oppo4ition

- 26 -

4,Lom 3ome city councittôu and about 500 a/Lea nuident2s.

It ns inteke4ting to note that no incident4 happened

darting thie peniod.

On Januany 7, 1976 the Count kuted in 4avouk o4 the

kuidence. City Councit decided on Febnuaky 5, 1976

to appeat the eau. again again4t the wi4he4 o4 the Mayok.

The contnoveuy puvided excettent ammunition Pit the

pke44 which had aliticte3, editoitia£4 and Zetteu to

the editok pubtiM,Led. One nempapen had a headtine

which 'Lead: "Oui à ta itehabititation, mai4 pa4 chez noue.

Le's bougeons de Gnanby.

4. Sydney, Nova Scotia

In Sydney, Nova Scotia, the JOhn Howakd Society bought

a holme ea/L.4 in 1974 to be imed a4 a community n.e4identie

centne 4on thein ctient4. In Makch 1974, an announcement

Wa4 made in the tocat nempapek by the agency in an attempt

to inpAm the pubtic in an honee and tnue manne oé the

good woAle they wene dong. Thns announcement anowsed

the angen, oé the A.e3ident4 04 the wakd who appeated to

theik aedekman to pn.event the houft 4/Lom keceiving a

penmit. The agency hetd two meeting with the ite4identA

to in4mm them and attay the-Lx 4eaA4 but 4aited to change

- theik mind and wene 4okced to took 4on an atteknate

tocation.

- 27 -

I

IIIIIIII1tI1II

in tate Deeemben 1974, asecond nmidenee was .2ocated.

The pnopetty betonged to St. Andnews Chuneh. The b.i.d

on this ptcopexty and down payment was aecepted con4iden-

tiatty by Nova Seotia Tnust but ,i.n4onmati.on .2eafzed to

the pneats. A membeA o4 the Soand o4 Tnuzteez o4 St.

Andnews Chuneh .e,i.ved next doo& and he met with the

etde,u to endeavocvc to b.2ocfz the sa2e. To comp2.ete

the sa2e, it was neeezzcur.y to have the majon,i,ty o4

Chuneh Udeu agjc.ee to its sa2e. The Cha.i&man appeated

to the agency to neco" i.den the.vc pcviceha6e o4 the ho use

but they nebwsed. Ul.ith thneats o4 tega.2 action and human

tt,i.gW actions, the Etdeu 4ina,22y agneed to se,2e the

phopenty thus .2ozing about one-quan.tex oA the-iA eongnegat.i.on.

The happiest moment 6on the agency came on Januany 20, 1975

when flowand House was o66iai.a.?.ty opened. But the expejc,t,enee

Ze^t the Exeeu,t,i.ve D.iAecton wonden,i.ng whene have at2 the

Chti isti.anz gone and whethetc hone^sty was not the best poti.ey.

The^s einai.dent/s .i.22 giv e yo u a g.e.i.mpse o^the tti.a.P,s o b o peni.ng

a ha.26-wa y ho use6on o^6endetz. They a,P..s o pno v,i,de us w.i.th e.eues to the

commuwity etimate towcucds o66endeu and a g.2cur,i.ng exampte o4 how inadeq uate

we ane in handting pub.P,i..e attitudes.

we shou,ed sta)rt ash,i.ng ourc.se.2ves what stAategtes shou,ed be adopted

to pnepcvice the commuvi.ty to aeeept a W6-way house in the.vc mtidst. To what

extent zhoued the commun.i,ty be invo.2ved? How do we change the pub.P.i.c attitude?

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How can we aft the ekvice's oé the media in thi4 kegakd?

I woutd be intelLeeed to•know ékom the detegate4 oé othek

countkie3.ié they encounteked 4,imitak.pkobeem and how they 3olved them.

STIGMA '76

I have attempted to give you an outline oé the backeound oé

the CRC movement in Canada, the evolution oé the policy oé the Mini4tky oé

the Soticitok Genekal towaxds them and thé koee oé CRC4 in Community Cotkection4.

I have at4o kai4ed ume oé the out4tandixg -Luau that ake being 4tudied 4uch

a4 éunding, tuéé tkaining and deveopment, ke4eakch and evaluation and

pubtic attitude's to CRC.

I. woued like now to touch upon the theme oé the conéekence Which

iA Stigma '76 and the /wee Ce4 can play.

Stigmatization oé the oééendek by 4ociety lie's at the coke oé

the pkobeem o hL6 i ucce..owe integnation. In any 4ociety the dominant gkoup

4et.o the nokm3 oé behaviouk and attitude4 oé 4ociety towakd4 tho4e who ake

diééekent - ékom them 4uch a4 the pheiCatty and mentally handicapped, the pock,

the ethnic minokity g/Loups, the ex-oééendek, etc... Theft ake then ceauiéied

in a cektain categoky and identiéied with cutain eigma which pkevent them

ékom deveeoping a 4en4e. oé belonging and enjoying the 4ame oppontunitie4 a-

othek membek o uciety. Ekving Goééman )state3 that in ate the vakiouA

i4tance4 oé 3tigma the 4ame ocioeogicat éeatuke's ake éound: an individue

who might have been keceived ea4ity in okdinaky ocLa2 intencouue poue44u

a tkait that can obtkude it'seté upon attention and tukn4 tho4e oé cm whom he

mecs away ékom him, huaking the ctaim that hi4 othek attkibutu have on cm.

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He poue)me4 a 4tigma, an unde4i/Led diééekentnu3 éAom what we had anticipated)

In the cue o4 the oééendek, when he ketea4ed éi tom pniison, he

automaticatty cakkie4 with him the 4tigma Oé an ex-convict which ma'am ki4

/Le-entity into 4ociety 40 diééicutt that he 90 e4 thitough what i4 known a4 hi3

3econd punihment. Theoneticatty he i4 4uppo4ed to have paid hi4 debt to

uciety and )shoutd be &tee oé any 4tigma. But in pitactice, thi4 i4 not oéten

the cue. The 3tigma lingeius on and on, 4omletime4 soit the 'tut oé hi)s Ziée.

Reed and Nance, in a 4tudy oé the 3tigma o4 conviction3, 4ound out that the

utecu en the peApetuation oé the 4tigma tie in public mmatity and the Zegae

4y4tem. 2

In a Study oé 60 pateee4 in Catiéonnia the majon éinding wa4 that

the pakatee's in genekae do not éeet connected to the taAgen uiciety. 72%

do not have the 3uppoitt oé a makitat axxangement; 73% have been away ékom the

community thtee ok mme yeau; 50% ketten to a 3tAange community; and, 40%

ake unempZoyed and do not have the 4uppokt oé a woiLk gkoup. 3

The con4equence3 oé thiÀ ait-e. 4uggeAted by one panoZee when he

1. E. Goééman. Stigma, Note4 on the Management oé Spoited Identity. (Pkentice - Hatt Inc. N.J. 1963) p. 5.

2. J.P. Reed and D. Nance, "Society Pekpetuate3 the Stigma oé a Conviction". Fedeke P/tobation. June 72, p. 31

3. Ro4emaky Ekiluon and Otheu. PakoZed but Not Fkee (8ehaviounat Punication4 N.Y. 1973) p. 81.

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"Vou have to come out and you have to P.a. wanted. 14 you 4eet kejected, you ake not going to matie. it, I don't cake whe, you ake". 1

Anothen pmotee point)s out:

"1 have the wokk expekience but being an ex - con i3 puttieg the hang-up on me. They matie. it 40 hakd 4ok a pekson to matie a decent tivine.2

The onty way an o44endek can kegain hi4 4tatu4 ais a nokmat citizen

and éeet a sense oé beeonging i3 when the community kemoves the baktieu against

hi)s kehabititation. The oééendek cannot do it atone. White the CRC4 can

imovide the initiae éeeting o4 acceptance, they have to take action in concekt

with othek community agencies in 'Lemoving thoft bakkieu inhekent in the 3ociat

stkuctuke and buitd moite poisitive isuppoitt's and 3ociat anchoks. Thi4 po4e4 a

chattenge to the CRCs to avoid becoming ghetto3 and inistitution in, yet

apakt ékom, the community and to avoid pkoeonging the kesidence oé the o44endek

in the centke tongek than Lo kequiked. Thcus integkation doeis no t ocean. uneess

.the individuat ha 3 access to the . necessaky 4ociat ute4 and i)s 4uppokted by

hi4 4et2ow citizens in his'eééokts to a-66 urne theft note's. No one can

integkate in a 4ociat vacuum and a44i'lmative action is kequiked to "de-stigmatize"

the o44endek and utieve h apimehen4ion4 and 4eau which ake beist eXpkeued

in thi4 tettek that an ex-inmate wkote:

"We ake the anonymou4 ones who move amongst you with waky eyes. We ake among you but not o4 you; comstantty on gumd, test by an incautiou wond Oh gestuke, we may bet/Lay oukseeves to you, and thekeby toise OUA anonymity - and youk kespect. Vou may 4ind us in youk 4actokieis, in yow t gaAageis, on youx 4akm3, and, isometime4 in 'yout o44ice4 and peaces o4 business. We eive next dook, midi at the next tathe, 4it next to you in the movie4. In 4hokt - we ake youk neighbomis. Vet we ake a gtoup o4 men Set apakt.----.4

1. Ibid p. 43.

2. Ibid p. 56.

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IIIItIIIII1I

div.ided by oun expeir,i.ence 6nom those aAound ws.We an.e the pcvr.oteu 6nom youn pA,izonz; .6ti,U doingti.me. A.P.though we wa.2Fz the .6tAeets to aU owtwan.dappea,r.ancez 6nee men, we wecvc inv.is,i.b.ce numbe^u".

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REFERENCES

Canada. Repoht oé the Task Fokce on Community-ba4ed Residentiat Centkes (ln4okmat1Lon Canada 1973).

Ehiluon Ro4emahy and otheu. Panned but not Fkee. (Behavioukat Pubeication4, N.V. 1973).

Goééman, E. Stigma, Notes on the Management oé Spoieed Identity. (Pkentice Hee Inc. N.J. 1963).

Menningek, M.D. The Chime oé Punishment. (New Yank.: The Viking Pkess 1968).

Nationat Centke éoh VoZuntaky Action. Repoht oé the Commiuion on Pitivate Phieanthhopy and Pubiic NeedS. "Giving in Amekica: Towakds a Sthongeh Vauntaky Sectox" 1975. (1785 Mauachuuett Ave. N.W. Waelington, D.C. 1967).

Pkesident's Commiuion on Law En4oxcement and AdministAation o4 Justice "Task Fmce Repokt: Cohhectione (U.S. Goveknment Pkinting Oééice Wa)shington, D.C. 1967). '

Reed J. P. and Nance V. "Society Pekpetuates the Stigma oé a Conviction" Fedekat Pitobation. June 1972 p.p. 27-21.

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ianteromelrevesuoucacaneear«..-_ro.-sarerns.........1 LIBRARY

MINISTRY OF THE SOLICITOR

gU nrteR

AUU 1 1905

BIBLIOTHÈQUE ..,_ /se\INISTÈRE DU SOLLICITEUR GÉNERAL

...........................................e...0-00

SOLGEN CANADA LIBIB Bt. 0 I 11111 II 11111

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Date Due

HV Zeitoun, Louis

9308 The development of Z4 community-based resi- 1976 dential centres in Cana- c.3 da.

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