Submitted by:Lorraine L. Lacuesta

Grade 10 - MolaveSubmitted to:

Mr. Jerwin IcocruzTeacher

ArchitectureArchitecture is probably the oldest fine arts. Certainly

it is the most useful and in some respects is a prerequisite for the other arts. The word itself is from latin words:Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων – arkhitekton, from ἀρχι-

"chief" and τέκτων "builder, carpenter, mason". Most early sacred texts associate buildings with deities; architecture was not only considered the highest art form, to which other arts were adornments, but some buildings were viewed as representing another, higher realm. In medieval illuminated manuscripts, God was frequently shown armed with compasses and a mason’s square, as Architect of the Universe.

Architecture can be defined in at least four ways, all valid, all interrelated, and none truly satisfactory. It is the art and method of erecting structures; it is a planned entity, the result of a conscious act; it is a body or corpus of work; it is a way to build. A good definition was provided by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the 1st century AD and was translated from the Latin into English during the 17th century by Sir Henry Wotton (1568 - 1639). Vitruvius said that architecture was a building that incorporated utilitas, firmitas, and venustas, which Wotton translated as “commodity, firmness, delight”. This definition recognizes that architecture embraces functional, technological and aesthetic requirements: it must have commodity (utilitarian qualities), firmness (structural stability and sound construction), and delight (attractive appearance).

In relation to buildings, architecture has to do with the planning, designing and constructing form, space and ambience that reflect functional, technical, social, environmental, and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of material, technology, light and shadow. Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings

and structures, including scheduling, cost estimating and construction administration. As documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, architecture defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or any other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.

❖ HistoryArchitecture is most readily grasped by studying its

development in successive historical periods, noting the general characteristics of each, developmental of building techniques from one era to the next, and noting the evolution of each successive architectural style. Following are brief summaries of the ten major cultural epochs in Western architecture from ancient Egypt and the Near East to the present time.

Because the history of architecture concerns buildings substantial enough to survive (at least in part ) or important enough to be recorded in some way (by drawings or written description), in practice it has been the history of significant buildings-Castles, cathedrals and churches, temples, and major institutional monuments.

❖ The Study of Architecture Just as the architect as a professional is a recent

phenomenon, so too is the evaluation of architecture itself. Not until the late 18th century did ancient Greek and Roman architecture cease to be regarded as an unassailable criterion of excellence throughout the Western world. Only when the hegemony of the classical styles began to consider the whole of the subject. The traditional approach was based on a closely observed study of architectural style, with considerable emphasis on the differences of detail treatment from one country to another.

❖ Architecture in Prehistoric or Ancient Times Before recorded history, humans constructed earthen

mounds, stone circles, megaliths, and structures that often puzzle modern-day archaeologists. Prehistoric architecture includes monumental structures such as Stonehenge, cliff dwellings in the Americas, and thatch and mud structures lost to time.

➢ Ancient Egypt (3,050 BC to 900 BC )In ancient Egypt, powerful rulers constructed

monumental pyramids, temples, and shrines. Far from primitive, enormous structures such as the Pyramids of Giza were feats of engineering capable of reaching great heights.➢ Classical (850 BC to 476 AD)

From the rise of ancient Greece until the fall of the Roman empire, great buildings were constructed according to precise rules. The Classical Orders, which defined column styles and entablature designs, continue to influence building design in modern times.➢ Byzantine (330 to 500 AD)

After Constantine moved the capital of the Roman empire to Byzantium (now called Istanbul), Roman architecture evolved into a graceful, classically-inspired style that used brick instead of stone, domed roofs, elaborate mosaics, and classical forms.➢ Romanesque (500 to 1200 AD)

As Rome spread across Europe, heavier, stocky Romanesque architecture with rounded arches emerged. Churches and castles of the early Medieval period were constructed with thick walls and heavy piers

❖ Medieval Times ➢Gothic Architecture (1100 to 1450 AD )

Pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, flying buttresses, and other innovations led to taller, more graceful

architecture. Gothic ideas gave rise to magnificent cathedrals like Chartres and Notre Dame.➢Renaissance Architecture (1400 to 1600 AD)

A return to classical ideas ushered an "age of "awakening" in Italy, France, and England. Andrea Palladio and other builders looked the classical orders of ancient Greece and Rome. Long after the Renaissance era ended, architects in the Western world found inspiration in the beautifully proportioned architecture of the period.

❖ Early Modern Period ➢Baroque Architecture (1600 to 1830 AD)

In Italy, the Baroque style is reflected in opulent and dramatic churches with irregular shapes and extravagant ornamentation. In France, the highly ornamented Baroque style combines with Classical restraint. Russian aristocrats were impressed by Versailles in France, and incorporated Baroque ideas in the building of St. Petersburg. Elements of the elaborate Baroque style are found throughout Europe.

➢Rococo Architecture (1650 to 1790 AD)During the last phase of the Baroque period,

builders constructed graceful white buildings with sweeping curves. These Rococo buildings are elegantly decorated with scrolls, vines, shell-shapes, and delicate geometric patterns.❖ Modern Era ➢Neoclassicism in Architecture (1730 to 1925 AD)

A keen interest in ideas of Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio inspired a return of classical shapes in Europe, Great Britain and the United States. These buildings were proportioned according to the classical

orders with details borrowed from ancient Greece and Rome.➢Art Nouveau Architecture (1890 to 1914 AD)

Known as the New Style, Art Nouveau was first expressed in fabrics and graphic design. The style spread to architecture and furniture in the 1890s. Art Nouveau buildings often have asymmetrical shapes, arches and decorative surfaces with curved, plant-like designs.➢Beaux Arts Architecture (1895 to 1925 AD)

Also known as Beaux Arts Classicism, Academic Classicism, or Classical Revival, Beaux Arts architecture is characterized by order, symmetry, formal design, grandiosity, and elaborate ornamentation.➢Neo-Gothic Architecture (1905 to 1930 AD)

In the early twentieth century, Gothic ideas were applied to modern buildings. Gargoyles, arched windows, and other medieval details ornamented soaring skyscrapers.➢Art Deco Architecture (1925 to 1937 AD)

Zigzag patterns and vertical lines create dramatic effect on jazz-age, Art Deco buildings. Interestingly, many Art Deco motifs were inspired by the architecture of ancient Egypt.➢Modernist Styles in Architecture (1900 to

Present)The 20th and 21st centuries have seen dramatic

changes and astonishing diversity. Modern-day trends include Art Moderne and the Bauhaus school coined by Walter Gropius, Deconstructivism, Formalism, Modernism, and Structuralism.➢Postmodernism in Architecture (1972 to Present)

A reaction against the Modernist approaches gave

rise to new buildings that re-invented historical details and familiar motifs. Look closely at these architectural movements and you are likely to find ideas that date back to classical and ancient times.

Examples:❖Architecture in Prehistoric or Ancient times

Leaning Tower of Pisa - Pisa, Italy

Parthenon- Athens, Greece

Great Pyramid of Giza - El Giza, Egypt❖ Medieval Times

Notre dame de Paris - Paris, France

Westminister Abbey - London, England

Houses of Parliament - London, United

Kingdom❖ Early Modern Period

St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral - St. Petersburg, Russia

Palace of Versailles - Paris, France

❖ Modern Era

Sydney Opera House, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

IAC Building — Chicago, USA