ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURECHAPTER VI

What is Architecture? Is the art or science of designing and constructing buildings or structures with durable materials following certain standards, so as to make them suited to their purpose, and at the same times, are also visually and aesthetically pleasing, practical, and comfortable.

Architectural Style

Architectonic

Elements of Architecture

LineTypesVertical Represents dignity, formality, stability, and strengthHorizontal Represents calm, peace, and relaxationDiagonal Represents action, activity, excitement, and movementCurved Represents freedom, the natural, having the appearance of softness, and creates a soothing feeling or mood

Vertical Lines

Skyscraper Madrid, SpainBrandenburg Gate Berlin

The Empire State BuildingArchitect: Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon

The Empire State Building in New York City, an international landmark, is an excellent example of the architectural style know as Art Deco. It was designed by the architectural firm of Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon. William Lamb was the chief designer.

The vertical characteristics represent dignity, formality, stability, and strength. Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 1- Lesson 1.1 -History of Civil Engineering and Architecture7Project Lead the Way, Inc Copyright 2010Principles and Elements of Design Applied to Architecture

Horizontal Lines

Community Christian ChurchKansas City, MOArchitect: Frank Lloyd Wright, 1940

Horizontal lines represent calm, peace, and relaxation. Frank Lloyd Wright was well know for using horizontal lines in many of his designs.Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 1- Lesson 1.1 -History of Civil Engineering and Architecture8Project Lead the Way, Inc Copyright 2010Principles and Elements of Design Applied to Architecture

Diagonal Lines

Diagonal lines give the sense of movement, action, and activity.

The upper right image shows the Octavio Frias de Oliverira Bridge in Sao Paulo, Brazil. This is a cable-stayed suspension bridge which opened in May 2008. It is the only bridge in the world that has two curved approaches supported by a single concrete mast.Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 1- Lesson 1.1 -History of Civil Engineering and Architecture9Project Lead the Way, Inc Copyright 2010Principles and Elements of Design Applied to Architecture

Curved Lines

Sydney Opera HouseJorn Utzon

Flowing, curved lines are used in the roof of this apartment building, the roof structure of the Sydney Opera House, and the Sydney Harbor Bridge in the background. Curved lines often appear more natural than angular lines and give the sense of freedom and soothing mood.

The Sydney Opera House is a world-famous work of architecture. The Danish architect Jorn Utzon won an international competition to design the structure. After extensive testing, Utzon decided to use a design based on sections of a sphere. Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 1- Lesson 1.1 -History of Civil Engineering and Architecture10Project Lead the Way, Inc Copyright 2010Principles and Elements of Design Applied to Architecture

The relative lightness or darkness of a color

MethodsShade Degree of darkness of a colorTint A pale or faint variation of a color

Value

Add black to obtain a shade. Add white to obtain a tint.Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 1- Lesson 1.1 -History of Civil Engineering and Architecture11Project Lead the Way, Inc Copyright 2010Principles and Elements of Design Applied to Architecture

Value

Downtown buildings in Bangalore, India

The different buildings use varying values of blue/green.Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 1- Lesson 1.1 -History of Civil Engineering and Architecture12Project Lead the Way, Inc Copyright 2010Principles and Elements of Design Applied to Architecture

Color has an immediate and profound effect on a design.Color

Saint Basils CathedralMoscow

Saint Basils Cathedral was designed in the shape of the flame of a bonfire rising into the sky. Bright colors create a festive feeling and sense of excitement.Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 1- Lesson 1.1 -History of Civil Engineering and Architecture13Project Lead the Way, Inc Copyright 2010Principles and Elements of Design Applied to Architecture

Warm ColorsReds, oranges, yellows

Cool ColorsBlues, purples, greens

How would the building in the top picture look without the red accent?Do the green colors in the bottom picture energize you or make you feel calm and cool?Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 1- Lesson 1.1 -History of Civil Engineering and Architecture14Project Lead the Way, Inc Copyright 2010Principles and Elements of Design Applied to Architecture

Colors can affect how humans feel and act

Which color scheme creates the most excitement? Why? Which color scheme feel the most opulent? Which color scheme would you choose for a playroom? Living room? Bedroom?Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 1- Lesson 1.1 -History of Civil Engineering and Architecture15Project Lead the Way, Inc Copyright 2010Principles and Elements of Design Applied to Architecture

The surface look or feel of something Smooth Surface Reflects more light and therefore is a more intense color.Rough Surface Absorbs more light and therefore appears darker.Texture

Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 1- Lesson 1.1 -History of Civil Engineering and Architecture16Project Lead the Way, Inc Copyright 2010Principles and Elements of Design Applied to Architecture

Smooth Texture

Exterior metal faade of Disney Concert HallLos Angeles

Glass faade of a high rise office building

Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 1- Lesson 1.1 -History of Civil Engineering and Architecture17Project Lead the Way, Inc Copyright 2010Principles and Elements of Design Applied to Architecture

Rough Texture

Park Guell Barcelona, Spain Architect: Antonio Gaud

Park Gruell is a famous park and sculpture garden in Barcelona, Spain designed by Antonio Gaudi in the expressionist style. It was originally designed as a housing development but was commercially unsuccessful and was later turned into a park.Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 1- Lesson 1.1 -History of Civil Engineering and Architecture18Project Lead the Way, Inc Copyright 2010Principles and Elements of Design Applied to Architecture

VolumeThe totalarchitecturalareasof a building (repeatingthe area of astoryfor additionalfloors) including the measurementfrom beneath the lowest floor to the averageheightof the roof surface for each various building height.

Form: (3D)The shape and structure of something as distinguished from its substance or material.

Shape: (2D)The two-dimensional contour that characterizes an object or area. Form and Shape

Form can also be described as the composition of geometric shapes. Shape can be described as the contour, profile, or silhouette.Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 1- Lesson 1.1 -History of Civil Engineering and Architecture20Project Lead the Way, Inc Copyright 2010Principles and Elements of Design Applied to Architecture

Form and Shape

Oriental Pearl Tower ShanghaiArchitect: Jiang Huan Cheng, Shanghai Modern Architectural Design, Co.Marie-Elisabeth-Lders-HausBerlin, Germany

The Oriental Tower is a television tower in Shanghai and includes fifteen observatory levels and a revolving restaurant. Its design includes 11 spheres, large and small. The two largest spheres (shown) have diameters of 164 ft (the lower sphere) and 148 ft (the upper sphere). The design is based on the Tang Dynasty poem Pipa Song by Bai Juyi about the wonderful sprinkling sound produced by a pipa instrument, like pearls, big and small, falling on a jade plate.Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 1- Lesson 1.1 -History of Civil Engineering and Architecture21Project Lead the Way, Inc Copyright 2010Principles and Elements of Design Applied to Architecture

By incorporating the use of spacein your design, you can enlarge or reduce the visual space.TypesOpen, uncluttered spacesCramped, busy spacesUnused vs. good use of spaceSpace

[click] Open space[click] Busy, well used spaceCivil Engineering and Architecture Unit 1- Lesson 1.1 -History of Civil Engineering and Architecture22Project Lead the Way, Inc Copyright 2010Principles and Elements of Design Applied to Architecture

Architectural Styles

The Architects Dreamby Thomas Cole (1840) shows a vision of buildings in the historical styles of the Western tradition, from Ancient Egypt through to Classical Revival

The rhyolitictuffportal of the "church house" atColditz Castle,Saxony, designed by Andreas Walther II (1584), is an example of the exuberance of "Antwerp Mannerism".

Town Hall ofZamobyBernardo Morando.

Ancient Roman architecture:Colosseum, an amphitheater built in the 1st century AD, capable of seating 50,000 spectators

Islamic architecturefrom the 7th- to 9th-century period: the hypostyle prayer hall of theGreat Mosque of Kairouan(Tunisia)

Gothic architecture:St. Vitus CathedralinPrague,Czech Republic

Renaissance:JuleuminHelmstedt,Germany- built inWeser Renaissancestyle

Baroque architecture:Melk Abbey,Austria

Kinds of Architecture According to Mediums Used

A. Stone ArchitecturePost and Lintel ConstructionArchesVaultsDomes- Massive and virtually indestructible.

Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in Wiltshire, England, about 2 miles west of Amesbury and 8 miles north of Salisbury.Post and Lintel ConstructionArches

Arc de Triumph, Paris, France One of the most famous monuments inParis. It stands in thewestern end of theChamps-lyses andhonors those who fought and died for France in theFrench Revolutionaryand theNapoleonic Wars, with the names of all French victories and generals inscribed on its inner and outer surfaces. It was constructed in 1806-1836 and is 50 meters (164 ft) in high

Vault

Gothic rib-vault ceiling of theSaint-Sverinchurch in ParisDomes

TheTaj MahalinAgra,Indiabuilt byShah Jahan.

Dome of the Rock inJerusalemcompleted in 691

B. Wood ArchitecturePost and Beam ConstructionTrussesBalloon Framing- Versatile and lightweight

Post and Beam Construction

Trusses

Balloon Framing

C. Cast-Iron Architecture- Iron has a great strength, and heavy.

Cast iron supporting structure, ceiling of the reading room of theBibliothque Sainte-Genevive,Paris.

TheEiffel Tower(French:La tour Eiffel) is anironlattice towerlocated on theChamp de MarsinParis. It was named after the engineerGustave Eiffel, Erected in 1889.

D. Steel-Cage Architecture- Steel is strong metal of iron.- Harder than iron.- Rust and fire resistant.

Cass Gilbert - Woolworth Building, New York, NY (1913) gothic, steel cage construction, tower is like spires of gothic cathedral

E. Reinforced Concrete- Uses concrete that is strengthen by steel rods or mesh.

The novel shape of thePhilips Pavilionwas allowed by reinforced concrete.

A heavy reinforced concrete column, seen before and after the concrete has been cast in place around the rebar cage.

F. Steel-Cable Architecture- Uses strong cables composed of intertwined steel wire.

Brooklyn Bridge 1869-1883

Architectural Planning

Planning-is an important phase in architecture.General Principles:OrientationDesignFenestrationWallsColorsMaterials and techniques

Building Materials

- The Availability of suitable materials is greatly linked to the development of skills (current technology) needed to exploit them. This had influenced the shapes of buildings. Carpentry developed in areas of the world that were thickly forested. Although it has become scarcer in many parts, wood still remains and important building material.- In history, stone and marble were used to build monuments because they are fireproof and durable. Stone architecture was often integrated with stone sculpture. Today, modern architecture necessitates the use of glass, steel, and pre-stressed concrete because they are more economical to use and assemble than those of marble and stone.

- In areas where both timber and wood were scarce, mud or clay was made into bricks that were dried in the sun. Later, bricks were baked in kilns, which gave them more durability. Building with stones or bricks is called masonry.- The Romans first discovered natural cement that mixed with inert substances, produced concrete. Emperor Augustus during his reign decreed the common use of marble in Roman homes and buildings so as to add more polish and beauty to the city of Rome. In the early 19th century, waterproof cement , the key ingredient to modern day concrete, was developed. Also, the production of steel on an industrial scale replaced the traditional wooden frames of structures. Steel rods were added to cement to give tensile strength and more durability to the structure.

Building materialis anymaterialwhich is used for construction purposes. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, and wood, even twigs and leaves, have been used to constructbuildings.

Philippine Architecture

Indigenous ArchitectureFive types of Bahay Kubo structure:Ifugao ulog built

- For protection from low temperature and the rains.

2. Tree houses on top of four tree trunks of the Aetas and other mountain tribes.3. Bahay-kubo made of bamboo and nipa.

4. Maranaw house

5. Huts on stilts of seafarers.

Sapanish Colonial Churches (baroque style)

Spanish Colonial HousesThe Vigan houses (16th to 17th century)

2. Batanes (Ivatan) houses (18th century)

3. Bahay na bato (19th century)

Neo-Renaissance - Two-storey, late Spanish architectural style done by Felix Roxas an architect trained in England and Spain and Arcadio Arellano Maestro de Obras from the Arellano clan.

4. Ancestral houses of Negros.

Modern Architecture in the Philippines

Perez-Samanillo Building (Escolta Manila) Designed by Andres Luna de San Pedro Fernando Ocampo designed the Paterno Building near MacArthur Bridge, and Juan Napkil

Juan Napkil and Cesar Concio designed the proposed University of the Philippines in Diliman, Quezon City.Leonardo Locsin designed the ultra hemispherical domed chapel of the University of the Philippines.