architectural styles in la jolla -...
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Architectural Styles In California Diane Kane, PH.D.
California Preservation Foundation
December 12, 2011
California Mission 1769-1834
California Mission 1769-1834
Mission San Luis Rey, 1798-1811 Father Antonio Peyri
Character Defining Features Adobe Walls (24” thick, minimum) • Handmade sundried bricks • Battered toward top • Rubble or stone foundations • Limestone Plastered Walls Tile Roofs • Handmade Tapered Tiles • Extended eaves • Wooden Beams extend through walls (vigas) • Lashed together with rawhide Tiered & Domed Bell Tower Heavy Wooden Doors Small, deep set windows with wood lintels
Classical details • Arched wall niches for sculpture • Espadana Pediment • supported on engaged pilasters • Oculus window • Classical door surround • Weak Classical detailing from Spain & Mexico • Mudjar, Classical & Plateresque Baroque
Church Narrow Single Nave Church Raised sanctuary Sacristy next to altar Painted wooden reredos Choir Loft over Narthex Flat Wood Ceiling with carved wooden corbels Painted plaster walls Stenciled Folk art motifs from Mexico Rammed earth or tile floors
Quadrangle
•Convento (Monk’s Quarters) •Infirmary •Refectory •Women’s Quarters (monjerio) •Store Rooms (meats, hides, grain, fruit & veggies) •Work Rooms (weaving, pottery) •Courtyard (tannery, soap, dried fruit & veggies) •Church (NE Corner) •Gardens: Flowers, Vegetables •Orchards, Vineyards, Field Crops
Public Private
Atrio
1830
Well or fountain
Cemetery
Lavanderia
5. Arch & Steps 6. Wash Basin 7. Charcoal Filter 8. Kiln 9. Twin Springs 10. Sunken Garden
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Rancho Guajome Lt. Cave Couts c. 1851 Recorded by HABS, 1936
Hollow Square Plan • Defensive fortress •Carriage Court •Patio Dependencies • Chapel • Sheds
Rancho (1835-1870)
Territorial;
Transitional
Adobe Walls Tile Roof Deep Overhangs Mixture of Handmade & Industrial Elements Sheet Glass Cast Metal Milled Boards
Rancho Guajome, 1851 Patio
• Square, L or U shaped plans • Enclosed patios rare • All interior rooms exit to patio • Normally circulation & work
spaces • Some herbs & flowers for
cutting garden
• One and/or Two stories • Thick battered walls • Shaded arcades (often later additions) • Handmade tile roofs • Double hung windows with Industrial plate glass • Machine milled wood • Paneled wooden doors • Exterior porches later additions— latent Greek Revival & Monterey Revival
Character Defining Features
Greek (Monterey) Revival
1840-1860
Character Defining Features • Low pitch gable roof with wood shingles • Symmetrical plan with • Balanced window & door disposition • Wide entablatures • Gable ends form classical triangular pediment • Doric & Ionic columns • Flat or pedimented windows & doors • Entrances with sidelights & transom windows • Narrow wood porches • Second floor balconies
California State Capital, Benecia, 1852
Casa Amesti, Monterey,
Larkin Building, Monterey, Merritt House, Monterey
Board & Batten
Single Wall Construction (1800-1900)
Bodie Mining Camp State Park (1860-1880)
Board & Batten
Single Wall Construction (1800-1900)
Ceiling to Wall joinery Floor to wall joinery
Countries Influenced by English Culture
Victorian Styles 1850-1915
British Empire c. 1915 Light Pink: former colonies
1810 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1820
Gothic Revival
Queen Victoria
San Diego
Picturesque Early Victorian
Gothic Arts & Crafts
Aesthetic Movement
1837-1901
American Period Spanish Period (1769-1850)
Railroad 1885
Horton’s Addition 1867
Railroad 1821
Victoria’s First Train Ride 1840
High Victorian Gothic
San Francisco
Los Angeles
Railroad 1869
Railroad 1876
Spanish Period (1771-1850)
Spanish Period (1776-1850)
Victorian Era Styles 1. Gothic Revival 2. Italianate 3. Second Empire 4. Folk Victorian 5. Stick Style 6. Queen Anne 7. Shingle Style
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1810 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1820
Gothic Revival
France
San Diego
Picturesque Early Victorian
Gothic Arts & Crafts
Aesthetic Movement
American Period Spanish Period (1769-1850)
Railroad 1885
Horton’s Addition 1867
High Victorian Gothic
San Francisco
Los Angeles
Railroad 1869
Railroad 1876
Spanish Period (1771-1850)
Spanish Period (1776-1850)
Second Empire
Beaux Arts Classicism
Neo-Grec
Romanesque, Baroque, Ren. Rev. Greek Revival
Italianate Villa
• Blocky, irregular massing • Low pitched roofs • Square towers • Cornice with brackets • Corbel detailing • Arched Loggias & porches • Round headed windows
1850
Bidwell Mansion, Chico, Ca, 1868
Italianate
(1860-1870)
Italianate Commercial Block Character Defining Features
• Vertical format • Regular bays
• Heavy projecting cornice • With sculptural brackets
• 1:1 double hung arched windows • Window pediments
• Angular bays • Quoined corners
Backesto Block, San Diego,
Belli Building 1851
Hotaling Building, SF, 1866
IOOF Hall, Redbluff, 1882
Second Empire
(1870-1880)
• Vertical orientation; elongated proportions • Regular or irregular massing • Projecting porches
• Square tower pavilions: corner or central • High mansard roof with convex or concave sides • Flat roof with heavy cornice & cast iron railing • Domes
• Dormers • Circular windows with cartouche frame (oeil de boef)
• Classical detailing: entablatures, cornices, pediments • Single pane double hung windows
• Rusticated corner quoins, lower floors or basement • Thick, turned porch balustrades
Second Empire
Audiffred Building, SF, 1889 2417 Franklin St., SF 1875
Eastlake/Stick Style
1870-1880
• Thin, tenuous vertical volumes • Exposure of structural members • Surface divided into panels • Lap, T & G, diagonal, vertical, horizontal siding or shingles • Jigsaw & lath work in wood with Sharp edges • Cut out ornament & drill holes • Spindle work railings & support posts • Ornamental projecting turned knobs
Sherman-Gilbert House, San Diego, 1887
Menlo Park Train Station 1867
Long-Waterman House, San Diego, 1889
Character Defining Features • Asymmetrical Massing with porches • Steeply pitched roofs • Projecting Oriels; • Bay Windows • Towers, turrets • Classical elements (Pedimented gables, Columns, Palladian Windows) • Ornate Bargeboards & Gables • Wood, Brick, Plaster • Tall sash windows; small paned transoms • Patterned Shingles • Tall chimneys
Queen Anne Revival 1885-1900
Hotel Del Coronado, Coronado, 1888
Richie Block, St. Helena, 1892
Queen Anne Row Houses, San Francisco
Shingle Style/Bay Area Tradition (1890-present)
St. John’s Episcopal Church, Monterey, 1890-91 Ernest Coxhead
Character Defining Features • Wall cladding and roofing of continuous wood shingle • Rusticated stone foundations, lower stories or porch supports • Asymmetrical massing & facades • Steeply pitch roof • Cross gables & multi-level eaves • Curvilinear overhanging eaves • Eyebrow dormer windows
Julian Waybur House, 1901, SF
Cedar Gables Inn, 1892, Napa
Ernest Coxhead House, 1893, San Francisco
Shingle Style (1890-1915)
Marguerite Cottage La Jolla, 1890
The Gamble House, Pasadena, CA 1906 Charles & Henry Greene
Craftsman (1905-1930)
Character Defining Features
• Low Horizontal Proportions • Asymmetrical massing • Low Pitched Front Gable Roof • Wide Open Eaves & Exposed Rafters • Decorative Beams & Brackets • Full or Partial Width Porch • Porches Supported by piers & columns • Rustic Materials: brick, stucco, cobblestone, wood shingles • Large tripartite windows with ornate
transoms • Broad doors with sidelights • Decorative metal hardware
Bungalow Heaven Historic District, Pasadena
First Church of Christ Scientists, Bernard Maybeck, Berkeley, 1910
St. John’s Presbyterian Church, Julia Morgan, Berkeley, 1910
San Francisco City Hall, Bakewell & Brown, 1915
Palace of Fine Arts, SF Bernard Maybeck
Banco Popular, Fugazi Building SF, 1916
Beaux Arts Classicism (1890-1930)
“American Renaissance” Associated with City Beautiful
• Grand architectural statements • Mixture of classical styles • Roman Imperial to Parisian Neo-Baroque • Columns, pilasters, pediments, arches • Heavy cornices & entablatures • Decorative frieze bands • Rusticated plinths & quoins • Sculpture & inscriptions • Civic buildings, banks, libraries, post offices
Balboa Park 1915 Exposition Plan Bertram Goodhue
Beaux Arts Site Plan • Formal Geometry •Symmetrical Design around grand axis •Enclosed Courtyards •Cross axial circulation •Directed Long Views •Focal Points
Water Features • Oblong Reflecting Pools • Water Chains & Fountains Classically inspired furnishings • Pedestals, Urns, Sculpture • Bridges, Balustrades • Columns, arcades
Pasadena City Hall Bakewell & Brown 1927
Pasadena Library, 1925 Myron Hunt, & H. C. Chambers
YMCA, Arthur B. Benton, 1910
Pasadena Civic Auditorium, 1932 Bergstrom, Bennett & Haskell
Pasadena Post Office, 1927 Myron Hunt & H. C. Chambers
Colorado Street Bridge, 1913
“City Beautiful” Downtown Pasadena 1910-1932
Mission Revival (1890-1920) • Simple Boxy Forms
• Heavy proportions (simulate adobe)
• Symmetrical massing
• Espadana or Gabled Roof Parapet
• Smooth Stucco Cladding
• Arched Porch supported by
heavy square piers
• Quatrefoil windows
• Paired Bell Towers
Santa Barbara Train Station, 1905
Mission Inn Riverside, 1902-1935 Frank Miller
Mission San Antonio de Padua 1781 Photograph of 1870
La Jolla Women’s Club La Jolla, CA 1913-14 Irving Gill
La Jolla Women’s Club Irving Gill, 1913
Spanish Eclectic & Spanish Colonial
Revival Styles (1915-1940)
Character Defining Features
• Asymmetrical massing
• Low Pitched Red Tiled Roof
• Little or no eave overhang
• Smooth Stucco cladding
• Arches & columns
• Decorative tile & ironwork
• Turned wooden window grills
• Heavy wooden doors, shutters, gates
Santa Barbara Courthouse, 1929 William Mooser & Co.
Museum of Man, San Diego, 1915 Bertram Goodhue
El Paseo, “Street in Spain” Santa Barbara, 1922-23 James Osborne Craig, Mary Craig & Carleton Winslow
De La Guerra Adobe, 1819-26 Casa la Aguirre & Orena Adobes
Casa del Herrero, 1925 George Washington Smith Santa Barbara
Monterey Revival (1930-1945)
• Two story
• Asymmetrical Massing
• Low pitch tile or shake roof
• Overhanging 2nd floor balcony
• Deep set windows & doors to mimic adobe
• False shutters & other machine milled wooden trim
• Multi-paned French doors, double hung, casement & bay windows
• Stucco cladding, brick or stone skirts &
trim
Eva K. Fudger House Roland Coate, 1926 Hancock Park
Colonial Revival (1930-1945)
• Simple rectangular volumes
covered by gabled or hipped roofs
• Symmetrical, balanced fenestration
• Pedimented front door or porch
framed by pilasters or columns
• Paneled doors with fanlights and sidelights
• Multi paned, double hung windows
• Narrow clapboard siding, false shutters
• Inspired by Williamsburg restoration &
Depression Era patriotism
Culver Studios, Culver City Thomas Ince, 1919
MCA/Litton Industries Building, 1936 Paul Williams, Los Angeles
Tudor Revival (1890-1945)
• Tall proportions
• Irregular massing
• Steep, overlapping gables
• Cross-gabled facades
• Decorative Half timbering
infilled with stucco or brick
• Tall narrow windows with
multiple lights
• Tall brick chimneys
• Catslide roofs
French Eclectic (1915-1945)
• Tall, steeply pitched hipped Doors set in arched openings
or mansard roof Flared eaves at roof/wall junctions
• Arched, circular, hipped or Round entry towers with
• gabled dormers steeply pitched conical roofs
• Brick, stone or stucco walls Dovecotes
• Half timbering
William Goetz House, Bel-Air, 1931 Wallace Neff
Robert Garner Jr. House, San Marino, 1938 Wallace Neff
Art Deco (1920-1930)
• Stepped massing with central tower • Windows arranged in sunken vertical panels • Flat roof with parapet top • Smooth, shiny surfaces • Stylized bas relief ornament set in panels • Geometric designs: chevrons, sunbursts, spirals • Silhouetted animals & plants • “Skyscraper Style” • Elegant boutiques, restaurants, theaters, apartments
Bullock’s Wilshire, 1929 John & Donald Parkinson Los Angeles
Paramount Theater, Oakland Timothy Pfleuger, 1925
Streamline Modern (1930-1941)
• Stucco box with rounded corners • Horizontal bands & windows • Curved projecting wings • Glass block windows • Porthole windows • Tubular ships railing • Brightly colored vitrelight • Neon
Maritime Museum/ Bath House Building, 1939 San Francisco Works Progress Administration
WPA Moderne (1930-1941)
• “Starved” Classicism • Transitional style to Modernism • Balanced and symmetrical form • Classical horizontal proportions • Fluted piers: no capitals or bases • Windows in recessed vertical panels • Smooth, polished surfaces • Bas relief sculpture with patriotic themes • Post Offices, Government Buildings, Schools
St. Helena Post Office, 1940
Minimal Traditional (1935-1955)
Character Defining Features
• Transitional to modernism
• Cost conscious construction & materials
• Emphasis on horizontal massing
• Low pitched hip or side gabled roof
• Closed eaves
• Half porches or Porch Hood
• Minimal Detailing
(chimneys, porch railings & shutters
• Large windows
• Asbestos shingles or stucco siding
•Informal Living •Family Emphasis •Large Suburban Lot •Sprawling Floor Plan •Single Room Deep •Enfilade & Outdoor Access •Outdoor Rooms •Accommodates Auto
California
Ranch 1930-
Cliff May Home, West Los Angeles, 1939
1939 Rear Patio • Multi paned windows & doors • No direct patio access from living room • Smaller outdoor living area
1949 Rear Patio • Sliding glass doors • Extended hardscape
International Style (1930-)
•Machine Aesthetic •Simplification of form • Complete rejection of ornament • Square and rectangular building forms •Flat roofs •Simple cubic or extruded rectangular forms •Horizontal bands of windows •Strong right angles • Concrete •Smooth stucco, brick, and glass
Lovell Health House, 1929 Richard Neutra, Los Angeles
Futurist, Googie (1947-1965)
• Car oriented commercial architecture
• Exaggerated roof forms
• Building as billboard
• Expansive use of plate glass
• Space age or futurist themes
• Exposed steel structural elements
• Large rotating or blinking signage
LAX Theme Building Paul Williams, 1961
Anaheim Convention Center, 1967
Tiki/Polynesian (1955-1965)
• Prominent roof forms
• Horizontal massing
• Pitched or upswept roof beams
• Natural finishes
• Exposed heavy timber roof
framing
• Porte-coucheres & covered
patios
• Lush tropical landscaping
• Tropical accents (tikis, torches,
boulders, waterfalls)
• Neon signage
Post and Beam (1950-
• Direct expression of structural
System
• Horizontal massing
• Flat or shallow pitched roof
• Floor-to-ceiling glass
• Repetitive geometry
• Minimal use of solid load bearing walls
• Absence of applied decoration
• Indoor/outdoor connections
• Open floor plans
• Wood, steel & glass exteriors
• Standardized units & mass produced products
• Experimental Materials
• Familiar materials used in new ways
• Grid/Modular Design
• Hard Edges
• Outriggers, balconies, terraces, lanais
• Irregular forms & asymmetry
• from Japanese gardening to soften edges
Triad (1959-1960) Case Study House(s) No. 23 Rue de Anna, La Jolla Killingsworth, Brady & Smith
House A
S House B, looking west across shared courtyard to House C
A
B C
House C House B
Brutalism (1955-1965)
•Exposed, expressive structural system
•Monumental massing
•Angular & rectilinear forms
•Exposed concrete
•Repetitive patterns
•Avoidance of ornament
Giesel Library, UCSD William Pereira, 1970
Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 1963 La Jolla, Louis Kahn
Organic Free-Form (1955-present)
Chart House, Rancho Mirage Kendrick Bangs Kellogg, 1981
•Curvilinear organic forms or sharp angular massing
•Natural materials (wood, brick, stone, adobe)
•Integration with topography & site
•Asymmetrical façade
•Complex roof forms
•Handcrafted details
Organic Geometric (1955-1975)
• Exposed structure & materials
• Square, diamond and polygon
design motifs
• Natural materials
(wood, stone, glass)
• Sharp, angular massing
• Asymmetrical facades
• Complex roof forms
• Site specific designs Wayfayers Chapel, Palos Verdes, CA Lloyd Wright 1949-51
Charles Moore Home, Sea Ranch, 1966 Crystal Cathedral, Garden Grove Philip Johnson, 1981
Third Bay Area Tradition