AR(HiTECTURAL RECORD MAY 1976 . BUILDING TYP(S STUDY ® 488

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just overctwo yéar~ ago, in. theJpril 'l974 issue, ARCHITECTU~AL RECORD announced th~ formation ofthe non-profit lnternational Aré:hitectu1·al Foundation for the p.ur-

. pose of '~organizing an 'interriatiqnal ' design COmpetition for the urban envi/Ofl­

~entóf deVeloping countries."That prqject, conceived by the staffs of RECORD and

L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui, is intended to focus the attention of architects and planners around the' world ·on the accelerátiiíg urban crisis in developing coun­

tries, to encourage thedevelopn1entof thoughtful prototypical designs for housing and community development, and to make the results of this effort known ·

throughout the world . In the hope thatthe resu lts of the design' competition do

"help make a world where hope makes sense," we present this issue to architécts,

planners, iriterr.tational aid and lending agencies, and government officials around the world-on behalf of more :than a billion people who live in urban slums. ·

1 HUMAN SETTlEMENTS

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... an issue c:oncentrating on one of the urgent problerns of our time, with the winning designs in

The lnternational Design CmnpetitiO"~ for the Urban .Environrnent of Developing Countries .

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lnthe developing countries around the world, millions of families haye moved from the country­

side to the citi es in hope of jobs, education, and a better standard of li ving-and instead have

found only a different k,i;~d of deprivation. N.owhere are the global problems of excessive popula­tion . growth, unemployment, environmental decay, al.ienation, and urban squalür,;· more clearly

focused than in the urbansiums that have resu!ted. This .unpreceJent~d transition from rural to

urban societies has vast national and global repercussions-social, economic,, and pójitical.

As sen ior editor (and competition .juror) M ildred Schmertz points out in her article beginning

overleaf, there is new hope and new direction in efforts to help the urban poor. Her article-and

the phcito essay on page 100 by noted socia l scientist Aprod icid Laquian---{]escribes and evaluates

the principal strategies by which the devejoping countr ies are seeking to improve squatter settle­

ments- and focuses on the great promise of new strategies which combine sensitive and mínimum

governmental intervention with squatter community self-help. •

These new strategies were the basis for the cpmpetition program~eveloped with the assist­

ance and enthusiastic súpport of the f?hilippine govérnment, which agreed to build the winning

designas a prototype in a plann~d redevelopment in Manil a for 140,000 squatters. The competi­tion si te and it,s people~the framework for the competition-is described on page 106.

The competition, clearly the most sign ificant design competition of its kind ever held, also

proved to be one of the largest. An astonish ing 2,531 registrations- from 68 countries-were

~eceived ; and 476 submissions were judged by a distinguished international jury (see page. 112).

The winning designs-and a number of unpremiated entries-are shown beginnin'g on page '114.

Finally, beginning on page· 156, is· a sumhlation that indudes an anthology of comments by

world l<;aders in the struggle·to improve the cond itions of the world's urban poor, the report of 'the jury, and an analysis by the editors of the significant achieverrients of the competit ion and

s'~eculation on its possible impac;:t on the futuré ~~ urban development around the world.

' ~-· · As we wrote in our first ed itori al on the competition two years ago: "We are not so naive

asto believe that arc'hitecture is the solution to all the problems ofthe world; that good planning

and design is a s'ubstitute for joqs that don't exist, or -food that does not exist or is too dear. But housin'g and a sense of community are basic human needs-and that is the part of the problern

tllat we [the RECORD staff and architects everywhr:re] know most about and can best do something ab~ut. So let us try .. : . ' ~ · . . · . .· . .., .

This issue is the result of two years of trying by literal! y thousands of people. '-V\1. W

ARCH iTECTL!RA.L RECORD ,VIay 7976 95

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· from slum to community, from despair to hope: Upgrading the slum and squatter settlements that are spreading as a blight in and around the sprawling and fast~growing cities of the developing world

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incr_ease in spite of the ~.ass i ve en1ígrations ·ter the citíes. {:.

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In lhe developing nationst masses of humanity are moving from iso­lated rura l vill ages to intermediate towns and smaller cities on their way lo the big rnetropolitan centers. They swarn'l into SeotJI, · Bonibay, Mexico City and Sao Paolo, which havé populations of over S.¿;nillion. Cities oí over 4 million such as Manila, Hong Kong, )akarta, Delhi and · Cairo are still absorbing an incessant flow. ·Bangkok, Calcutta,

Madras, Karachi and Tehrari have now reached populaticms of more than 3 million. Citiés of 2 million and more such as'Lima, Bogotá, Buenos Aires, Santiago, Caracas, lstanbul, SingapÓre and Taipei a;e hosts to an evér-growing numbé• of unwanted migrants: In many of these cities, squatters corriprise at least orie-half of the 'populatlon. In. Calcutúi, jakarta, Lirna, and Baghdad they add up to more than one~ halL In the words of social scientist Aprodicio A. Laquian (who has COITlributed a photo essay to this issue beginning ()n page 1 00): "These poorest of the urban poor live in dilapidated .settlements that cling precariously to hillsides; line srnelly canals; block roadsides; or crowd inner-city al leys. In their tattered misery, they mock the aspirations 61 all those who yearn to make their cities sophisticated and mocle'rn. They serve as an all too visible reminder of the econom ic 'and soCial injustices that sti ll plague 6ur society."

as urban areas. As .a res·uit, the riumbers of rural people continue to· Jl·;;}

·The amount of work i'rÍ agriculture available to lhe individual is ' !' . .decreasing, however, largely betaUse of this ihcréase in nurnbers, but : ;,

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Furthermore, these. human beings are unwelcomé because th,ey build shacks on urban land to which they have no legal right and for which there is little or no. infrastructure of public ~ervices. The con- ·

struction bY,- the publ ic sectqr of such a conventio.ríal urbán nétwork­which should include roads, a public transportation system, piped water, storm water and san itary sewers, waste colle¿tion ancl dispos~l, ancl electricity-is considered lo be too heavy a burclen' upon the fi­nancia! resources of the expandi~g cities of the cleveloping wor ld,. '

In the next thirty years; the world's population will reach the 6.5 billion mark, nearly double the number of people alive today. By the year 2000,3.5 billion people .will have become urban,living in cities of over 20,000 inhabitants. In the clevelopiríg countries where río sig­nifican! decline in populat ion growth is expected, the number. of. ur­banized people will grow from 464.3 million in 1970 to 1 A37 billion in .the year 2000. Today's largest cities-Calcutta, Bombay, )akarta, Mexico City, Buenos Aires and others will becorne urban mega' regions of over 10 million each.

Choosing urban squalor-over rural misery: . the escape from village life Why does the rural peasant cÓme to the city? In response to its opp~r­tunities for growth for him and for his family. For many such ~en ahd women, it is no longer possible to lead a tolerable lifé and provicle for their children's future in the environinent in which their famil ies have

lived for generations. Pover.ty is a worsen ing problem, because of di­minishecl availability of land and overpopulation. The rural environ­rnent itself is becoming so overpopulated that the peasant family can no. longer function as it did in the past. lmprovernenls iri health care· and sanital ion ha ve dt•amatically reduced death rates iri rural as well

96 ARCI-IITEC f URAL RECORD May 1976

also because of the gradiml mechanization' offarming and the in)c . , provecl yields brought about by modern methcids of agronomy. Where'

there has been land reform, the peasant has usually not been granted a sufficient number of acres to be able .to bequeath a significan! · an10unt of fa rmlancl to ea eh of his sons, who are then forced to make the ir way to the city. In Southeast Asia, hovv only l~ per cent urban, the migration of ónly one out of six such sons wi ll (i ssliming thé cur­ren\ birth rate) clouble the natural growth rate of the city to which he moves for a better future.

Rural people are frequently displacedbydevelopme,nt-'--the con­structiori of roads, clams (which flood settled areas) and industrial ánd éommercial ceriters. lf the peasant owns his land and se lis it toa devel- . Oper, the Slllll he teceives is usually hOt sufficier~t for him lo acquire land ofsimilar agricultura! quality. Many use the money as a stake .in · the city to tide thern over until they f ind a job.

In Muslim. indonesia, a peásant who has so!cl his land rnay spen~J. the entire su m paid him for a once-in-a-l ifetime trip to Mecca. Afte; . returning home a hero to his féllm\• w6rshippers of Allah, he rnigrates

to·}~karta or Bandung-poor in everything but spiril.

.The rural migrant who makes it to th~ city · fÍghts to stay there . Although the squatter 01' slum dweller endures great harcJships in his ·

aclopted éity, he will not return to the country .. of his t)Wf1 volition, nor cioes he submit to being sent back against his will by the government. lf t he city cloes manage to deport hirn tq. a rural are a, he soon 111akes his way back. í\ fa vela songfrom BraziybyZé Keti expresses his spirit:

1 may be arrested, 1 may be hit; 1 may not even ha ve something to eat But 1 wón't change m y opinion hvon't ever move from . this hi/1.

lf there is no. vvater /'// dig myself a we/1 .ff there is no meai, 1'11 buy a bone . And put it in the sourr-/llget on, 1'1/ get on:

They ca;, say what they like 1-/ere 1 don't ha veto pay rent lf 1 die tomorinw moming, /'m very near ¡J,e sky!

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According to stud ies conducted in six Philippine cities by Laquian '"'d his tea m of researchers; under a research grant from the Southeast Asia .. Development Advisory ·,GrOup of the Asia Society, New York, the . squatting process is clifficult to reverse: His· team, from i.he lntemá-­tional Development Resea rch Centre in o'ltawa, found that most uf those iníerviewed prefer thei1· present ·urbbn life to their rural past,

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beca.use of better economic conditions in the city. Jobs are available, in comes are 'higher, and better educational opportu­

·nities improve the job prosp6cts for their children. Laquian's Philippine respondents appear to appreciate their lives

squatter community. The urban squatter's friends, relatives and are there, the communities are close to their places of work

transportation costs and time, and th~y have invested consid­erable tjme ancl money in their dwellings and communityfacilities ancl services. Of great significance to them, of course, is the fact that as illegal occupants they pay little or no rent ortaxes and such ameni ties as they have are cheap. Laquian's figures support histhesis that rei()~Ca­tion techniques w ill ll9tWork unlessthe new arei.)S offer better coñdi­tions than those the migrant has already gained .

. \JYith support íro1Tr the lnternatiÓnal Oevelop~ent Research Centre, . eight ' teams of res~archers coordinated by Laquian al so sur-

. veyecl squatter settlements in Banclurig, s'eoul, Caracas, Kuala Lumpur, 1.1stanbul, Lirna, Manila arel La:gos_:cities where the rate of growth of squaners and slum clwellers is reveáled to be tv;:o or three times the . noánal growth rates for ,other city dwellers. The researchers wanted to see if these settled, n'ow:urban migrants preferred the .. city to the farm. Asked .if they wer~ willing to retun; home, the "no's" ranged between 70.7 pei'cent a~cl 81.9 per cent. To the question of whether

the city was better for th~ir children, 88.9 per cer1t of the respondents . in lstanbul answered ;,yes."

Slums of hope: the typical squatter is a family man; courageous and optimistic

Laquian's researches in the Philippines reveal the squatter to be an ·· advérturous táker of risks, leaving his rural home to try his luck in a harsh metropolis which does not want him. Says Laquian: ' 'Calling on the i rn~t i ve resourcefu)ness and surv.ival instincts, most of the squatters and slum clwellers gel by. Even an .unskilled p~rson can work as a cargo loacler ora tricycle driver. His wife can wash clothes,.ro ll cigars, or work as a hawker and vendor. Cheap housing can be obtainecl in the slums and squatter areas. Ancl 'the city is so fascinating one can get lost in its whirl. Most importan\' of all, the city pro~icles hope-ií not for the squatters and slum dwe l l~rs, at least for their ch ilcl ren." The ~quatter is a farnily man willing to rnake sacr ifi d~s for. his ch ilclren's future, about which he is optimistic·. Although unskilled or semi-skilled ·.hihlself, he sees them in professionál ormanagerial positions, .or more rnoclestly in coo1merce, teaéhing ancl skilled labgr.

He forms close ties with his own community of relatives, friencls and neighbors. This strong community fee li ng is rooted in his rural past ancl has become essential to his urban existence. Sttch w iclely sharecl feelings ha ve led to the clevelopment of cornmunity organizations that

, work to improve lile in the squatter settlements. The squatter is indepenclent andself"sufficient He doeshis best,

'within .hisj!"verely lirnitecl financia! means, to improve his ~qu¡¡tter · sha~ck ancl the neighborhood of which it is a pan. He hopes for even-

tual ownership, or at least secure tenure in the lancl upon which he has built and to which he claims a right

Although his wife ancl ch ilclren also work, the family income is .exceedingly low (in the Philippines it averages 371.43 pesos a rnonth or $53.06 U.s'.). Nonetheless, he f inds the lile it buys acceptable by comparison to his former rural existence.

Bec;ause the non-taxpaying squatter is illegally based, ancl be­cause his numbers overwhelrn the city's public services, he does not ha ve equal áccess With Other citize[lS to roacls, public transport, pipe(.:! water and drains anclmust clepencl upon himself for such services. As a result, he has learned to expect little frorn the "government and to view it cynically. On the other hancl, the means exist by which his ~oice can be heard within the· larger political and aclministrative

arenas. The .cornmunity organ ization to which he belongs has mem­bers with access to politic ians ancl government officials at varying levels ofthe hierarchy. His cynicism, therefore, is mitigatecl by his own . experience of some degree of political effectiveness.

, Slums of despair: npt all squatters fit an optimistic profile

All sqllatter settlements have their share of social ills, but some slums

are worse than others. Not all sl um dwellers possess the characteristics ot' the migránts just described. Crim inals, fugit ives, mental deficients, alcohol ics, drug acldicts, pimps, prostitutes, soc ial outcasts· and the inclolent are founcl in every slum. More common are those who are unemployed or underemployecl and have become adjusted to poverty, or for whom, as in Calcutta, it is simply inescapable. (In Calcutta

1 600,-

000 people have no houses at all and live on .the city's pavernents.) In the worlcl's worst slums such as those of India ancl Africa, many

people are.slowly starving. They are apathetic, hostile, and suspicious. Me¡¡ns have been found, however, to motívate even such people as these towarcl self-help in terms of making their own physica l improve­ments~paving their lanes, ·installing electric lighting and new water taps; and cleanliness~cleaning their drains, disposing of fecal rnatter, whitewashing their houses.

Squatters and sluh1 clwellers, whatever their personal charac­teristics, occupy urban villages wh ich are an ever-expancling danger ancl threat to' the host city. Because of flimsy .construction, they are a fire hazard to the entire metropolis. Poor sahitation makes them a. health hazard (or everyone, spreading the risk of amoebic dysentery and other ,communicable diseases to rich and poor alike . s' lun1s have the potential.formob violence; crime, political revolution and other forms of social d~ i sruption.

Gove.rnments in·theThircl World are becoming more aware of the threat to the economié ancl poli tica l surviva l of their cities, and the danger to the human species posed by the spreading malignancy of squatter settleme·nts. These governments are beginning to realize that the problems posed by urban squatter settlements are symptoms of rural -urban imbalance at a scale that is regional and nation~l ; The

ARCHITECTURAL ~ECORD May 1976 97

problem ís larger than the question of how to go aboutprovicling better housing and living standards for rural-urbi:m migrants. What needs to be asked, the developing wo;ld now is beginn ing to see, iswhat the present and fu tu re roles of these people shoulcl be in the economic and

social life of their country. People shoulcl be counted as a resource. What work should they be doing ancl where? What solutions are being tried? How wel l do they work? -··

Attempts to transform dying rura! vi::ages. _ .

into vital economic centers have not solved the problem ... By improving the living standards of rural people, the governments of the Third World hope to persuade them to stay in theit villages or )il . the smaller towns ancl cities to which they ha ve. alreacly migratecl . .Sci­entific methocls to increase crop yie lcls have beerí in itiat~d . Better sani­tation and water supply and improved health services and education are being tríed . So far, however, these efforts have not significantly slemmed the f low of migrants to the big cities.

Large estates have been clivided among the former tenant farmer:s in the hope that land ownership wi ll keep them In the couniry. Large lancl holdings have also been national ized and turnecl into coopera~ tives in which the peasants ~hare in the administration and profits. Stuclies, includi ng those of Laquian, Kave begun to sholv; however, that land refonn is not keepíng the younger rural people at home. lmproved agricultura! rnethods decrease lhe need for their labors, and new. affluénce and rising expectations increase lheir demarid for the kínd of education that can only be founcl in the cities. Furtherrnore; as already noted, the number of acres acquired by individual famil_ies through \and reformare too few to provicle a useful inheritance to the second generation ..

. lt should be aclded that young people are clrawn to the cities be­cause they find them exciting and attractive. Buckminster Fuller thinks that rural villagers might be persuaded to stay in their villages. if they could be transported to "the bright lights" on weekends,

Attempls lo discourage the migrant-from staying in the city by the "entry permit" approach have not heen successful Sonte cities in the developing wodd are making deliberate efforts to return the migrants to their rural villages . )akarta has instituted severa! policies lo reverse the flow of rural peop\e, As reported by l aqu ian: Every rnigrant who arrives must register wilh the ci ty government and apply for i3 "short vis it carel ." To get the car·d, he niust deposit with the city twice the cost of his return fare back to his native vill age. He is allowed six months to find a job and a house. lf he is _th is fortunate, his deposit is returned to him minus administration costs and he is allowecl to buy a )akarta citizenship carel. lf he fa ils to f incl work and shelter in hall ayear, he gets a one-way ticket horneanclthe govern­rnent keeps the rest of his deposit:

Th is harsh systern, however, is far from foólproof. Faked cards arid papers can be iJought, encouraging widespread corruption on lhe part

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98 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD Mav 1976 .

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of sellers ancl users. In spile of official claims· to the cdntrary, countl~ss: .. . nurnbers of illegal migrants and their families nJanage to stay and cke ~­out a marginal living in the city, lt is difficu lf for ,:estricted entr'y tech-;~';j niques to succeed because people want to be where the jobs, educa- i tion arid opportunity are, and onée there manage to stay. ··

Migrants do no! want lo move to "frontier sités," "growth poles". and "new citfes" At the. Wors t, governments uprool seHled squatiers áñd send thern out ·.; of the city to reniote frontíer si tes w ithout employment opportunities, ·;: public services of any.kind, or transporlation to the city. Most squalters who are forcibly relocated to these area.s rnanage to find their way:. :_

' back to the city as soon as possible. Somegovernments ericourage urbansquatters to move to growth .;

poles or new cities. Rural people are al so directed to these si tes lo keep ., thern from moving to .the rnelropol is. This is a more integraled ap- · proach to· planning in which economic growth, job . opportu.nities,· public sen,ices, rnarket-demands and popu latio,n movements are seen _as interreiated factors . Sophisticated urbar;izalion strategies are used,_ such as the provision 6f free larid, tax abalernent, and public invest- : ment in infrastructure to attract industrial entrepreneurs to these pre­se)ected growth poles. New towns and cities such as Cuidad Guayana in Venezuela are being built fn conju,nction with industrial estates: ..

Alt:hough these efforls have had some sutcess, tlwir effectiveness has been limitéd by the facr that businessmen in a market econorny prefer to loé:a te close to the publi c ser\•ices, s,killed labor and markels of the larger citiés. Therefore, the development of these growth poles has been slow, and in m;my cases too slow to justify the large public inveslment iri their infrastructure. Furthermore, the developrneril of in- · dustrial estates asmagnets for the growth of i1ew cities has been lim­ited t() the few developing countries, ~(,eh as Venezuela, which ·can afford, the large capitalization they (~quire. Another· minus for the grbwlh-pole. slr:ategy is the fact lhal the new industrial cilies are not

· labo.r-intens ive to the degree that lhe overpopulated developing coun· ·:· , tries require. These industries tend toemploy small nun1bers of highJ\; skill ed indivicluals, rather lhari 'ihe low-skilled; poorly eclucated rur:~l .rnigrant who needs a job. ·

One more limítatjon to the growth-pole approach is the scarcity . of uncleveloped land. Third Worlcl countries w ill e'ientually run out­as has already occurred in many Asían natiolls. As available land de­creases, the major_urban centers will tontinue t0 be magnets of tre- ·. mendous force.

.Dealing with reality:

accommodating the migrants where they want to be In spite of all the stratt~gies and programs to make them stay ,in the country, return to the country, or .move to smaller urban centers, the_ migrants keep on torr1ing tó the ever-growing rnega-regíons. _Most cities provide their squatters and sluri1 dwellers with lirÍiited water,

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prohibitentry to the city, build new "growth poles."

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sanitation and health service,:¡; if only to protectthe urbawpopulation as a whole from disease an9

1 plague.

Beca use the cost is so high, only governments with lárge eco­nomic resources such as Venezuela ha ve attempted large-scale, low­cost housing programs-which have not usually worked (see La­quian's photo essay overleaf for an assessment-of these programs). For

. most squatter ancl slurn families the rents in this type of housing, even though subsidized, are too high .'Too often the apartments go to n9t-so­poor péople with politica l connections. Those who can afiord bribes

.getapartments. Poor faC(lilies doublea.nd triple up in the new ap~rt­ments, reducing the rent per family but introducing to the new settle­ments the overcrowded conditions that they left.A study'made by the World Bank, the lnternational Development Association, and the ln­ternational Finance Corporation found that the cheapest form of low­cost housing provided by the governments of the cities studied could

, not b~ afforded by 55 per cent of the people ·in Mexico City, 35 per cent' in Hong Kong, 68 per cent in .Nairobi; 47 per cent in Bogotá, 64

per cent in Ahmedabad and 63 per cent in Madras. _The most promising alternatfve to ·government-built low-cost

h()using is the "sites and ·services" approach combined with "selí­hel[ron th~ part of thé squatter. By this method, the government m ay pul ip water lines with commun·al taps, electricity, a minimum sewage and drainage system, and tlíe begiiin ings of a road network. The World

. Bank has funded si tes and services projects in Senegal; Indonesia, and in Zambia, and is considering them in other places including the Dagat-Dagatan resettlement area in Metropolitan Manila, the site of the lnternational Architectural Foundation cornpetition.

Supplied\vith the basic infrastructure, the'squatter builds his own house out of whatever rnaterials he can firid or can buy through gov­

ernment credit. The i1eighborhood community of which he is a part jointly builds recreation areas and simple comml)nity buildings. The hope is that given security of tenure and increasing prosperity, the ·squatters will steadily improve their settlements as Laquian's photo essay demonstrates. ·

The design problem is to create a framework for government intervention combined with self-help . The architect-urban ist qualified to engage in human settlement work · should be an expert at .working. with the community; increasing its involvement w ith the planning proéess. ldeally, he should live for a time in the settlement to gai~ the 'best insights and ideas about its growth. In addition to making desigri, site planning and technical pro­posals, he should be able to help devise the financia!, administrative anélsocial arrangements required to shape the growth of the sett.lement to better meet the migrants needs. . As part of this work, the professional ry¡ust actas a liaison between

the siUm dwellers and the government, interpreting. the squatters' needs to the authorities, while acting ás a catalyst for positive change.

He can help them in their fight for .tenwre and in their battles against

slum clearance and relocation. He can help establish the degree to : which the squatters can help themselves, technically and financially, '· and the point at •,\•hich government aiq is requiréd. In turn, he helps 'the government establ ish the necessary forms of a id .

The role óf the architect-urbanist is to help determine what the publicly financed infrastructure should be, the form it should take, how it shou ld be integrated with the particular site and the surround­ing urban areas, and to what extent .it should be constru,cted by self­help. The government sites and services initiative; ·if p;.operly coi1-

, ceived, can establish the net\-vork for growth of a squatter comrnunity · with a strong poten.tial for transforming itself.

. · 'fhe first-prize-winning design for the IAF Competition, won . by lan Athfield of New Zealand (pages 114-123), was premiated in large _part for a brilliant new concept within the "s ites and services/self­help:' framework. He propases that the government-subsidized infra­structure for the Dagat-Dagatan settlement in Metropolitan Manila should include, in addition to the conventional sites and services, a

. new element-a continuous linear buildi·ng surround ing each 500-family barangay, which would serve as a work place for the commu­nity, Portions of this so-called "working periphery" could be leased

· to small, non-polluting, lab~r- intensive industries to provide jobs so desperátely needed by the underemployed of the barangay. The rest of the ~vork space wou ld be used for profit-making industries which the squatters would·set up for themselves.

In addition to proposing that the government íinance the basic si tes and services and the incremental structure that is to becorne the working periphery, Athfield urges that the government lend· money to

. the residents to build their housing units. Once the barangay commu­nity is established, however, all administration, renta! collection and financia! managemeht would be organized at that level. A community development bank would be established in each barangay, which would undertake the administration and repayment of the government loans until the barangay was self-sufficient. The bank's steering com-

. mitteé would include representatives of the industrial users, the mi­grant ·community aríd government technical advisers.

In his winning propasa! Athfield points outthat the inhabitants will need technical as well as financia! help·as individuals and as a com­munity. He envisions himself and his teamworking closely with them, becoming acquainted with their problems and difficulties as well. as their aspirations and needs. He sees his role as helping to resol ve such problems as boundary disputes in the siting of houses, while giving practica! advice on simple erection procedures and techniques. Ath­field believes that this direct work with the people is the primary task of migran! community design.

Athfield's proposal should be carefu lly studied by everyone .. con­cerned with the design of cities. lts implementation by the Govern­ment of the. Philippines will be a genuine advance toward the solution ofthe world-wide prob!em of building truly human settlements.

-MildredF Schmertz

ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976 99

"With improved understanding of the urbanization processes involved, it becomes_ clear that a con1bination of governrnent intervention and community self -he!p offers the most hope ... " ... a photo essay by Dr. Aprodicio A. laquian

Photos b)' Aprodício A t aquian, Clyde .Sanger. and Ne;J/ McKee.of the !nt~mational De\·elopment Research Centre

,_

Many squatters and sl.um dw~Uers

leave picturesqu~ villages

_arid neat hom~s to-move to the citY. Some are pushedóut by rural poverty

-,-but most .are attracted

by what the city offers .

. . . jobs, education.for their children, new opportunities, and e_ntertainment and excitement. What the migrant needs is a toehold into urban life-and this happens ,. when heiinds shelter, a job, anda socia/.lífe in a commúnity of fellow migrants

. who bringwith thein thewarmth and pride of a rural village.

A strong reason for urban migration is rural poverty A cluster of huts in a minihmdio in Mexico where a family usual/y tills less than a hectare (2.5 -acres) of /and shows the_ poverty .of rural people. Each year,

. ·tho_us¡¡nds of campesinos move to cities, · éoritributing to_ the primacy of Mexico City.

A migrant's toehold may be a squatter shanty, · such as these makeshift dwe/lings bui!t by invading "parachutists" inMexico City.·

lt may be a hillside of adobe shantiés, shown ¡¡t far left, in Bogotá, Colombia.

An interesting phenomenon in lbadan, Nigeria, are the many "Brazilian" houses built by returnedslaves and migrants. These large fiouses are internally subdivided

-into renta/ units, T/]is particular house . has more_than,tw.o dozen farr¡i/ies whp share commori baÍhrqom and-kitchen faci/iiie~- '-'

Dr. Laquian is assoóate direCtor, Social Sciences and ·· r:tuman Rest~lUrces, _ of ' th~ lntern\3-tional Developrnent R~ search Centre of Ottawa. B~rn in a village and raised in a Manila slum, he gr~duated from the Universi ty of the PhiliQ­píñes in Manila in public administration/ and receivetf his doctorate in political science from the Massach~setts inS:ti­tute of Technology. He is the author of many imponint p~b~ tications on housing for the poor and, rural ITlígr~t!on, and has conducted two majar field studies in deveiÓ.piAg coun' . tries on patterns of migration and housíng for fherural and

urban poor.

ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 197_6 - 101

Planners have often allocated sites

for low-cost housing for squatters,

and then have been surprised

when the poor have refused to stay

in such sites. The reason

is that there are natural dynamics

in the process of urban settlement

... that we are only 'beginning lo understand. For example, most m igrants in Latín America usúally fine/ homes in inner-city slums, where -----despite high densities and poor services­the people find a gateway to interpersonal relationships. Closeness to jobs and amenities is a consideration te!'Jlpered by availability

. of /and. As time passes and the economic and social position of a migránt improves, he also changes his lbcation in the city. Programs thatclo n~t take this mobility pattem into corisideration wi/1 most /ike/y fail · because they usecriteria~such as lhe availability of public'land or the desire to ·improve the esthetics ;o{poor areas­different from thó~e pereeived qy squatters.

·. :...1..!'· .

In the teeming inner-eity slums callee/ corralon~s, ~uch as the one in Bogotá, Colombia shown in the photo at right, recent migrants join relatives and friends.

Migrants ' stay on undesirable si tes, hoping thát public authorities will not notice their invásiorí of public or prívate larids. These huts in Klong Toey, Thailand, are built on stilts atop a marshy and frequently flooded /ancf,

Covemments oflen forcefully evict inner-city squatters, pus!iing them lo si tes on the city periphery, such as these gecekonclus outside lstanbul (right).

Planners, of course, would like . to stem lhe tide of migrants. They hope they wi/1 be able todo this by improving the economic and social conditions in intermediare cities and towns such as the one in Colombia shown below. But ihey do not ha ve enoughattractions to rural people, whocon,tinue to move to the largest cities.

U pon arrivar in the city,

migrants use whatever materials

they can !ay their hands on

to build shelter.

· They build in accordance with traditional forms, working old and new materials together the best way they know how. The éity, however, offers greater variety of materials-plastics, ga/vanized iron sheets, flattened-out

··oil drums, cardboard, and wood frorh packing era tes. As the economic lot of the migrant improves, his house becomes more consolidated and new materials and forms are introduced.

Wood, bamboo, and nipa tl'fatch are the basic materials for an early shelter. This squatter house in 1/oi/o City, Philippines, gives an idea of hot,Jsirg materials used in early stages of squátting. · ·

The city, however, . offers other materials. In this roadside store in Lagos, Nigeria, squatters can buy tin drums, ·salvaged wood and other materials for building their houses.

One of'the oldest materials used .for construction, bamboo, provides the main structure for this hol.Jse in Bogotá. Traditional construction methods ha ve al so been used.

ARCHITECTURAL RECOR¡;>· May 19(6 .103

The influx of rural families

to cities has transformed

metropol itan are as i nto settlements

of rural villagers-and plahners

and government officials must take

ri..tral forms and traditions

into consideration ..

. . . in formulaiing policies and programs for urbim develópn1ent. Re/igion, folkways,

· social organization, and styles of!ife must be in'tenvoven with more modern forms in the city. They lend varíety and rich diversitY to the tnanagemént or urban life at the same time that they create problems of po/itics and administratioh. Survi\1a/ óf rural forms poses. a . ·

. basic chal!enge to urban planners .and · authoritíes indeveloping counlries. ' ·

in moving ;1 house are éommon among recent migrants. Here, 'able"bodied persons in a con1hwni(y hefp a sei:tfer move his whole hduse to a nearby relbcation area.

Rurallifestyles are found even in the center of cítíes. A couple of boys enjoy a water buffalo ríde in .this slum/squatter community·i¡;/ Davao City, Philippines.

E ven as supermarkets rise up in rich suburban communities, the urban poor sti/1 re/y on periodic markets for their daily food needs. In Bogotá, the town square (right) becomés the hvb of commercial and .social activities twice a week.

104 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD Ma}-"1976

In new communities on the periphery ofcities) houses reta in their ru!'a/ forms, because of the materiais used and the way in -,..N eh they are ai'ranged to make the most of interpersonal and fam ilia/ relationships .

In

go·

of

va<

tri ti gov off< hou in ti fed\

, hén ' his ·

· In many countries around the world,

governmental responses to the problem

of squatters and slum dwellers has

· vacillated between punitive measures

and política! coddling ...

With strongiocal and internationa{ criticism of the superblocks, the Venez~e/an government has swung to the opposite extreme of low-rise housing. However, · while these

. houses are better, they.a/so missthe.point • in that they are already finishedand . /ea ve no room for f/exibility. The sqÜatter

. · he re would not be able to enlarge or irríprove ' his own dwelling when his life improves.

As lands in the central city . are required for public projects, government officials often pursue "urban renewal''and evict

.. squatte;s, ·as from these . demolished f¡ouses in Caracas. ·

'Wealthier countries like ,Venezuela, ·: with its oil revenues, ha ve builtsuperblocks

to house former squatters and slum dwellers. However, there has been sorne resistance on the part of rancho dwellers to 1 ive in these high-rise buildings:

Architects .'have been s/ow to unders'tand the evolutionary processes involved inhoi.Jsing squatters. Thus, projects are often carbon copies o/ housing in deve!oped éountries, · despite difference in, climate and culture. In sorne cases, architects design low-cost housing for the sake of form, · npt peop/e, as in the building at left, in Mexico City.

~o what must happen EIOW is for planners and government

officials to recognize tlie mistakes of the past; and to recognize

the now-quite-clear new directions that planning and enlight­

ened governm~nt inúúvention should take-directions that

take into account the migrants' traditiona l living pat:terns and

· _resoürces for self~help; and integrate theminto publicefforts. ·

ARCHITECTURAL' RECORD May 7976 .lOS \

. .

Manila beca~e the focus of -the .lnternational Design Con1petition because its problems are prototypical, and because plans were underway to relocate over 100,000 squatters . from a slum in its Tondo Foreshore to a nearby-resettlement ' s~te

. -Dagat-Dagatan-which needed to be planned

Metropolitan Manila has been growing rapidly since the end of World War 11. lt has over 4.4 mi ilion people, or 12 per cent of the total popu­

lation of the nation, and this 12 per cent produces over 25 per cent of the gross national product of the Philippines.

The larger Manila Bay Metropolitan Region has almos! one-fourth of the national popul~tion qr '8.6 mi ilion people; in an area of 18,051 square kilometers (6,967 sqúare miles). This is a large land area with a relaüvely low population .dehsity, but presént projections indicate that this low density won't last__.:.arid that the:Region's population nía y range anywhere between 17.8 million and 24 millioh by the end of . the century. _Philippine plaríriers who are studyillg growth and land­us~ problems at the nationaf sea le are proposing .that, to offsét this ·

forecast growth, new urb~n 'centers should be develbped thrcil.ighout · the islands from Luzon to Mindanao. But nó government policies have yet substantially reduced the attractiveness of the Metropolitan Region to the rural migrant. ·

Manila suffers al! the :usual bad effects of random, haphazard growth; including overcrowding of the districts inhabited by th~ poor such as the Tondo Foréshore area (right, and cover). Efforts to resettle thé squatters on neyv rural sites, in new towns or growtb poles, o; tÓ send them back where they came !ro:.,,, have been unsüccessful. The squatters sirnply rnake their way back to the city wheie theywant tó be.

The government of Metropolitan Manila is now evaluating the : poli cy of obtaining and usihg vacant lands within the .city as s.ites for squatter séttJ€únénts. Existing are substantial amounts of :agritu ltúr¡otl land, littl~~ ~s~d fishpónd areas, and oth~t types of undevelopéd or. underdevé loped. land, Ma~y of these si tes are close·tothe squatiers' . jobs· and to existing ~treets and. highways (there .is _no publii: traris­portation in Manila;--""the population m oves by foot, prívate car;. or. · jeepney): The transfórmation of these sites into human settlements would indude the improvement of the existing transportation .network. A. second approach being considered in conjuncticin with the first . would be to upgradethe sites, ser.vices, transport a~d hm.lsingof éxist~ ing low-income settlements within the metrópolitan boundarie,s: These· .

combined initiative.s would help reverse the ever increasing sprawl of squatter urbanization at the metropolitan fringe. . '

To this end, an initial effort being made by the Metro'politan Má~,. ni la government is the vast landfill project und~irway in the 1 ,Ú.2-acre,:, Dagat-Dagatan Resettlement · Area (pages · 11 0-111). FishÍ)(J'~ds · áre: · being fill ed in to prepare the site for the relocation of the :squatier' community to be relocated from the adjacent Tondo Foreshore. area­in preparation for its redevelopment as an industrial si te. Thé progral')l for the IAF Competition was conceived and inspiréd by the challenge . and opportunity of des igning DagatcOagatan, The Philippine govern­ment· plaris to bu i Id at least one barangay (a 3 ,500-personor ·5oo,fam" . il y cornmunity) to the winning design, and may indeed .f?llow the pro~ posals of the winning architect for the entire 1 00,000-140;ciOO~pefson resettlement si te. What will happen at Dagat-Dagatan is of interest to al! professionals engaged in the pl anning of human settlements:.

106 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.May 1976

··:

n '!

T

..

The existing squatter slurn

~the Tondo Foreshore

on Manila Bay~

has a population of

169,710 on only 455 acres

This silted, marshy land is-with a po¡:iulation of 373 per acre--one

·of the most congested in the country (see cover). Compared with other districts within Metro­politan Manila, it has more disc ease, crime, children per famil y, and deaths per 1 ,000 persons. The Tondo has fewer hgspital beds, less schoolroom spaie per pupil , fewer street lights, fewer police­men, and more property loss due to fire and typhoón. The Tondo consumes less water and has 50 per cent .less of its garbage col ­lected than the city average. lts sewage disposal system is lar below the standards of other dis­tricts. There are fewer buses and jeepneys avai lable to the squat­ters, and less park and recreation area per person than anywhere else in the rest of the city. ·

Jhe Tondo Foreshore area was or iginally reclaimed fróm the sea to be developed as an indus- · tria! si te, b.ut during the long del ay

· befare the government was ready to commence construction, the

. squatters too k . over. (Throughout

. the Third World, al! vacant sites and public lands attract squatters.)

Through strong community organization, the Tondo squatters have developed a degree of politi­cal power, and have been difficult to dislodge. To help salve this problem, the adjacent (and more than h.vice as large) Dagat-Daga­tan site is being planned to re" house them.

When the Tondo area is fi­nally dev~loped for further indus­trial uses, it will be a major source of jobs for the squatters who desperately need them . The area wi)l not become entirely indus­trial , however, since plans provide for at least 9,000 people to remain on the si te. This is in line with the government's policy to upgrade

· existing settleinents within the metropolitan limits. '

ARCHITECTURAL RECORD Mav 1976 ·: 107

--·- - ~~~~~--

In spite of its squalor,

the people of the Tondo

want to live there or near there-,­

forjobs, education, and a better future

for themselves andtheir children

The people ofthe Tondo live clase to the piers where the men earn their 1 ivir)g as. laborers arid steve­dore:;. They are al so el ose to trans­port terminals and opén markets where th\iy find work in helping ' load and unload fresh produce. In addition to ,their own ·shacks, the area in which they live contains industries such as slaughterT houses, glass plar:1ts; and heavy

· · equipment .depots. lt is a poor place for human beings to live­a,nd the shift to nearby Dagat­Dagatan should be a welcome one for the squatters lucky enough to be moved, provided they are given land tenure .. The Tondo it­self is being Jeveioped· furth2;· as

· an indústriaÍ site-as planned by the Tondo Redevelopment Au­thority-but will 'still retain about 9,000 families. ·

The squatters Óf the Tondo, like those elsewhere in the Philip­pines and many parts of the devel­oping world, fit a profile devel­oped by social scientist Aprodicio

. A. Laquian ('pages 100-1 05) and .outlined in his report "Siums and Squatters in Six. Philippine Cities." In his words: "Squatters and slum dwellers consider their present lile l:ietter than their former situation . They see economic and other op­portunities in the city and are un­. willing to lea ve their present com­munities. The break with the rural place of origin seems to be rela­tively · f inal. Most squatters and slum. dwellers make the move to the city .when they are f'!lalure and, often,~arried. In the 'case of the rl)arriiid mig~ants, the head of the family usually goes to ihe city first, blit the number of families who move as a group is also high. These facts supp~rt · the irre-

. versible ·nature -of rural-urban mi­gration.

'~The migration chain play~ · an importart . part Relatives and

.d riepds who precedethe migrants

help them make the decision to move and settle down in the city. In this way, the adjustment of the migrahts to lile in the city be­comes éasier.

·"Most squatters and slum dwellers have a low leve! of edu­cation, .lack technic;:al, and profes­sional skills, and find/ employment only in unskilled or semi-skilled jobs. Their aspirations for them­selves . and their children, how­ever, are high: Owr\ership of home and land is a primary moti­vation.

"The incomes of squatters and slum dwellers are low. Living in slum and squatter areas helps make ~nds meet. Other family members besides the father work. Squatters firid the slum conditions acceptable as compared to their former condition of lile in the rural areás.' Although they see living conditions as hard, they seem to accept them, and consider thern temporary."

The photographs of T ando lile (left) show squatters and thei r children .at leisure (1 and 4); women washing clothes in water seeping from ruptured pipes (2);

children at a co'mmon water tap (3); residents "cottage-manufacc turing" picture frames (5); chil ­dren ata small open-air store (6) .

Density within the residential areas of the T onda ranges from 1 O to 14 70 persons per acre.

T ando has a very young pop­ulation. Of the total members of 17,418 households, one-half are below 19 ye¡¡rs . old. Those be­tween the ages of 20 to 39 com­prise 29.6 per cent, while 12.1 7 per cent are between 40 to 59 years old. The median age was found to be 17.3 years, wh ich is lower than for the Metrbpolitan Manila are a (19 years), and that of the entire country (17.9l. The •average. number. of diildren per family is five .

. ARCi-liTEC!Ui<AL RECORD Mav 1976 . 109

11 0 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 7976

Dagat-Dagatan-the site

of the competition~

will become a riew-town-.in-town

instead ofa remate,

underserviced, resettlementarea

The Tondo Foreshore Redevelc by a proposed 49-footcwide ve­opment Authority studied severa! hicular road, an,d to the south ·by resettlement sites for Hie Tondo the proposed circuhiferential road residents for theiraccessibility and C-3. Accessibility »'¡¡¡be provided

·general suitability. The si te had to by the proposed extensions of ex­be located near the Tondo Fore- istingmulti-lane;,roads. shore where mbst of the squatters The competition program work, and it had to be large called for high densities, low-rise

· enough to ·handle the expected structures, low-cost ·construction .. spjllover from rene..yal of the Fore- for low-.income people, self-suffi-

shore with roomfor expansion. ciencyfor the 500-family commu-ln terms of. these criteria, . the nity, pedestrian orientation, and

Dagat-Dagatan lagoon (shown ad- ·ecological fit. jacent to the Tondo Foreshore in The competitors were re­the site plan attop right arid in the quired to propose the environ­photograph left) was selected. lt mental arrangements · to be pro-

. has an area of about 778 acres, .vided both for the community as a with another 494 acr~s available ;wbole .and for the individual for expansi~n. , lt is .. !oéated less .. dwell ing u ni t. Attention was to be • than tvvo miles no.rth of the Fóre-. · paid to the water supply, hot shoreland. • . water heating, domestic heating '

1 n accordance with - .t!Íe ·, and cookingprovisions and sani­Tondo 'Foresho~eland ~edevelc • li!ry and sol id . waste disposal.

· opment Plan, about ,64 acres of These arrangements had to. be the Foreshore will be de\'oted' to ecoriomicallyJeasible.

• indust~ al . and comrilercial . uses ' The competitor.s were askecl ,j ncl about334 acres will be devel- t() clesign a hierarchy·0f commú­. :· oped as a re5iclential connnunity nity(acilities shaped by the 5oeiai

for approximately 9,000 families.· structure of the new town. As part About 17,000 Tondo families are of the site planning process, the'

-lto be resettled on the Dagat-Daga- competitors establ ished the loca­tan sit~ requiring about 494 acres · tion of the town center with its of land. About 284 acres of the . high schóol, hospital, fire and po­new site · may be developed .for !ice stations and adrriinistrative comn1ereial and industrial pur- building. Dividing thesite into the poses of a non~polluting ni)ture. smaller units for 500 families

The lnternation:il Archi- e¡¡ch, called barangays, they lo­tectural Foundation éompetition cated within them the community program called for a master plan halls, elementary schools, clinics, of the entire 1 ,272-acre Dagat- chapels, sari-sari stores and the Daga tan site, arid a· detailed si te small fishermen's markets known plan of a 12.5-acre portian of.it; as ta/ipapas .

. which is the first to be reclai.med Since Dagat-Qagata,n is to be­. ~ by hydraullc fill. This area ca1í ac- comP:<t. ~igh-density, low-risé riew

commodate SÓO families who will town;., Jrle,r::anning of parks, open help to build their own houses spaces lf.,p recreational facilities along. the guiclelines set by the assumed a\ irr¡portant role. winning cornpetitor. The area se- Fif)ally, the con1petitors were

.lected · fo.r cletailed design ·.in the urged by the competition program · competition program (shown in to consicler the problem of devel­c6loron. the plan, bottom ~ight) is opirig new jol:ísón or near the si te bounded to the' west by the Mala- ' and to .. find ways of integrating

· bon:Longos River, to the northeast . work¡;¡nd living patterns.

~ RESIOE NTJAL AREAS

~ COMMERCIAL-INDUSTR M L

-- PROPOSEO MAJOR THOROUGH.FARE S

__.EXJST.ING MAJOR tHOROUG-tifARES

ARCHITECTURAL RECORD Ma~ 1976

The lnternational Design Competition for the Urban Environment of ..

Developing Countries ~ focused ,~n Manila­attracted 476 submissions. On t~ next 42 pages, as chosen by a distinguished international jury, are ...

112 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD Ma)' 1976

The jury re laxes (top left) after the w inner is announced. The jurors were Balkri shna Doshi, Eric · Lyons. Mildred Schmertz, MoshE'

Safd._ie, W~· illi m Whitfield, Ge1i" . erar .Gá. cio V. ·Tobias, and . Takama c. Yosizaka. ·At lefl, ór.' Aprc:.!t io Laquian, jllry ad~isor; . IAF' president Blake 1-!Ughes; and . Teresita Vicera, resiclent o( the Tondo ancl advisor to the jury. At righ.t, the professional advisors: Michael Seelig, Fritz Gutheim,

· Anhur Erickson of Gutheim/See­lig/Erickson.

i .

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In his editorial announcing ·the cornpetiti.on, back in April 1974, RECo'RD publisher Blake Huihes quoted Charles Abrams: "The solu­

tions to the problems of urbanization may be the key to an interna­

tional rapprochell)ent~and evento a lasting peace .... The main ob­

stacle is, of course, the dearth of talent and knowledge for r:neeting the

' challenges of urbanizatign."_There are, of course, many majar efforts

i1i ihe world community to alleviate the condition of the poor trapped

in slums around most of the world's majar-cities. But, as we said in

· an earlier editorial:. "lt is fair to argue that with few exceptions ...

' there has been-little opportunity for architects as a group to participate,

· and thus lit¡le opportunity for governments and concerned inclividuals

to see the possible contribution of the thinking ancl talent of the

' world's aréhitects. Thús the campetition."

:.rhe competition~frórn conception to completion~ . was ·a three-year project involving hundreds of people The formation of the non-profit lnternational Architectural Founclation

(IAF) to hold the ·conipet.ition was an_nounced in RECORD and L'Archi­tecture d'Aujourd'hui in April 1974: But i~ the development stage of

-the IAF, Blake Hughes~its president-was greatly assisted by Ms. Hel-

- ena Benitez; then director of the PreparatoryPianning Group for HAB-

_ ITAT and now presiden! of the Governing Council of the United Na­

, ti()ns Environment Programme (UNEP);· and by Eri,c Carlson, then dep­

uty director of the PPG. Ms. Benitez was not only enthusiastic a:nd

helpful_ in setti'ng the goals of the competition, but was instrumental

_in arrarlging for the enormous coopera:tion of Philippine architects,

planners, and governníent bfficials during the writing of the competi­

tion program; in_making arrangements for a commitmentof the com-

-_ peiition site in Manila; and in obtaining a special grantfrom the Philip­

p[negovernment to help cover the costs of the competition. · The publisher and-staff of'REC.ORQ ·Luidertook to raise the money

for the IAF, and it is appropri¡lteto name here~with thanks from al'l

who worked on the competition and .will benefit from the thinking it -

· generated-the organizations and individuals whose grants made the

competition possible: Sponsors are: Graham Foundation for Advanced

Studies in the FineArts, and Johns-Mánville. Patrons are: lriternational · ·· Development Research Centre (Canada),. National Endowment for the

and .The Rockefeller Foundalion. Donors are• ARCHITECTURAL

RECORD; The Architects Coliaborative; The Asia Foundátio~; The Aus­

tin Company; The F9rd Foundation; Hyatt lnternational Corporation;

, · · P. MeNear, jr. Foundation; Owens-Corning Fiberglas Cor­

poraiion; PPG Industries Foundation; and Skidmare, Owings & Mer­

rill.' Contributors are L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui; the staff of RECORD; W. R. Bonsal Company; Building lndustry Development Servic:_es; CP

Dalton-Dalton Little Newport; Arthur Sworn Goldman & Asso­

lnc.; Ir. E: Hendrik Grolle; RAIC; Gruzen and Partners; Harrison

Abramovitz; Hellmuth, Obata: & Kassabaum, lnc.; Smith,.Hinchman

G.ry!ls Associates lnc.; and S tone:, Marraccl~i & Patterson. As n~ted · ihere was a grant from The Government of the Philippines. .

1/(/1 \

As professional -aclvisors for the competition-conducted under

the ru!es of thé Union lnternatiOI1ii le des Arch itectes-IAF retained

Gutheim/Seelig/Erickson, a consortium fonned to do international

planning, design, and development by .Frederick' (fritz) Gutheim,

noted. planner and author; Michael Seelig, architect, planner, and

teacher; and distinguished Canadian architect Arthur Erickson. The

program they developed for the com petitio·n was a model of its kind;

and their conduct of t11e · judging efficient and impec,cable. (Gut­

heim/Seelig/Erickson is also responsible.for the developr'nent and de­

sign of the exhibition based on the-competition design~ to be shown

atthe Vancouver Art Galfery duringtheUN's HABITATConference.)

Architects were invited to .register for the cornpetition in March 1975; the judging took place in February .1976 In response to an invitation published in· RECORD, other professional

niagazines, anda bulletin of the U lA, 2531 registrations fróm 68 coun­

tries were received. 476 completed submissions were received and

presented to the jury, which met in February in Vancouver. Only alter

five days of study and debate did the jury a:nriounce its judgments and

relax (see photo top left) as Arthur Erickson opened "the sealed enve­

lopes" w ith- the names .of the winners, The judges were (see photos)

Balkrishna 'ooshi, lndián architect .a:nd planner, Honorary Fellow of _

the AlA, dean of the Centre for Envirorímental Planning and T echnol­

ogy,Ahmedabad, and frequent lecturer at U .S. universities; Eric Ly,ons,

.chairman of the jury, presiden! of the. Royal lnstitute of British Archi­

tects, Honorary Fellow of AlA, knciwn especially for his award~win­

ning workin housing and his prqmotion pf the concept of.architectura l

.competitions; Mildred Schmertz, AlA, arthitect, RECORD senior editor,

,and author; .Moshe Safdie, lsraeli -born Canadian architect with offices

inbcith countries, a broad international practice, perhaps best kn0w'n

. for hi~ " Habitat" housing in Montreal and in Puerto Rico; William '

Whitfield (alternate jurar), who practices in London, is active in RIBA, ·

and is a membero(the Royal Fine Art Commission; General Gauden­

cio V. Tobías, who is acting general manager ofthe National Housing

Authority of the Philippines, executive vice presiden! of the National

Housing Corporation, a1id chairman of the Housing and Urban Devel­opment Team, :Office_ of the Presiden!; and Takamasa Yosizaka (alter­

nate jurar) architect, teacher and one-time dean at Waseda U niversity, .

Tolwo: and past-preside_nt of the An::hitectural_ lnstitute of Japan.

Al so shown ih the ·'photos, at boit9"'m left, ·are Dr .. Aprodicio La"

-quian, so,cial stientist who advised the jurors and supplied the photo ,

essay on page 1 00; Bl¡¡ke Hughes, president of IAF and publisher of

RECORD; and Teresita Vicera, a residen! arid barangay leader in the

' Tondo Foreshore, and ·an advisor to the jury. The ·first-prize .winner won an award of $35;000 (pl us the -wm­

mission to complete the. prototype design in accordance with -philip-_

pine law); the second award was $15,000; the third award wás $10,-000; and four oíher entr~nts were awarded $1 000 e~ch · for· sp~cial

. menticins. Their prerniatecl clesigns are shown beginning overleaf.

ARCHITECTURAL RECORD Ma¡; 1976 113 1>

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The first-prize-winning design by lan Atllfield . . ( LA -~~-0·'·-''c of Ne".f ;-?~aland proposes_f_9r é~rh "barangar, a new

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- a penphery of hnear bulld1ngs d~sugneo for a comb1nahon otc6tt~fe, light, añd non-pOíf~tiilg~eJ industries vy!th community ga~d~ns on top

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The jury awarded first prize to lan Athfield, a young Ne'f~ Zro0 lanrL

. !!'r'G\cérOJO · arch1tect, for. a tourageous pro-posa! tlli:lt makes .the workplace of the community the majar control~ lingelement of the design. This ' in­troduction of job-generating space is a truly new concept a~d repre­sents a genu ine advance in · the physical planning for human set­tlements. This work space should significantly help the lnhabitants of the Dagat-Dagatan b.arangays to transform themselves intó a self-sufficient community.

Accord ing to Athfield, this working perjphery (see site plan and sections right and overleaf) would be the first part of each community to be built. lt would

· be a significant addition to the customary installation of sites and services - the goyernment-sup­plied infrastructure bf roads, sew.­ers, piped water and electricity. · ~he pepple movi:1~ g?}?a,gat­

Dagatan vvould help eréd"' this working periphery in increments as ~eeded. A particular ' area within each working periphery would be reserved for a building cooperative ruh by the loca l resi­dents. This cooperative would ini-

. tially contro l.thesupply-,. manufac­ture ancl use of building materials for the barangay. Households pos­sessing existing building materi­als, in the form./ of their prese,1]t shanties, coulcl trade these in at the cooperative, which would ar­range tlie recyding of such mate­rials. The cooperative, by li'miting the range and variety of the build­iilg rnaterials to be mqcle avail- . able, could help achleve a consis­tency and upity in the design and a¡:ipearance of the housing units.

As the cofnmunity develops, the roie of the building cÓopera­tive cóuld bmaden to include the provision of cither building e l e~ ments, and td supply a market beyond the initial comrnunity,

11 4 ARCHITECTURA L RECORD May 1976

thus increasing the number of jobs where individuals coulcl be available. 'Sp'ace within the work-!. trained in alternative energy· and ing periphery would also be recycling techniques. liidividual leased to private .light indústries,: industries ancl households would thus bringing even more jobs· to be ' encouraged by a small pay" the barai?gays: ment to send all their wastes to the

Athfield proposed that the' energy cénter. As awarenéss aiid families of any person obtaining 'understanding of the waste and employment In the working pe~ energy systems clevelops; familie5 · riphery would have priofity in ob- would be encouraged a lid assistecl taining a house si te in the baran-, td cliwelop their own conservation gay. He has calculated that beJ andenergy plants. tween 300 ¡md 400 people could , Each energy centerwould be. be employed for every 10,000 ' looked after by a caretaker. Wind­square meters (1 07,600 square : milis for the energy centers' would feet) of working space surrouncl~ ~l2>cated ori the roof oftÍle woi·k­ing each .bara;1gay. Given apprdx" ing perimeters adjo!n.ingJ:ommu­imately 188,300 square feet o.f . nity '"'gardens also located there. working perimeter, between 550 ,, The gardens and energy centers and 700 persons of'thé SQO fami ~ would be a .strikingly visib le ex­líes living in each par¡uigay would 'pression o(t\le --éoope1·ative have j,obs within walking distance • achieitements'of the community. of their homes. AthfieÍd points out . The working perimeter will · that the place of work and the serve as a ?trong physical ..!?,g.uGcf:. home should be closely assoc -~Y for e,ach barangay. As Athfield ciated to récluce the time and cost r(Jóln!~ .. <OLi't within the . Philippines of commuting to.work, but justas 'tiléiAiai Íhas been a strong element irnportantly, to encourage cooper• of design definition as well as se~ ation within the .community itself: · curity..from the begirining of the

The working peripherywould · · Spanish influence. The perimeter 2!so contain 5eV¡>ral community structures ' around each barangay energy centers (pages 120-1 21) .will help shape lively streets bec from which thé conservation of tween · thenl. These streets will energy could be .d'irectécl and . have the qlliJ,Iity of the pedestrian

l~n Athfield (front and éenler) founded Athfield

. Architects in 1968: (leflto :igh() MoyraTodd, Wal Edwards, Graerne Bouche, .Ddri Báird and lan -Dick-

son. Absent is Ti m Nees. B'ónÍ in Christchurch,

New Ze~land in 1940, '

Athfield ·earned his ', Diploma of Ardiitecture frorn .Auckland School of /\rch•tecture in 1963 . A profile of Athfield and his work i? on pages 42-43.

-- - - --~~----------

passageways of pre-automobile" : age cities ancl towns-'-'alive with workshops, : small sto1'es, markets ancl food star1eJs.

Athfielcl's house cfes ignsdetti- · onstrate, .in the opinion o! the jury, " his sensitiyity to the cu lture ancl life style of.the comrnunity and its '

'asp iratlons." Occupying individ­ual siies, iwhich would average 55 squar~ n¡etersJ?~1' . scjuare. f~~t) ,, : each, the d1véltiñgs can be 1bVilt'.l 0 ·.

by the fesidents ihemselves ·:at 1 '· ' . '

their present state of competence as craftsri1e1i; witlií11 the- tr¡¡¡di­tioni rural Shi idii;g"vernacular of the Ph ilippines (pages 116-12'1)., ·

Athfield urges that the si te$ be .· leased to 'thé newinhabitants with · eventual rights of ownersh ip. His . deeply a ii~Jsi\'e and .· expressive drawings show how the bara_rígay. · houses cou lcl look alter the farni~'i l~? . l;ave beet1secure in thern foi ·: a\Vhile. As length .of lenure; effort' · and investment increase, gardens·.·. and trees are planteo. 'The houses . expand to in elude small verandás; " kitchen and laundry e.quipment is improved; better 'furnishings are < purchased; potted plants apiJear and pictures clecorate the wa}ls. Doon< w indow frames and shut- · · ters/ made at the.builcling materi: als :coopera ti ve and. purchaséd in stages by the niigrant as he graclu- · · ;.:!!y beE:omes .able to afford · t)lem-.-:.coritribute to the . so!idity · ánd permanence" of his house. As

' his , family grows and his ~ eco- .. nomic positi()n iriiproves,, the . in-'-habitant's house grows to éxpress his owri and his f~1r1ily'~ expand­.ing'needs and rising aspirations.

In his submission, Athfielcf proposes that his winning desigri · . team work with each f<~mliY to gíve advice on boundary situa:. tions, erection procedures an.d bu ilding techniques. He sees this di'rect work with the community as the principal ancl most chal­lenging task 61 the desi~n tea¡n.

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The sections (above)~snow the rela­tionships between the working periph­ery and the houses and other commu­nity buildings. ShowrÍ on top of the lin­ear ooundary structuré are the com­munity garders. Adjacent to the mar­ket place (M) are a nursery school, ele­mentary schciol and health clinic. lndi ­catecl on the plan are sari-sari stores

(5), energ\' centers, and a church (C) . Four puroks (subdivisions of the baran­gay) each have a basketball court as a center. The number of housing sites· per puro'krange from 121 to 138, to­taling 484. Automobiles and jeepneys are garaged under terraces wh ich abut the inside wa lls of the working periph~ ery. Footbridges span the motorways.

/

··FJRST PRIZE 1 IAN ATHFIELD

116 ARC~iiTECTURAL RECORO 1976

Athfield propases that the coconut palm be utilized to provide the piin· cipal building elements. ltis· in abun­dan! sLipply ¡,. the Philippines arid will continue to be so in the foreseeable fu­ture. The timbér tan be us~d in its nat­ural state if dried and preserved: Jis by­products include the . prcicluction of charcoal, chip-based ·cement . blocks, particle bciard, .insulation fiber c'ement board, furniture and jolnery: The win­ning clesign recommends that the house units be bui li oi timber Ira me for

VeV1k

resistance to earthquakes. Athfield cernen! ins.ulatioh .in party walls fór points out that timber frame con- -sound insulation lias"also been Tecom~ . struction is within the craft skills of the .. rriended. Athfield strongly urges that Tondo Foreshore squatter. Roofs aricl the vocabulary of malerials be limilEed walls would be panels óf plaster made to the coconut paln1 and its by··prod, with. é:oéonut sawdust, sand and ce- ucts to give an.underlying meritove.r expanded metal mesh . (See to the barangay,c 'Furthe,rmore, details page'120). These panels \vou ld sistently . employing these

.. be fire-resistanL and · would provide •. the resicientswould become skilled good insulation against the Manila · .. their Lise . . Purt hasecl heat. This material l~nds iÍselfto addi- cost could he me! by tions ancl alteratións without skilled , a~ avérage of .371.43 pesos a.montlv techniques. The use of toconuí líber' or $53.06 in u.s. cloll ~ is.·

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ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976 ' 117

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FII<ST i' RIZE 1 IAN t\THFIELD

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. CooPERATloN AMONg FoUR. NEIG-HBoURS 118 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD lvlay 1976

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The plan (left top) shows tour lots of they would appear alter the families 592 square feet each, combining in a had li ved in them long enough to bu ild .cluster of houses for four families. The verandas, to plarit trees and gardens, combined elevation-section (left bot- and to ácquire simple domestic ar-

" tom) shows tw0 of the houses. Th.c ticles and furn ishings. The squatters of fbur families share the privy and the Tondo Fóreshore keep pígs and laundry, the compost pile, a commu- chickens for additional income and nity kitchen; relrigerator, and food hope to continue to do so when they area, the agricultura! wind,.;,i ll and the move to Dagat-Dagatan. The three cooled water· tan k. Each family has a plans · and comb.ined elevation-sec- . si long, or space below the first floor at tions' (ab9ve) show variations of the ground level; anda si/id, or l iving and . bas ic house unit, including an ex­sleeping space on the first or second ample of how the house can abut the f loor. Athfie ld has drawn the houses as inside wall of the working periphery.

ARCHITECTlJRAL RECORD May 1976 119 ·

FIRST PRIZE 1 II \ N ATHFIELD

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CoP.NER FILE lYPIG\L CoN5TRUcrloN DEfAILS

120 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD Mav 1976.

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Although Athfield cont~¡ds~ thai it can­riot fairly be suggested' "tilat a family on a wage of 300 pesÓs a month purify its water, cook with charcoal · and compost its waste, while an industry .uses all the .energy and water it wariÍ:s and discharges its .waste untreated into the adjoining river," his design soiU- . tion, nonetheless, contain~ · excellent proposals for .wasle dispos.al. and ·the . development· of alternative energy sources .within the barangay. Each communi ty. of 500 · .fami lies . wduld have several .. small tommuriity. energy centers (section and plans opposite page top), ·which wóuid contain toi­lets, showers, .a communa l laundry, a solar heal'ing element and a waste di s­posa! plant witli a compost unit from whicll methane gas would be. ex­tracted. The barangay working periph­ery woü ld I10Use larger energy.centers· (above and right). Construction cletails flefl) are for the basic structures.

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ARCHI"T~~;fURAL RECORD~1ay i976 121

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FIRST PRIZE /IAN ATHFIELO

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A Fire station; secondary school, poli ce headquarlers, heálth and . community center for barangays

B Hospital C Town plaza, municipal buildings,

church O Pedestrian bridge o'{er motorway E Walkway under street

122 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976

Every three tó five 'barangays wóuld be served by a lown center located within the wail of one · of the barangays, which would fuMction as a major plaza with more space devoted to commerce, administration · and ente'r­taínment than wifl be .found in the smaller individual barangay plaZas. The town ceriter wou ld be adjoined by the hospital, sec::ondary. schodl, ·tire slalion and police headquarters. As in­dicated . on the pl"n for. the entire

Dagat-Dagatan area (opposite pagel, n1ájoi industries and those ~eeding large storage spac~s are plaéed in the industrial zone adjoinihg the port de­velbpnient area. Service and parking penetratiohs are provicled betweer1 barangjys. Pedestrian pavements are provided on al! roads and ped~·stri an Janes ·are planned on the periphery of tlie development and along the banks of the river. These river paths would be supported by the sheet piling driven to

retaln the banks. The land at the pe-. riphery of the OagatcDagatatl area has . been designated as a reserve ar)d ~viU act as á buffer zone betweeri existiirg develoj:iments . and the new corn.mu: nity'. A railway reserve has been zoned ,;' to the sóuth si de of Highway C-4 and •. ;;_;' hás been e>¡tended into the industrial ,,;;,·;· aiea. This raillinkci:iu ld extend along ' ·\_; the Jine of N'orth Bay Boulevard to link: ''} w ith the existirig railway in the soulh ·· en el of th<¡ T pnclo are a.

\ \ \

The second.;.prize-winningdesign by Takagi Design Associates of Tokyo proposes the ·use of ·colonnades to help shape : the pedestrian paths and other op~n spaces of the barangay, providing an order within which the individual houses can multiply in a modular patter~

. . ! i

The japanese teaiTl's proposa l an­swers a key question they asked themselves: whether public or prí­vate space, or both in combina­tion, should receive the most eme phasis in their design for Dagat­Dagatan. Japanese cities are pric vatecspace oriented-gardens and courtyards areenclosed w ithin the house ·and careful l ytended~ while aileys, streets and géneral open space are . neglected. B ut' even in those countrie·s wh ich­unlike Japan-have é:ities 'of. great civic beauty, the publicspaces of low-income communiües are oflen dilapidated and Ígnored. ,.

Architects Takagi, Hayakawa and Takahashi decided · to give equal emphas is to .the. achieve­rnent of the highest practiCa:! ('ll­

vironmental standard at both the sea le of the neighborhood ancl the scale of the house. To this encl they devised a colon nade, which they believe woulcl actas a citta­lyst for the gradual enrichment of the pub! icly shared physical envir­onment of the settlement as im­provements in the economic sta­tus nd 1

with the peclestrian paths and other open spaces of the barangay and helping to shape them, woulcl be the major social; structural and .:·: visual element of the community infrastructure. lt would be a space maker, the first stage in the build­ing program, ancl the founclation fcir the inhabitants' self-help.

· just as governry¡ents bu ilcl roads ancl inclividuals :buy~6n their mNn the automobiles thatare clriv­en on . them, the government of Metropolitan Manila would subsi­clize and construct the colon nades <'lnd · integratecl public services (roa.cls, water supply, electricity, clraitiage); and each inhabitant would pay for and hei.P constrlict his private .,d\\telling, which con­nects to ·this infrastructure.

124 ARC HITECTURAL RECORD May 1976

Mikiro Takagi (left), born in Tokyo in 1941, received a degree in architecture · frbrn Waseda University in T ok)~O. He-/eceived a mastér1S degree from the School of Art ánd ArchHécture of. Y ale .t.Jniversity, and worked for architects Paul Rüdolph and Ed\.vrtrd L. Barnes in New York. Kut)ihiko Hayakawa (middle), al so born in T pkyo in 194_ 1., ,...,,a·s: a dassmate of Takagi's at Waseda Universiiy and at.Yal·e.J-Ie worked for Moshe Safdie

in Montreal. Keiichiro Takahaslii (rightl : born. in S higa i11 1950, graduated from the Department of Architectu;e of the Professional School in Shiga.

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The isometric shows .. how the con­struction wou\d be· phased. The heavy building components, such as the co\ ­onnade w ith its integrated public seh vices, and the kitchen and sanit?ry e\ements would be installed by a governinent-subsidized contractor. Lightweight . building components, su.ch as the pane\s shown above, would be purchased by the inhabitants (with loans froril the government) a'nd conne·cted to the support structure by them . The Japanese design team be­lieves that through thi s process shelter would be provided . quickly, the em­ployment of the wage earner vyould not·be .interrupted, and the finishing or expimsion ol the dwellings cou ld be done by the inhabitant during eve­nings, weekerids and hol idays.

In stage one, either precast or poured-in-place foundations would be installed, deperiding on site condi­tions. The co \onnade of precast col , umns and beams would be. added along with precast concrete panels for the pavement and U-shaped ditches· .

. In stage two, the kitchen and sani­tary units, pre-assembled, pre-wired, and pre-plumbed wou\d be delivered and insta lled by the con tractor.

In stage three, the concrete block sub-structure would be .set up and the wood columns wou\d be bolted to the concrete footings · and connected to the wooden beams. At this point, the inhabitants co,u ld be expected to enter the construction process.

In stage four , the inhabitants wo~\d set the insulated roof pane\s of asbestos cement corrugated sheets, . and insta\\ the stairs, f loor pane\s, . · structural wa \1 panels, fireproof wa\1

· panels bétween the dwelling units, and the prehung · door and window Ir ames.

In stage five, ·exterior and .interiÓr finishing, gardening and othe;·domes­ti c and environmenta\ work.would be done by the individual h'ouseho\ds.

A~Cii iTECTURAL RE<OORD May 1916. • 125

SECOND PRIZE 1 TAKI1GI OESIGN ASSOCIATES

126 ARCHITECTURAL RECORDMay 1976

1 COMMU~fTY- CENTER . . 2 LIG!'T .INol!STilY WORKSHO~ 3 ELEMENTÁRY SCHOOL> 4 HEAL l'H . 'éLIMIC "

~ , =L ÁND STÓRE 7 . NURSERY SCHOOL· 8 SARI-SARI STORE 9 ·· WoAKSHOPS

10 FISH MARKET 11 . CO!.ONMAOE ,' , 12 ALL~Y ·. .. , ,· 13. CAMAL-SIOE •PARK 14 PLAY · G!jouNo, BASI<ET-BALL COURT

' 15 PARKING

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Each barangay would ha ve al its C:en­ter a workshop for light industrv which would employ some people of the ~eighborhoocL A factory producing prefab building· components for the. entire resettlerilE'nt site would be par( of the Dagat-Dagatan town center, thus providing more job opponur1ities. The en tire si te has bcen la id out on an 8.7 foot grid The front yards, back­vards, alleys, streets, · boulevards and open spaces are all básed upon this urban module. The dwelling module is 2.9 feet. Since the url:ian module is a rnultiple of this¡ the two networks can , be integrated. All open spao~s have a '­specific use (for' exa.mple, as basketball courts) sinée the Takagi tearn believes that open : space withoul a specific function ;; likely to be misused . The neighborhood street, shaded on either side by, its colonn¡¡des and with no ai.J- ' tomobile traffic, ,will betorne a linear playground .

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OWER . UPPER LOOR FLOOR ,..IIIÍiillli

The standard lot is .. 26~ 6 by 26.6 feet and the dwel/ing ~nit pl~n .· is cruci ­form .' Thi;; shape gives.each rogm un it cross ventilation '· Each dwelling unit has a front and b~ckyard . The fronf yard is an intermediate zone between the public space of the alley, where

• people wi 11 spend a fot of'ti;.r,c, ¡¡nd the private space oí thedwelling; ;:¡nd can accommodate a;·variety · of outdoor

. funétions "(he bilGkyard wi:Julp be a commori sp¡¡ce shared by .four dwell­ing u~its, ' ánd fynctioQ ' as <J. more pri­vate ,butdoor.sp¡¡ce for, veget¡¡ble gar­dening a11d · chickeri '; raising. The grÓund leve! is a m~dti : use space, ~nd the second floor .. is Íor sleeping.

The Japanese team gave the conserva­tion of water a very high priority. Lo­cated at modular points along the alleysare combined kitchen and sani ­tary . uriits (above) with a rain catcher

. suspended from a trame on top. A

compi:lst privy toilet system has· been : proposed to save water and to secure

human waste as ferti!izer for agricul­tura! uses . .Because it is necessary to prov.iqe alternatives to the use of wood and 0 il as'fuel, the use of methanegas is also récommended. In each dwell­ing u~it , this ~lean-burniñg gas woulq

.be produced naturally by the de~ay of . animal and human waste .and .v.egeta­ble matter in the absence of air ..

ARCHITECTURA~RECORD May 7976 .. 129

- . . .

The third-prize-winning design by Sau lai Chan makes the most of cluster grouping, , · . _creating a clearly defined hierar(:hy ~fspaces, fróm individuallots, to community courtyar~s, to alleys; pedestrian spines and vehicular roads

Because the competition program principal spine 'of each barangaY, . called for a human settlernent Architect Chari ·. dei::ided to work plan that \.vou ld foster strong so- with the concept of core housing, cial ties and cornmunity interac - and propases ihat ihe <:ore be supe tion, as we/1 as a degree of self- plied by the goverhrnent. The core suffi cie ncy~by people who . of the individual hpuse would inc would get about rnainly by foot- · elude the lnitial sahitary services, archi tect Chan devised a cluster the structural frarne; and the roof. · clesign, wh ich he believes best · The iype; size; and nUnlber of serves this forrn of circulation .. stories requirecl for., each h_ouse . (pages 132-i33). He believes that. would depend on a government

' a sen se ofsecurity and comrnun ity . survey of family size, needs arid can be · developed by . grouping availablefunds, thus reducing_ ini­families tcigetherwho are engaged tia/ government expenditure. The in simi lar activities or who . have roof is the most difficult part of

· depended on each other in the house constructibn, becoming past. Chan proposesthat a survey more so as the house exceeds one be made of the Tondo squatters to story. lt is, theiefóre, a practicai discover these family and friend- proposal that the roof be supplied_

· ship l inkages. , · · and installed by the gov~ri\ment. Since no figures fm existing or Tirnbe_r was cho$en as. _the

predicted car ownership were principal building . material · be~ .• given in the competition prograrn, cause it is cheap, easily.ávailable, Chan assurried .that 20 per ce,nt of and accepted as permanent (when · the 3,500 barangay inhabitants treated against fungus' attack and wou ld haye cars . His barangay fire) in the Philippines, The resj­plan (pages 132-133) provides dents, flllthermore, are skilled at parking for about 700 cars around carpentry and could hándle tbe the periphery of the barangay ad- timber very weiL . Chan recom­jacent to the proposed minor ve- mends that the · construction hiele road, and within the cui-de- process be speeded up by .prefabc sacs of the service r~ads. · ricating the · e~enial timber wall

Chan points out th<jt since panels Ón the si te. . .. . most movement w ithin Dagat- Because of their low in~ . Daga tan would be by foot, bicyele comes, . the new ~-inhabitánts of

· or public ·transport, these· ser.vice Dagat-Dagatan ' V\tould be ex-·. roads (which can be seen o.n the _· pected to use the cheapest av¡¡il- ·

master plan for the entire Dagat- able rnaterials in .expanding their::, Daga tan si te at right), serve more houses. The fact, al so, 'that . they as access routes to impo.rtant hubs lack sophisticated ·, power tools within the site than as surfaces for and heavy rnathinery makes their bus y vehicular traffic. The vehicles use of more advanced building us ing these service roads would be technology unlikely. fire engines, arnbu_lances, garbage lf petroleumproduds are eas-trucks, or jeepneys: ily available, Chan propases, as

· The s iie plan showing a anexperiment,to.usea fire-retard- · group of barangays. aroúnd the ant polyurethane foahi as an infill town center (ríght top) aiso iridi- between the timberfrarnes of .the ca tes Chan's hierarchy o( pedes- . party wa'll (see pag~ l3·Ú. This . trian networks: from the semic, material has been suggested for its prívate courtyards tO the minor -~ ease of ha!ldling, spe~d of installa­public paths to ihe main pedes- tion, and abi/ity to be cut faiily trian spine which links up to the· easily in the _event of alterations.

130 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976

~~~--- ~--

,· .. ·~-: ..

Sau .. La i Chan was ~rn in Malcwsia i~ l946;, and tl"aine~l ~n _arChitecture.at the Nor11l-East LondoÍl rOIYtechn_ic. .

e: Héearned a mciSter's .de8ree io .Urban design · · · f~m_n Ma~chester Universily in 1975.

Th-is_ thi.rd-prize-winning IAF .competilion design ·.-' Wa~ done as his ma~ter~s - degree thesis. ·

' ·-Aftef working with severa! architectural and development firms · !n LOndon, he is' now wit!1 the Architects Department , 'ot the-Governmeñt of Malaysi,a. ·

~- .

The site plan above shows a group of SÓO-family barangays clustered around the town center. Jhe _main pe­destrian spine of the barangay under stu.dy connects the majar activity cen­·ters within its site and also would ex­tend to link the hubs of future baran­gays. Chan points out that in a devel­opment of the size of Dagat-Dagatan, (over-all plan at left) it is probable that d-ifferent architects would design dif­ferent barangays. In arder to unify the entire group of barangays, the main sp.ine should pass through and. inter­connect each one. Chan's propasa! also t¡¡kes advantage of the river pat­tern and !acates the zone <:enters for each group of barangays along its banks. The town center for the entire resettlement area surrounds a man­made lagoon. lndicated above are the town center (1 ); the zone i:enter (2); and the barangay community center (3).

lHif NO

""""'""'"' SITE BOUNDAR'f

.~ ~ INOUSTRY

~f~tm · ACRICULTURE

Pll8liC OPEN- SPACE

c.f"d"'ji,\' · - ~~;t;9 TRH - PLAN_TING •..(!,..;:.r-/.:~ .

-- ~ Til WN . Cu.YRE

o. ~DMMUNITV CENTRES

·o :', ZONECENTRES

., .. :y ' MAJOR PEDES.TAIAN ADUlES

•• , RESLOUIT IAI

,._,

1 ELEMENT ARY SCHOOL . 2 COMMUNITY HALL, HEALTH CENTRE

3 SHOPS, STORES 4 CHAPEL . . ... 5 NURSERY; ÜJCAL SHOP 6 COMMUNAL WATER TAP; LAUNÓRY; WORK~HOP

132 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. May 1976

. Chan points · out ·that the courtyard . concept conforms to the . a·ccepÍed prai::tice of 1 d fam iiies sharing a coin­inunal tap. The proposed courtyards vary in size fro.m 1 Oto 30 families. Not

· only would th.e larger courtyards have more water taps, but they would seive ··

. as ·lawndry · a;eas, or .contain simple workshops powered by windmills. The co'urtyards are in terconnected :by minar pedestrÍan routes 13 to 16 feet w ide. The ·ho0ses are designed so that their front entrances fa ce these paths. Chan hopes ' that these circulation areqs might bewell taken careof since the inhabitahfs' hous<')s face them. As the barangay.plan (left) and the isome­tric inc)icate,· the .houses are staggered .for variety· and identity. The main pe­destri~n spine ineande.rs across the en­tire barangay, ' l)ugging the river bank and ·oq:asíon?lly punctuated by . the maj~r activitY cente~_s : In the barangay,

the community center is positioned near the junction where ·the main spine changes ax is and where .the vis­ual character of the barangay changes from b~ing (ight, enclosed and inte­rior-li.ke to ·· being . loase, opefl, and river~~riented.-Recreational a·nd social act i ~ities ar~ . centered. arourid the bas­ketball c~urts. · The compact groupihg o( the houses around these basketball courts. and courtyards, combined with their separation from veh icular traffic, should help to create a tranquil envi­ronment for both family and social !ife. To the. sáuth of the si te is the proposed majar expressway C-3. Chan propases that a combi'ned pedestrian and cy­cling path should be accommodated w ithin.the boundaries of the proposed road. Trees should be planted on artifi­cial earth barriers along the entire length of the si te bordering the road, to screen the sight .and sound of cars.

., THIRD PRIZE 1 Si\U LAI CHAN

FIRST STAGE BY GOVERNMENT COMPLETED UNITS BY ·RESIDENJS ·

; ~ J --+I-- HI--+-4r---lt=f'=, ±:F . J .

r.¡_,l.--tllb-..1...: front y rd

·DI. · 111 ~ 1

GROUNO flOOR

.. D ~-------¡¡ rb :. ¡.L-

1 ' J ' FIR·ST FlOOR

TYPE 'A'. ( 11 m X 5 m) 10 persons

GROWTH PROCESS (:A . ~ ·o·,··L,_ -~'.' Eb'-)~-)t:::j:j - fí~ 3 PERSONS (ONE S~TORY) 5-7 PERSONS {iWO STORIES)

TVPE . A·

134 ARCHIHCTURAL RECORD -~V!ay1976

¡

: GROUND~ .FlOÓR ' l

' TYPE ~B'

8-10 PERSONS

,. ·.' ·. ~

( 9m . X 5m)

3 PERSONS (ONE STORY) ·

¡yp¡ B

TYP

7 J

LONG SECTI0r4

CJI~ ''

111 11

~7 [ • ..

FIRST FLOOR

7 persons

,f · 6-? PER$0NS

SOLAR PANELS

' . The initial structural frame of timber would be attached to concrete . foot­ings; reducing foundation costs . . The houses are lifted offthe ground at various desired heights as ·a protection against floods . froní the Longos River and to adjust to different si te gradients; Raising the house one-story.from the ground is a traditional form of tropical construction as well, which helps to cool the interiors of buildings by al­lowing the air to flow beneath the

. structure. For· éasy . coristruction and economy, thé initial roof.fram\!s are to · be prefab trusses.

~ tlMBER ROOF TRÚSS STRAPPED. '· OOWN TO STRUCTURAL FRAME ;

FIRE RETARDENT POLYURETHANE FOAM

12MM ASBESTOS LINING · ON TIMBER .FRAME

DETAii.S

r- J ~~ 1 1 j_ ___ __j_

PARTY WALL ­CONSTRUCTION

" RAIN WATER STORAGE TANK , BENEATH DINING AREA . .

. (CONCRETE OA DISUSEb METAL PRUMs) hot . ·water . and drinking . suppln

This_ honorable mention scheme by San Francisco architects Holl, Tanner and Cropper organizes the competition .site with a simple series of arcades--"a line that defines public and private spaces"

This design shares w ith the win­ning scherne by lan Athfield - the impulse to add sorne special ele" rnent of infrastructure to the usual site planning and services_ Here that special elernent is a long ar­cade (below) that wends its way through the site and is capable of delailed development by the in­habitants of the barangay (as is projected from left to right in the drawing below)_ Here, in contrast tó the first-prize design, the basic ­organizational structure js through the center: of the si te -rather than

1. INITIAL CONSTRUCTION-

around its edges-"-a spine that, ac­cording to the architects, defines public and private:spaces Impor­tan\ tó this scherne as well is the notion of "fan;ily _- tenure"-th-e

- possession of individu¡J.I parcéls_of land by relocatéd inhabitanis, so that the energy and comii1itment required to develop, them b,eyond the bare essentials provided in the design can be stirnulated by the

-certainty of permanent posses: sion, The arcade-or paseo--pro-vides the unifying socio-commei'­tial fulcrum for this investrnent

LOT . UNES, UTILITY MAINS (STUBS FOR ALL UNITS) -­COMMUNITY BUILDINGS: WASH HOUSES, EDUCATION CENTERS, COMMUNITY WATER SOURCES

í . ]' ', 1

2. EARL Y RELOCATION _0F EXISTING COMMUNITIES l TEM PORARY PRIVA TE LA TRINES IN GARDENS

1 ' 1

3- ELECTRICITY CONNECTEO 1 1 1

4_ WASTEDIGESTERS INSTÁLLED-

5_ WATER & WASTEWATER LIN,ES éONNECTED

1 1:

·1

- 1

1

1

Steven M. Holl, james L. Tanner_ahd j0hn Cropper fortned themselves irito a team to develop their submission-in a rented room in San Francisco. Hall \·va~ educated at th~ University of Washington and is currently in reseai-ch at the Architectural

Association in London; .Tanner was educated at·the University of

Houston and has worked for firms there and in San Francisc~; Cropper was educated in England and practices in San Francisco_

1

:s--- -_---1 -1 .

_1 ' -,

lA:· ,:; '

1 '

1 -:

1 1 - - ' 1

-- -- - J.. - -¡- - - - L - . -

b'(::'d PU8LICSPACE

t== FIRE-RATED WALL­

c: «?í'~j WASTE DIGESTER

1 _¡ ___ _ o

_¡ T L_ __ !\JT~ 1 1

' 1 1

¡- ~-¡ -- -- --- ~- -- -- ~--

1

136 :ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976

The section on the left shows the .basic · structure of the tilt-up concrete arcade; together with the provisions for utili­ties underground .·along the center of the paseo. Sari-sari · stores can be added at ground level underneath the arcade, and housing can be added at w ill . above-providing what the de­signers see· as the "vital ity of mixing res idences over shops." The ,utilities system is designed to be a simple .one-with electri c; water and waste ·mains buried in plastic pipes. lnitially, residents wou ld use community water sources in semi-publ ic access courts;., later, when individual d-,vel ling units have been ·provided w ith their own water .supp ly, these commun ity sources would beco me publ ic dr ink­ing fountains : .: lnitially, too, sewage would be disposed of in temporary pr.i­vate latrines; eventually, though, aero­bi<;'' waste digesters would replace them so that there wou ld be no wáter­borne sewage. This would avoid the prob lem of con tam 1 nated flood waters, and wou ld make it possible to combine the waste water with the storm sewer. The drawing on the right shows the fully deve loped .arcade.

ARCHITECTUR_AL RECORD May 1976· 137 .. ·

138 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD Mav 1976

The drawing on the \eft shows one part óf the cbn~petition · site with only the

. basic ihfrastructure in place~the ar' éade and the lot lines. The lower. drawing shows the site full y devel­oped, with almost all of the lots built upon and the paseo arid the purok square · rernaining free. as organiza' tional loci. The dra;wing on the i ight .shows the entire barangay sit·e, with the barangay square, or lown center, in the upper left-hand portian. Pairs of purok squares, organized ar:ound sari­.sari stores and playing grolitldS, are al either e'nd ;or the site, as are wash h'?uses for la'undry and baths. These are designed to1 have a simple flatplale solar co lle¿tor system with a lar.ge storage' ta r1k. As the comm unity evolves, ho/ water could be provided as we\1 0;1 <1n individual farnily bas is by a similar principie·. The public spaces , are arranged fn the plan for changing uses. The barangay square, for · in~ stance, which· rnight ' be a qu iet en­

. trance space on a Sunday morning, may·also· be occupied by a f ish market on SatLirday afiernoon . The p.tlrok squares .proyic\e spaces for neighbor­hoód meetii1gs as· well as sports; and they are ·arranged to maxi,;,ize the fee\c ing of space ;.,hile allowing · féit. the : : overlapping community uses. '' '

The location of the · barahgay square i.s detennihed by the circula:

. tion loop connection to the express­way :and the juncture of the two rivers

· · (drawi!Jg below opposite).

' : ,.'

• ~ 1

~ PU!IUC SP.o.CE

. ki"'""""'"' ,· J', ADJUSTA.il LELOT tftiES '

'}" : ~ . VEG~T,o.BLiGAAOE•H•REA

·;@ CCMt~Utftl'( fAC it.ll~S

PIJiiOil SOUAREC: SPORIS. SARI•S.O.RI STOAE$ BAR,O,NG ... YSOUAR! . PASEO, 'AACAOE FII~[APARK

!. DOCI<S & WASHHOUSE:lAUNOAY.UOTB Al HS 1 r-\JASERYSCHOOUNUTRiliONCEIHER ll COMMIJNITYWATUISOIJ'ICE •

{UNE SIZEO FOA AU UNITS)

\f. CHAPEL IO. ELEI.1ENT " RYSCH00\.2YoUII.fLS 11. HfAlTWCUNJC : ::: ::AP:I<tG A. YICO!.u.tUHITYCE >H ER 13- ~S. SAfll·SAl'II STORES 1' lONE!lVI.UG41¡fE0UC.>.TIOH~TEA 1$ POUCE OtJTPOST i&. P.o..Rl<ING 17. GATEWII.V'OPEI«<Q

1: ADMINISTRA TION BUILDING 2. POLICE HEADOUARTEAS

HOSPITAL 4. MAAKET 5. COMMERCIAL

. -S. UGHT INDUSTRY 7. F~ESTATLON

8. HIGH SCHOOL 9. 'SPORTS FIELO 10. VIEWING MOUND 11 ZONE MANAGEO FARI.1!1NOUSTRY PLOT 12. EXISTING PRIVA TE INOUSTRY

CJ -COMMUNrTY STRUCTURES

PEDEsTAIAN/StÓCLEIOPEN SPACE 1

,f'ARKS

JWElllNG + VEGET ABLE GAAOENS

ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976 139

This honorable mention b}"' .Robert F. Olwell andjim Fóng proposes an unusually ord~red site plan with ·a hierarchy of public ar11enities that ultimately focus on · th~ adjacent river

The jury admired the over-all clar­ity of this design and the straight­forward simplicity of the individ­ual dwelling units. In the design, neighborhoods are meant to ac­commodate groups · of famiiies with diff\;rent preferences, and each neighborhood would contain a center that shelters the common water source. This structure would in turn become the frame' for the neighborhood social life~raw­ing water, washing; lending ch il ­clren ancl general social ititerac­tion. Open space with play­grounds .would also be provided. ,

'I nterna! pedestrian paths' link the individual hou ses in e'ach !leighborhood . to the neighbor­hoocl center; major pedestrianand bike paths then link the neighbor­hoods with each other and with the barangay center.

The barangay center is lo-

140 · ARÜilTE(TURAL RECORD May 1976

cated alongthe river(~iteplan op­posite) and . Hverside. \valkways .• connect it to .otherbaraf1gay ters sim ilarly locafed .· The batane gaycenter hasa chapel,ácommuy nity building with á i)ealth, cli~i'c::·· and an elementary school, and · shops and basketball.éourts cll!s> tered aroúnd the la;gé pláza, The · plaza is clesigned to accommodilte the traditional local market~the

taíipapa-as weil as specialbaranc gay celebrations.

The architects of this scheme argue that it allows the illhabitants to improve their ·surú)urídings ,by "significantbut small st~ps"<that' · begin with the individual hguse and progress to the neighborhdód and then to the wholé commúhity,' honoring the longcexistir,g social ' customs that are shared; the pl~il does not depend in' any way on proprietary technical systems.

..

r , architectural. and

nee~ing firm .Reid and TariCs :

""'Ju"'""' Olwell,-educated ' ,, at~ th~ . UniVersit); of y~táShi1i8ton ,and MIT, ~as worked with , Harw-ell-Hamilton Harfis, and )oseph Esheriek:Fong 0as born

·--

~~' . .'"'~·~· )

, L RECORD NI;W 1976 ARCHITECTURf\ 1'41

HONORAGLE MENTION 1 ROBERT F. OLWELL ANO JI/vi FON G

Typ ical Unit Rental Unit -

GROUND FLOOR

Typical Unit Sl1op

. 142 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976 •'.-':\

U~PER FLOOR

·.:__ 4.9M

Typical · Unit Rental Unit

Place For Hot

_Jl -1 4 9 M

1

T~pica l Unit

¡ S~op .•. :o i 1 "2 3 4 5 ~

1

Entresuelo

Reinforced · Conérete Block

Dash cCoated _Reintorced Concrete 'Block . & Fire Wall.

Shear Wall ' lfl!ork Shop

The plan of the house is based on the traditional nipa hut. The front entrance opens into the more public room, and the pri­vate family spaces are. in the rear, with the entrance frorh the

• 1 bac~ard into the kitchen i The 1 toilet, which uses untreated

water, is in the back in a natu-' rally ventilaied siructure, which

is part of the rear garden wal L The bath house, with a drain ·

, only, is adjacent, as is a place ·-•. 'for the storage of fresh water, . which is brought in frorri the

ríeighborhood water source. The basic structure lénds it- ·

self to team building, with con­'·ventional concrete block divid-. ing walls and wood framing; · -galvanized corrugateéhron pro­vides ihe roof.

-TypiCE!I ÍJnit Renta! Unit

- FRONT ELEVAiiON

10 cm Fiberboard hi.sulation Pad

' ' ¡' ' ~ '

. Typical - Sti9p '

Beams

Bamboo Supports For Roof .lnsulation

·sala

Shop Area

ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May ,1976 143

--- --- ~~-"----

An honorable mention by a team .of Mexican architects headed by Hector Giron de la· Peña . makes a "human habitat''· by developing a structural system with local materials for meeting specific conditions

This design focuses in on the common facilities \ke a ¡)la~:.. problem of deslgning , individual ground, a· laundry, llvater ,supply_, dwellings-a problem which the and sewage disposal : The neigh'­architects see as havingto.do with , borhoods inturn groiJp together to ' the local . characteristics of · .the' form the barangay);\lhich has so~ · site. Thus the units . have raised cial facilitiéslike a .school , stores, floors (to avoid flooding) andtheir a medica! dirlic arid sports f~cllic basit structural unit is a triangle __ t!cs (see ·site plan cpposite). · (to resist earthquakes). In additior1, The.architei:ts seethe success w ind can pass freely thtough them of the individual dwelling units as · (in the event oLa typhoon): The depending-upOf! three factors: ·1) houses are framed in simply tri- adeqwate .sheltér,- 2) good locaJ i­angulated sections of wood, and zation (meaning adequate job opé covered with local ly ~wail able portunities and urb.an ameríities materials (see drawings be low and nearby), and 3) security of ten~ below opposite). Eath house has ancy. In achieving the latter. goal an area of about 38 square meters they "do not pr¿pose private own~ (41 o square feet), and houses are ership, but instead 'a long-lease bliilt éontiguous to ea'ch other, so systern for individual ten~nts, with that pairs of neighbors can. begin transference of the lease lirnited by erecting party wal ls and then by the leasing authority . .They move on to the . construttion of argue that prívate ownersh ip is an : their own interior living spaces. unstablé solution for l ow~iricome

Groups. of . '12 to 14 houses people because ofthe temptation forrn a neigh~lor~ood, arid this has to sell in an ern~rgency.'

Hector Giron de la Pefia is a Mexican-born architect who has studíed ·and prac'ticed there and in Europe. He now teaches at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexito. GirOn de la Peiia'was the head of a tea m for this

Cotnpetition. entry; it also included Rau! Santana Romero, arC:hitect and erigineef, and Mario Rebolledo Zarate, architect. .

144 ARCHITECTURAL RECOR[) May 1976 . ..

A . COMMUNITY CENTER (BARANGiiY) 8 · ElEMENt AAY SCHOOL C CHAPEL D HEALTH CLINIC E MULTIPUAPOSE COVER AND SHOPS F PLAVGROUNDS-GREEN AAEA G PUROK CENTER ' . H VEHICLES 1 · SAF!I-SAAI STQAES J COMMUNITY PARCELS . . K PATIOS WITH COMMUNITY WATER SOURCES L PRINCIPAL PEDESTRIAN AND CYCLE ROUTES M FISHING ANO RIYER AREAS N TALIPAPA-MARKET

ARCH iTECTURAL RECORD May1976 145 ~.

--~~--------~~~--~~--------~--~--~~~~----------------~----------~~----~--------·

Honorable mention by a tea m of · japanese designers, led ·by , Akira Kuryu, • develops an inexpensive and efficient building system based on a concrete block module and using the "workable group approach';

Tf1e architects of this design ássert · that the most effective way .to . make a self~help scheme work is · to rnaxiniize both the use and the efficlency of labor and materials; . todo this, they propasé a cornpact des ign based on a "wo.rkablé group" of self-helpers. Their sur" vey of Tondo residents incli cated that the average farnily has clase relationships w ith about 20 other families. Alsci, research indicated that in self-help construction proj­ects a single foreman can super­vise the construction of from 1 O to 25 houses. Thus a basic grouping : of frorn 1.6 to 20 houses was , de­cicled on, and a system of modular concrete blocks was developed, using locall y availabie rnaterlals stored in bulk within the ba~angay.

Climatic conditions:aré ta.ken into consicleration.by the grouping of the houses to reduce ihe num­ber of walls bn which sunlight

·fa li s, and b/ using the local cus­tom of a masonry grouncl floor (which stays cool during the day) and a wood-framed upper floor for the bedroorns (whicb C:ool down quickly in Íhe evening). Maxirnum i.Jse is. rnade of the pre­va iling winds ando( sea bréezes in the placernent of the groups of · housés, .and every house has a patio, as shown in the plan on the opposite page.

. '

The team .. known as· the Akira i<wyu Studio S¡iace. Media consists of · · tfrom left.tb rigHt and top to bottom) .Akiia Kuryu; Akihiko Hamada, Hiroshi Miyazaki, Jun Matsui, Takeshi Aqy;igi, SusurilU Masuda, John D. Lanib and Kazynobu Kakita.

'

[ 1

· The drawings above sh6,;; thé basic modular tonérete bi'bck. (top) and the mold ' with ;vhich it tiin bé . made. Below (and froril left tq right ~ndtop. io l:íottom) are the vaiious i.Jsés ~to which it t an biopui: aj a st~~d~ra l wal.l, a ¡:lat1o, wall, a~ ,;, ope;l~ng ·fo1; P.1Pes1. a \vindow, paving; signs; a_bench, '¡i(ant-.. ers, garbage cans, wáter' fountairís, bí­cycle racks and ext~r¡or floocjlightilig.

the seéond:floors ,, . . of 'wood

they .would thus ,cool · iCkÍy ¡¡t nighf. Hie

floors ar" · masJe of the lar .:oncrete ·blp.cks, tend to stay cool dÚring

day. . , The , dr~wings on the right (from top toboitom) , asec~ ¡hroúgh a typic~ 1 house, the

o~ plan, .. and · the . plari.

A.mongthe . non~prerniated · entries there is an instt•uctive ·. variety of clear and useful · deSign .itleas . • ..

There was a generally high leve! of thought and execution thatwent into rnany of the cornpetition subrnissions, but it was inevitable,. of . course, that many plans that represented fine ideas (a!id a lotof work) would not win. Ail this good effort, nonetheless,wa5' not in va in. Somé. of the yoi.mger architects who ente red found that, ih a'dditionto sh~rp­eriing their own skills, they had through th.eir workdeveloped a majo( .· addition to their fledgl ing Jirm's · portfolio. Others . haye already Úsed the ideas generated in their: competition entries to seéure contraci5for work in countries other.than the Ph ilippimis, Most iniporiant ohill is the fact that ideas are wh~t the competitionwás finallyall ábout¡ even \vhen they did not precise! y fit the jury's particular expectátioris; ihese ideas cin still have hroad applicatiorí to thé prohle¡¡.;of housillg \he póor everywhére. . .· ... · ·.. .

Afterthe jüdging in\!ancouver, RECORD editors Of1ci\Jding Mi id red Schmertz who was a mehÍber of the jury) sele.tted a series of partic0, lar! y clear ideas that were the essence of severa l. noncpremiated de·

· signs. these are showri on thé following eight .pages: ·whi le every de­sign is not shown infu ll , tne c~ntra l ideas are. lri general, théyfall ihto two categories: constrúctión technologies (Which are showh fifst), and ·community planning, thefqrmer were intended to provide .soh1eper­mallent framework Jor the inhabihmts' lhdiviCÍuaiízed efforts. Ex' amples of the latter category are widely divergent~ranging frbm · groups of houses scattered. Íoo~eiy across the 5ite . to more forma l schemes where _land use is rigidly, sometí mes hlerarchkally, defined .

. What «" of tlie schemes dn the following eight pages have in COiilmOn is this: they al! tend to recdgnize that thé preCise piahh ing of every detail is ndt just difficult but downrÍght iriappropriate in the • design of self-help housing. In one bf the followingschemes th.e de­signer deciiríed eve11 · t.o show tenta.tive el~vatiorís . fo,r his proposed : housing, arguing that the details could not be predi<:ted, and that only the over-all guidelines-or ideas-could. . .. . .. . ... . ·

Showing the folloWing collection of ceritriil design concepts is río! meani to dei1y the richness of secondary areás 6f cóncerri that the complete submissions . reflected. For instance, oríe se heme (page J 53) vvent into considerable detail describing the problems oÍ oWríership and of the concentration of labor required to erect individual hoUS\?S· The designer prop()sed .to limit the ownership of houses to ,actual resi­dents, and to limit the resale price to ihe amou'ht of eq'úítythe residents had accún1ulated. He also:próposed a labor bank for the parts of the construdion that would require rÍJany hands; individual builders cquld accumulate labor credii for their own houses .by worklng ·on other people's construction proJects. · .· · ·

Fortunately;such secondary ideás-arid indeed the priniary idéas of matiy otner Ímpórlallt submissions-wi!Í not reniairi permanent cas­ualiies toa monthly magá~ i ne's Íackof space. TheyWill be shown at. an exhibit sponsored by The lnternational Architettural Foundation .at . the Vancouver Art Gallery throughout HABITAT,: the UN Cohference on. Human Settléments, (rvhy 31 ,jut1e 11 ,·•i 976),-and then will be. the ;ubject of an ARCHITECTURAL _RECORD bookto be publlshed . ~ext year.

148 ARCHITEáURAL RECORDMay i97G

WOOD ~LOOR

TYPICAL ELEMENT.

CONé. FÜ>OR .

,ROO SLEEVE & r:6l . COLUMN KEYSL!:f:J

BEAM TIE LOOP

. . ' SYMMETRICÁL . ~AC~fl~L . CAGE : SiMILAR

• . ~ CO~UMN & . A,NO, SEAM •

POUREO CONc' . l'boTING

I'OWND~TIONAPPL ICAfiON ·.·

One on-site form (dráwii1g, . above) could. Cást the lJ-shaped an¡f',other cqncrete elemeríl> tosupport .a ¡com-

. plete two-bay~width ,hous~ ~~ two · days. Thé typ~eál elements, 11~d , by ·• gradé beams, can be used foj fo.unda- . · tióhs; and are groovedto r~¡t'eive, a va- '

riety of.infill. máteri~ls(sections shown . on far right) . Matériál costs á re ~al ued · equal.to those. foi wóod construcition.

. ' . i .1 ..

+ :f .. ,_· ~

+ r~~c:Ih~---.· _:: •·~~~. · . - ~· ..

. ._1¡, ,,

·;.. :

/endfrorne / Sur-Veyt: Exa:M::Jtion·

1 1

(

.. Exarnpl.e::tliesestrong ·precast.concreteJrames · ,. •. . 1

·• to.support tenantsÍ own

con~truction, pro~osed

qy a tea m headed lb y • 1

, 'architect Gerald Jbnas

TIE ROO

Submitted by a New Yor)< City . to ·.be ·maneuvered to prepared team, that inc!uded an éngineer, · footings by teams of tenahts; there

· this proposal-notsurprisingly-' · they would be as·sembled to form contained a. high.)evel of innova- rigid frames of Úp to tvvo-and-tive teChnical · input Addressing a-half-stories (drawing ·· below) .the problem of the structural · connected to the .footings by tie SOUndneSS Qf tenants' OWf) C()n- . rods. (;rooved surfacés in the struction in an a,rea subjec(to ty- trames would allow an interlock-phocins; Gerald Jcinas, Hénry S te- inginfill of :,.;óoden floors and of phehs~n, J~ff "anderberg and Sil- ~a!ls oí any· availablé . m¡¡terial ; vian ·Marcus proposeci that each from concrete bloc~ to corrugated .homesteéldei pe Sljpplied with ·a metal to -woven barnboo. · One basic :Set óf 16 concrete l.J -shaped . wall and one plan k floor of con-c<:irnpqnents, plus .beams, 'planks cret~ -.yoyld provide braci11g. arid a concrete pracing panel. In the proposai,'the architects These .elements; financeq .by the · · emphasiÚid · fle~ibility. The pro­governm~nt and d1st cin the sita, ¡:irietary strüctures ca[] be skewed

_ wciuld be srn.alland ligh¡enough to adapt'to irregula,r lo¡lines. The

CONNECTING

?elt Help .lhfi 11

only precision task is the leveling and spacing of footings. Upgrad­ing of the encloswre materi als can be accomplished in increments according tO the abilities.of the in­habitants, and qoes not require basic rebuilding. The architects also emphasized the long-term económies of . investment in per­rnanent re-usable parts, the short­terrn economies · of the labor-in­tensiva fabrication w ith erectior) of the parts by . residents, and the possibility of an on-going eco­~omic benefít to the residents in having an ' oh-site industry fabri­ca te the concrete elements for otlier sites.

NON.--PREMIATEO ENTRIES conrinued

Example: these concrete

towers that partially

support constrúction

and house sanitation .

faci 1 ities, proposed

by Kiyoshi Seike ,. .

japanese arch itect Kiyoshi Seike of the Tokyo lnstitute of Technol­ogy, pwposed that the · govern­ment furnisb each family with t\vo in-place, precast-concrete "core. posts" which--"-while. partiaiJy · sup.port in g owner-built con-· struction up . to two-and~a-half- · stories-h igh-vvould also i::onta.in a kitcherr and bath in the respecc tive structural elef1lents.: Co·n~ nected by grade bearns at the bot-

. tom, the core posts:-sUpplied with wooden ribs bolted o~~ woul.d forrn an earthq~ake and storm-proofanchorfor the usüally rnorefragile construction attached. (large drawing below); they might

. . As the barangay was fllling··with resi- , dents (photo, above}, ii would revéal a· landscape of both ·stark concrete-core to~ers, containin·g sanitary: fac ilities, and houses built by . residents .around . them. The precast towers would be in­stalled by a crane (drawing opposite, . top), travelirg over a linear ·.utility trench. Houses- althciugh subjéct to the availabiiity of materi<lls and · owners' des i res-are . S!Jggested .. to ·be in split- level forríi on e.ither side 61 .thé · cores, and iri groups of six aró.Lind a common util_ity connection .

••• • • GAS PIPE - · - · - W.A TE A SUPPL Y --. ..... RECYCLED WATE~ SUPPLY ••••• .WASTE "PIPE .

"' oo;xn .SOiL P!PE

150 ARC~IITECTURAL RECORD ,'-'f•Y 1976

even . provide refuge under ex- Wh ile Seike has given a clear treme condi tion.s. Croups of six indication by his beautilul delin­houses vvouíd be loé:ated ·around a eations of the ariti c:: ipated forms •' centra l . "energy point,!' yvhere the houses could take; he also ern~

. their utility lines wou.ld connect phasizesflexibility and qwne;;.-par~ with the m a in utility lines located · ticipation i11 the · designo--fás he in a coveréd trer\ch (d iagrarn, bot- has in ¡he.over·all pl ¡¡nnirf . Shad­tom). This . arrangernent woula ing devices ar1d the potive él- ' generate an intermediate sized 50' . fects dn natur.¡¡lventilatior of the . ' cial unit of mutually dependent. separated pdsts-'-as well a\that of

. tarnil i e~ around the loÓsely dé- the suggestéd split,level ari--a(lge­fined cp¡_rrtyards coritaini~gutility merit of rooms~were among llís ' connections. (see large ' dravving, techniqúes for _. cllmate control: ·' opposite page and site plan, Óver: AnJ hi5 sensitivedesuiption óf his leal) . . Such interdependénce design's intended socializing el' wou ld be emphasized · by the .·fect bn thé residents of"the baraoc diréct relation of livin¡(rooins _tb · gay prov~s his strong life style CóUrtyards a11d shared functions.. COilCerns. ¡

1

. .

.

LEYBLI~4~ _· . ~"~ -~

: •.· . · .• :·=:··

1

1

1 1

·¡ i -1

1

1

1 :. - Q ' o,~

·1 o: r.o . • ' ,. :~ .. l •

L .:¿ 1 800x 4,500 x 1,500(depth) Excava\ ing by Power Shave\

~ l t---l ~ ¡:;::;:¿ - ~L-._, ----,¡ ~. !!11 _. ~

o • ,o

' . ;o

~f o.

'.-;

30cm in thi ckness

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• ? o 0,0,• 00 ·o, o.

.o:

···. . ·. :·. :·:

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., . o."a( ;• \ ~)~·

NQN-f>REMIATED ENTR!ES continued ·

Neighborhood plans,

can be generated both by

the uti lity lines

--and ahumane concern

for small-scale spaces

Continuing his sensitivity to téch- buildings are regarded as assets, nological and life style concerns which Would provide visÚ.al yai'i­alike (d isplayed 'in his prbpqsal for ety ¡¡nd accommodate differing the housing. units ·shciwn qn the communal funct ions-like basket~ last two pages) Kiyoshi Seike pro~ ball, · miukets ánd méet ingl;'""": poses that e'ach barangay be la id w~ile still. á.llowing fai.rly direct out by· a comrnittee of residents. access to the center. The alleys But the . arrangement :of houses betweel} groups · of houses .woÚid would be loosely controlled by 'form eddies . in the main t~affit the nature of freely placed 1 inear ·flow lo~ quiet cornmunity activi­utility trench'es (see drawing, p·agé 'ti es like réading and talkihg. Ea eh 150, bottom). The trenc.hesradiate barangaywóuld be surround!'!d by from a c;én.tral point between . .the a,communal vegetable garden bn

. buildings of the comrnunity center · a tommunity-definí~gearth berm . (sh¡:¡ded area in diagram,_ righ,t). (section, below): lt is plahned that The irregular. widths andwinding many goods (especially materiaJs · plans of thé S paces that wouldnat- . -apd equip[T1ént durjhg the .. con- . ur¡¡lly occu~ . between . rows cif . str.uction) "Yould ¡¡rrjve ~y water.

,:In his presentatión to the jury, Seike. in' 'i· cluded diagratns (righÍ); whiéh explain

the desi;abilityoffreely formed public spaces.:· While each pathwáy leads to the community center, it is iust enough:', off o( a straight alignment to provide "

. interest (diagrarii, top). Betause of the. irregular community sites,- constantly changing ·path . widths are bound tci . provide v.arying .spaces. The .bottdm .. ' 'diagram ili'ustrates the passive areas in alleys. ·

ar

operYarea for.common

Lt~es, as probóséd by árchitectlwao Ontima

;¡:- '·.

'

Another Toky~ ~rchi tectproposed area would · plac~ a maximum a very differerit plan from that of nümber of houses clos.e to the res­Kiyoshi Seike on the opposite ident!( .own plots, and wide pe­page: lnste;>d ofdistributing open . ripheral walkwayswould also ac­space ;>nd houses in a fairly loase · commóc:Jate ·emeigency vehicles. manner on almost al\ of the si te, Sew~ge treatment for the entire lwao Onwma prC)poses that the community coüld be processed houses be búilt in tightly-knit w ithin the open aréa anq the groups ofíour (see isometrit vi~w) effluenL percolated lnto the soil. with concrete kitchen,toilet wnits· Water supply for agriculture, toi­at the lot lines .and intersecting ' iets ' and washing · would come concrete party walls. M~ch of the fro¡n the river through 'open chan­remaining materials .. wow ld be • neis ar()u~d the common area. supplie.d by· the tenants. The re- Des pite the rather den,.se con- · sulting savings .ih _larid coverage struction that ·wowld occui, the would allow a large central com- scheme hasthe ap~eal o( provid­mon area for primarily ~gricultural ing· ~u'l urban character w ith its at­use. The elohgated shape of the tendánt h!erarchy of spaces.

..

••••VEHICULAR TRAfF!C PATTERN

The efongated shapes of the .common a;eas would conform to a group · of cominunities in a manner shown at the top of the page. The tightly knit house layout necessary to produce the ·open space is shown below . .Jts con­struction sequence can be seen in .the various stages. of progress i ~ the perspective drawing. The lc:>cation of the community center at théentrance from the majar roadway; the large central open · areá, and the small pri­vate yards of the houses define a very strictpattern of \and use.

ARCHITECTU~AI: RE¡::OR.D ,~Jay 7~16 •. 1.53

¡ ·, .

Nüi'I -PREMIATED ENTRIES continued

··<'• And one planning

proposal by architect

Kum-Chew L ye

proposed intensive

use ofthe water

that covered the site

'i> 154 ARCHITECTÚRAL RECORD May .1-976

Responding to the fact thatthe si te the construtt iori si tes and later to had been covered with fish ponds, the houses (d rawi ngs below). In Kum-Chew Lye of the University sorne areás, tliese pipes would of Manitoba de;igned a plan that .support ternporary stru~tures for would lace the barahgays with a . markets and provide shade frorn ' systern of ri ver-fed hlain channels . the sun (drawing, rightl. BecáLise leading to navigable srnaller chane of the low elevation·of the land rec neis petWeen each rpw of hoiJses. quired to promote'a free flów of • These waterways woUid provide wáter, ea eh barangay woulcl have drainage and allow small boats· io a refuge rnound for saféty during . cjeliver . goods and pick up gi'll·: storrns. Lye ernphasizes the small -bage. S mal! concrete channels amount of fill tliat would be re- · 'áround each house -(shaded rec- quired by · his scherne. He al so tangles ori the- plan, opposit~) points out that the high grourid wou ld provide positive drainqge floqrs requi red-to raise li\dng areas for gróund floors: Over eaclí ,.¡Jac aboVe flciod levels can be used for terway, ganged pipes woúld bri'ng residentiaÍ expar~sion a~d ihe.· potable water and utilities firstto ownérs' coinmercial enterpri5es.

( 2)

' i 1 j . L ye was one of rnany entrants

wbo · etnphasized that , eve.n though their drawings ·suggested defrnite forrns for pver-al l plann ing

·. and for li'ousesandutilities, the di­' vérsity aristng from det<iiled plan-,

f1ing by the residents was not orily jnévitabfe but .desirable H is pro­totype .! hóuse· would have a pOLited ~or1crete gr~und floor and concrete colurnns supportiilg ' a wood strudure ab6ve. sheathed in ~orrugated galyanized roofing and ·adjústable- vertical · louvers, in'~ ~teád of walls. Cooking facilities would· be placed on :¡he second !~ve!, and washing .. and sanitar'y facilities on the first floor.

The pJans at left various systems inclividually .fol~

an en tire barangay. At the top; .· · the main waterways are shovvri

with ·heavy lines, broken to in- · dicate bridge locations, and the llghter li.nes are the secondary carÍals (with stub leeders) be" tween rows of houses. The m id-

. die plan shows elevated util\ty: lines above the canals, and the bottom plan indicates the locac tion 6f walkways between the ,éanals. In the plan (opposite)

/ the systems come together be­tween the ·indicated ground­floor drains of the individual houses. Wide pedestrian streets alternate with the narrow utili­tarian rear yards. The typical , sanitary arrange1nent · for a house ·is shówn l~low.

( 1) ope'tl dra i·njce c.Jna l (2) precast conC rete dra in a~e ( 3 ) s"ept i e · tan k ( 4 l sewer pire (5) dr inking wa t er (6 ) wash i na ;.·afer ( 7) sub uti'lit y li ne ( 8) coo.l<i nq (9) washin9.ha·th and t o i l et

A RECORD staff análysis ··•ofthe tesults: The housing and commun~ty· design input was :~xcelle~t,, but perhaps even more irnportanf was the thinkin~l ; about how much t~chnology is appropriat~, how tóJina~ce the projects, and the best ways to help motiv~te~ ~1epple· . . ~ .

As car~fu l study of the foregoing pages w ill indicáte, the li:áding com" petitors in the IAF competition differed widely inthe degree of tech­nologital .sophistication .. proposed for the hbusing>At the extreme 'of zero téchnology, archite.cts Holl, Tann~r and _Cropp~r suggestthat th~ \ new inhabitants of the Dagat-Qagatan resettiemeht areabuild tll!=ir dwell ings as best they can, as they always ha ve (p¡¡ges 136-139). The

government would construct an arcade, which, accordingtCÍ t~e archfc · . tects, would be "essentially the construction of a line, defini[1g public · and priva te space." Bey~nd this, the government would prCÍvide ,a 1ninimum of utilitiesfor the biological lile of th.e human com~un ity.

Amorm the competitorswho called for moderate use of the pro­cesses oí industrialization and prefabriéation for the .housing was the firstpr ize winner, lan Athfield (pages 1.14-123), who proposed that th~ ·

coconut pa lm become th~ basic .material for prefabricated panels and éhip-básed cement .blocks. Many coillpetitors, partitularly th~ )apa­

nese1 proposed high-technology solutions predicated .upon the as­sumption,that the., G6vernment of the. Philippiríes would inv'est in the plants and equiprnent necéssary to manufacture the basic cornpo­nents. The second pfize scheine by Tagaki Design Associates most fully realized the potential of fhis approach. Alrriost no competitors proposed prefabricated; lightweight plasticcapsule~ as dwellirÍg Units .

lt can be assumed that thearchitectural and plimning professions are now more aware 61 the drawba~ks of such an approach.

The leading qJmpetitorspaiq careful attention to the problems oí ' . ' / ·: ' - - -~ . . _ . .. ·- , . '·, ' ._ . . ··_. '

water suppl)(, waste manágement and energy conservation. Most pro-posed systems of water .. collediol'), solar heating panels, and the use ofcorwerters to transforni biologicálwastes into·metharie gasaf)d/cit fertilizer" The use . of gárb<;~ge i\S fertilizer was also ~idely ret.om-~ mended. ,The competitofs ,showéd á great i_nterest in the use of w ind­

mills as an energy so.Lircé. . The competitior(program urged the compétitors to suggest ways

in which the housing could be financed, and this.request drew a wide response .. Hector Giron de)<{ Peria believes thatthe limd should re­main . pui:¡li~ property and .be administered by the .municipality. lndi-· vid!Jál tenantswould be given 50-year leases, with ayear! y or monthly . payment w hich cou!d be dela);ed until the buildingpe~iod was com­plete. He ,is against prívate ownership of the. lar,1d which he cons.iders

an unstable solutiofl for low~inéome people who .may'be forced to sell their property in the all-too-1 ikely event that they b.éccíme presseo for cash. Hé believes thatthe squatters should f.Orrn a coinmunity l~ousing associati on which.wciuld ,bé.legallyconstituted to borrow money Íor\ house c6nstrudion. This organ ization would ini:rease: collective re­

spohsibilityand .minimize risk. Housing loans, in his opinion, 'shoúld not be givén directly to individuals. Monthly payments would be made

by the inhabitants to their hóusing association, whose directors (from the community) would take into account the econoniic circumstances of each family and dispense the necessary penalties for non-paymént.

Hon.o~able rnention winners ). Fong and R. F. Orwell, (pages 140-143), share with almostall of the other competito fs, anothér point of

156 . ARCHITECTURAL RECORD 'May1976

. view. They believe thát self owhershippf hÓuse and landby the iqhab­itant ' \ V,ould be goodjnsurance forthe success of the projectWJwther it is achieved by,Contributed labor; by rent .equity, ?r by sorne . . . · ·

: 'of subsidy, it is .the ~né elemeñf that . cángén"rate the pride, res pon­.· sibilityandihe upkéep which 'wili ' mal~ . th~ ·project' á c;:redit t'o :it~

' . ovvñe~s; itscity and íts 'natión." .. .. . . ' 1 ·. ··. . . . •. . t

· . ·· C::ompetitorlwao Oriuma (page 153), bélieves that the . inhabitant . · ~ustbe képt. from selling his valuable new iesidence to outside !ande' lords , He' pr()pose; that n6 ·owner with 'an ioutstanding mortgagé be allowéd io s.ell his pro~erty. He m ay, upon! leaving the CE;iv(:! ónly, the valué qeditedto him. No mortgage holder would h!=

• allo.wed to obtai.n any formol refinancing or : s~cure any loan using his'.

p~qperty ás collatér<1l. In his proposal, all land, utilities, public facili-. . ' . ' . ' .- - - ¡ ' " .

ties, and other dev~.lopment costs wo.uld be initially governrnef)t fi- . ·nanced. This public investrnéhfw6uld be' repaid by long-term, low-ii1:

terest mortgages qbtained by the settlers. Those unable to pay install­ménts on their· mort~~ges would contribute ,their labor to the project The inhabitant would finance his own house through credits given for the va lue.of.his original property (assumipg he hada legal right to it), through the cortribution of. his own labor, and through savings .. '

A number of competitors have proposed that the relocatecl f<lrni ­

lies_simply be giventenure and notbe burdened with rnortgage pay~ ments thky. cannot, afford. Holl, Tanner and Cropper point out that "the ironitproblem of government rtlinimál housing is that the f.ami­lies that.are the most needy, the ones wifl1many small children, are

. often exciUqedf~om the hous!ng beca use of in~bilityto meet m'"'<'~"" ' payr,nents. E ven wheri they are in occupancy the possibility'of eviction

uriderrriines the family sense of security .and has the effect of reducing enth,rsiasm to invest energy in developing.the bÓuse."

rYÍgst otthe leading competitors. assumeJ thauhe best vvay to help th,e inhabitanis to pay for their houses anclto improve their econornic life in ·general, was to incorporate labof intensive industries on resettlerilent site. Severa! proposed that the procluction ~~ building cornP,onentsJor the housing and cornmunity faci lities be one of these industries. Eventually these building product ma:nufacturing plaríts , could serve thé wider metropolitan area. lt was al so proposed that the inh~bitants incre~se their·agricultural activity, pmviding food for

Manila region . . Finally and rnost importantly, in the best cornpetitors' design su(¡,

missions, .the cult~re, tradition and basic human needs of the Phi l ip­pÍne squatter were respected. Absent was the deplorable tendency attribute)ow status . to non-Western cultures ano life styles, ancl versely ·tÓ assign high prestige values to the high technology of developed world. Aqvanced technology, when proposed, was incor'

porate¡:l for its us~fulness, rather than mere! y for its symbolic value. ·. ·.

Perhaps the most significan! achievement of the IAF ~ompetition is the fact that Jor. once atter.tion has been paid to all ol thé and interrelated considerations which must be thought through.if céssful human settleh1ents are to be achieved.-~M.F.S.

.,,

World .leaders in the struggle to improve conditions of human settlemelltaround the world.

. . . ; . 1

urge--in these 'comrnents-rnore planning 1

and design input of the kind .generated by the lnternationa~ · Design Competition

1 . .

Barbara Ward, noted author and economist:

worl<: The prestige óf " moderh/' 1 rnay well cut down enormously squatters whO-are obscene,

The fol/owing is excerpted · froni. " Human Settlements: Crisis and Opportunity," an unoffiéial report

often imported. rnaterials; · has·' on social costs sihce citi~ens 0ho the etdnomit circumstalices tended iri many aréas to'reduce , careare the best guatdians ottlle· mak~ squatter settlements neces-· ·.·

· the use of lot a\ résburtes arid tci séttlements in which they.live. Vi- sarythat are obstené .. ·' . . ' ~-· inhibit expe.riment .in loi::al ly prQ- • · qlence, · apathy, aimless déstrJc" ·· Though the dy~·amÍcs of. p'Óv· : · duced variants of roofs; .. piping1 . tion, a bus y policeforc(:'andover- erty ih the · Cities differ subsian~ · . published by. theMinisiry of S tate

for Urban Affáirs, Ottawa, Carie ada. The report . is basrcd ón a rneeti!ig bf experts preparing foi: HABITAT. The environment in human settle­ments is deterniined· by a variety of factbrs'-social, funcJior\al, spa­tial-but the most immediate, in­esc~pable and profound · inf!u­ehces are social ihfluences exer­cised in the first instance in the home. Here th~ family survives as a biologica\ unit; with the hope of adequate income, diet,, shelter and privacy in accordance with the world's vast variety of dí mates and cultures. Here citiiéns re­ceive their first educatibn<;~l forma­tion. Here they learh-or do not learn~love¡; sécurity and the sen se of how . to \ive \.vith other human beings. The housé is the core, the central place, the starting point of al\ lile in human settle­ments, in short, df hulllan .. life it­self. The tragedy thatfollows from the world's record of blighted housing and decaying . slums is that it can deprive the citizen of the very foundations oí security andse\1-respect. '

Al\ sodeties are in need of re" search for: new . ideas ahd · tech­niques in such critica\ fields as more productive building technbl­ogy, the better use of materials and machinery, flexible and effi­cient means of mobilizing _savihgs for use in settlements, partiGularly tor low-cost housing. But the need for new concepts is mucli gi·eater in develojJing areas. Muth "adc vanced" techriolcigy_c_aiméd as it

· is át capital-iritensive, labor-sav­ing methods__.:.is quite out of place in ecónomies in which a quarter of the labor force . m ay be out of

158 ARCHITECTURAL RECOR.D May 1976

floor surfaces and so (orih. Planc crówded penal iristitutións are al\ .. tially from those in the cdimÚy~· ners have al so t~1~ded .toneglett costs ~hich neéd n<it be :pa(d if side, the key to dealing wllli •then1 the degree to which ilr.oup,savings ! citizens and their t~milies teel, in ~0th is fundá~eríiallv the .sanie. and cooperative schemes , tan bé 1 the jJrófouridest sen se, that tliey Whatis réquired are p9l icies ~nd > \JSecÍ to intreáse invesÍníent in · are "athorhe. '' ac:':tiOns that will assist the póor to ~ · h::;0sing withcut ,.~_tourseto elab- inciease theii productivity: f':ri: :· orate, often jJrematLire, individual Robert 5. McNamara, marily, this calls· for measures tliai mortgages. An uncritical cJit of presideht, will re m ove· barr.iers to their earn,. high technology . and rr\oderriity' WorldBankGroup: .. · ing . opportuhities ·and improve has al so ofteh. limitéd the very The followjng is . an excerpt from their access to public servii::e~ great possibilities inherént ih se'lf- his Sep_tember 1/ · 1975 address to such as transport, educatioh; and help projects whith se.t people to the Boiird of Covernors of the . health . services . . Realistic housi.1ig,. work in settlements not only to World Bank. policies mus! be established a11d.;. build their own ·homes1 láuridries, The :deprivation suffered by the firmiy implemented. . meeting halls, conimumll látrines · pocir is .nowhere more visible than . The fundamental consid- ' and bath housés, but also. to en- in the matter of housing. E ven the eration undtúlying sucha program •• . gage in ccilllníunaJ programs io most hardened·.and Lmsentimental is the reassessmeilt of tfie role .óf clean ·up and refurriish the whcile . obse'rvér from the developed ihe cides in the developmerlt rundown city el)vironmenv ' wo'rld is shocked by the squalid. process. Urbah pOverty can .·be '

The activity is, in faet, part of · slums · and ramsháckle shanty- cured . nowhere in the . worlci a llluch wider iss.ue in the success- towns that ring the · peripheFy Of • t..inless cities .. are thought.of as · fui managerilent of settle - . everymajorcityinthedeveloping sorptive mecha11isins for · ments-the involvement of the countires ofthe world. ing productive emploYment . citizehs themselves. Such plan e But there is one thing worse those who need .and seek _it. In the -nihg often turris .. ciuUo be . pater- · than liVing in a slum ora squatter pást 25 years in the developirig nalism~wis~ leaders at the top settlement--'al')d that is having c'ountries,. sorne 200 to 300 mil~ telling the litile peopie at tlie bot- · one's sluin or settlement bu\.1- \ion i!íldividuals have benefited at • tom wfiat todo. But the w isddm is dozed aw~y by a goverriment least.fnarginally by migratión, and ..•. , .• .,,;,,,., ... , not alwáys so evident, whereas whith. has no shelter 'of any sort sin ce even at their . unacceptably the experience of actuallyliving ih wh~tever to . offer in· its pla~e. lo.W levels of _income they have . the settlements cari stirnulate the :· When-that happens=and it ha[J- beeh .more productively em/ rriost lively ideas ~about whát t<> do pens often-there remains orily ployed in the cities than . with and in them. CÓnsultátion the pavemen(itself·, or sorne rocky would ha ve · been had they re-· befare plans are made; a real .ef- hillside or parched plain; where mained in the rural areas, the na- " fort to secure a /ocal' injJut;caréto the poor can once again begin iO tionál econOmy itself has bene-see that technical ádvice .is avail" build out of. packing .crates ahd · fited ín the\ong run . .. able to the. cónárned citi:zens signboards . and scraps of sheet- This is nottú make. a case for and, laier ón, an equal efforttd in- metal a~dq3rdboard' a tiny hove\ wholes~ l~ mig/atiOri frdm the. vol ve peopie ih the irhpléinénta- in which to house their fa1nilies. rllraf area~ .. lt.is only to recognize . tion of plans they have. ap" Sql.Jatter settlements by defi- that poverty 'wiil persist in the proved-these make LIP the . és- nition.:-and by city .ordinance- tities uritil goverriinerlls deief- • sen ce of genuinely popular plan- are iliegal. E ven the word squatter mi he to increa,se their capacity ncil ning and can crea te a relationship itself is vaguely .obscene, .. as if simply to absorb the poor, bu t. td between citizens, their leaders somehow being penniless , promote their productiv,ity and the places in whicli they have landless; and horrieless w~re dé- viding the employment opportu,_

· to live which is stable, enjoyable liberate sins against the canohs ol nities, the infrastructure, ál')d. · and live!y. By the same token, .it proper etiquette. But it is not services necessary for that

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. pose. We must identify/ policies ·and actiohs _to bring thi~1abóut.

~¡',

· as such. They should neither be looked down upon in regard to thelr standards, technical suffi-

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ha.ye the courage to squarely fa ce . this re~lity and to act accordingly?

Enrique Peñalosa, dency, . or lack of infrastructure; ).W. MacNeÜI, Secretary-Gerr2ral nor as regards their differences Commissioner General

· HABiTAT/United Nations ' with the organized city. Converse-~~ of HABIT AT for Canada; ,i ::..<confen~~ce . ly, the ingenuity Ófthe inhabitants . At the HABITAT ccínference, one . \~· -: on Human .Settlements: need not be magnified nor their of thé mbst\lmpprtant elements iri :;: i .. · unplam~ed urbanization is the spontaneity exaggerated. The pro, the search for. s'olutions to low"in­F't ,-·¡ypical form of urban growth in fessiona:l ·bodies must recognize come urbaw settlements w ill be

:--,-.-,.r:

problems of whole communities, induding low-income families . Similar cbmpetitions to this one for Manila should be held in the other developing regions.

The competition suggests that many universities and specialized facult ies wciuld do well · to con­sider major modif>Ícations of their programs to take account or the "human settlerilents" thrtJst. pJ the Third World. lt :will probably and work with squatter settle- the sWdy ofmethúds for the pre­

q,, :increase; as ~ill the pr?portion of merús ás they are. · -- ·· plannihgqfsquatter·settlements to 'self-built shelter: This does not · lt i's in the impróvement of the · meet minirmiril needs. In nations Hel.ena Z. Benitez, president, · iliake professiónal planners . Ll ·n~ deslgn·and production ot the ele- With low average in comes and 111 Governing Cot.incil, · necessary. 'Quite the COI')trary: ments ·alid corriponents of shelter minimal purchasing power, it is Unitéd Nations Envirorm1ent

.since they are able to uhderstand ' that the professional bodies can . possible to help people to create Programme;and president, }hé phenomenoh , in depth, plan- contribute positively. Tbis produc- .decent livablé cornmunities wlth Philippine Women's ners are alreagy badly needed in tibn must be geared to the eco- basic shelter, a sale water supply, University, Manila:

. the roles of .i.nterpreter and Gita- noinic capacity óf ·the -population sanitary waste disposal, trans- The exhibit of the leading en tries · .lyst. Planners · can -explaih the .· botli"at the household and the na- portation,. and health arid educa- of the IAF competition will be an

··squatter problerti and its real di- ticinai· leve!. ltis useless to intro- ... tion services. Such pre-planning outstanding contributiori'· to the . rnensions to .the a~,Jthoríties, witn a duce a technical .solution outside would represen! a m¡¡jor step for- Vancouver HABITAT scene. Un-

viewto cónvincjng them .of the in- the limits of family income or the ward for millions of people. fortunately, the resources of all . vestment involved in these settle- traditions and aspirations of tfie i am therefore glad to wel- United Nations agencies· are now ments; of the lack .óf immédiaté cciuntry ~nd its people. come the IAF competition initia- · stretched thin, ánd there is little tci

· housingal'térnati~edor the squat- . . . . tive iri the conscious design of spare for the more extensive efioi·t te.rs, and therefore of the J.G. van Putten,- ~hairman, squatter settlements. for broad human settlements im-

. catastrophic cbnseque·nces of . Non-Gove~nmental provement which such a competi-demolition. ··· · · Organization's committee for · C..EricCarlson, deputy director, tion inspires.

PlannirÍg prófessionals cari , HA~ITAT; · Divisio'n of Financia! To augr'nent thé UN Habitat and persuad¿· .thé· authorities to pro- T.he IAF lntern¡¡tión al Design and Technical Services, Human Settlements Fouhdation's vide thóse services and facilities Competitlon .has generated note- United Nations HA BIT AT and efforts,ne'w instruments should be which are technically; ,financially,. worthy ideas about tfie use of ma, · Human Settlements Foundation: created, perhaps involving much and ·adrpinistratively impossible .terials, the ~ppÍication of self~help The results, meanirig ahd ·impact, greater private sector partici' for .the ·squátters to fúrn ish them- · elements, the coriservation of nat- of the IAF . International Design pation. After all, human sett/e"

. ]'. selveswithciut help. ural resources and .the safeguard- Competition speak for themselves. ments irnprovement could be the . O~; Y> Plarine;s ·can also help the · ing of yaiLi¡¡ble commuhity é:har- For the whóle HABITAT exercise, world's ·greatest growth industry. \i) · squatters in théir fight for security · acteristics: they provide a les son in partici- The need is urgent, beta use 'L\' ;of tenure in order to legalize the The coriipetition demon- pation~by having en listed the in- people can and must acquire· a 5 ' settlemerits and relieve the squat- strates that májortechnical prob- . terest, supp6rt and sponsorship of stakeintheir habitat. . ' . . · ;¡t,: • ters of the ahxiety of illegality. : léms can be sol ved. One can on ly the private seCtor for broad public . There should be more inter­, ,,·.· ·. Finally, the professionals can be glad that the 17,000 families purposes, as well as by mobilizing hationa,l design competitions for · i~, persuade the authorities that, even that will be resettled on the Dagat~ the ehthusiasm, experience and environri1entally- balanced com-·f<:: for· squatter settlements, long-term Daga tan si te will be able to profit dedication· of thousands of con- mul')i.ties in . both the rural and :+·,, plans are possible and thiH the from this effort. However; technÍ- c~r~ed' professionals through~ut urban are as of developing coun, _ ; 1-:f'; go.vernments concerned should cal solutiohs are one· thing; the the world . Looking ahead, we can· tries. From these efforts will \('~··organize relevant legal, adminis- possibility to apply therri on a see that future international design · .emerge demonstration projects''' ~):> irative, · financia! and technical large scale; another. competitionswill ha ve real usefulc . ' reády for incorporation into ,lof']g- .. , té· rnechanisms instead of constantly A real solutiori of the squatter ness not only for th.e desigh of ¡ térm economic, social a;,d· en~ ·'. ;~:/: being taken by surprise. problem cannot be brought abbut major natiélnal .and international : yirÓnm~ntal programs ba·~~d Úpcin [>;.:: '. ':. Squatter settlements are in- without taking into · consideration ' structures, ,..;_,hich 'has bei:!'n their. ;: · broádly conceived nationªl $trá'té-pl::C~~p~ rab l y part oí human settle- its economic and social context. role. in the past, b~tfor helpin.gtp: gies fo'r human settlernelits loca- .'" )':_me11ts and they must be accepted Will the HABITAT 'conference provide solutions tb tllf; basic , tion and development. . } : ·

·: ARC::HITECTURAL RECORD !vlay '1976 ·

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. A"fioal ,.word: With· ·thecorf1p~titiorfcornplete; \1\fha.taction could ·be.taken-tcffollow·.up? Tb~re are plenty of :.useful . alternatives .. Thé lmportant idea is that . the·. competition was· only a begint1ing ...

The lnternat ional Architectural Foundatio~· has, from the beginnings of its planning for the design competition, had five niain goals: . '

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Gqál. ·1. " Alert architects and planners to the gravity of the ácceJerátiilg úrbar¡ cris is in dé- · 1 .velopif!g count1;ies." Afew p~o~e~sb~.~js h~ye, of cours~ ; l~h~ ~ee:q~eeply in.~olved in the p~obc . , . . lems ohhuman settlements. But 1t 1s our bope that theear!Jer wntrn,Q, IIJ RECQRD-:"and most espec1ally . , · ·

th is .. ·· issu .. e.· ... ·~¡~ a.s b .. ·ro. ug···h .. t.·. th.e .d.· es.peraie g.r av·:.) .• ! .. Y.~-.~!. '.iith~ .. · mb·· .·.·. ' .•. e. m.· .. ~ i~ urba.nsl.um. · samu·n.'d th. e. w~rld · . · . /¡ · · G?al2. ' ~ lncreasethe.f.und of talent .and · .. R 1 e\ . ailable .for plann1ng human habrta~ ~~ /) /.

~~ the. ~ttentlonof ms~r~r~hltects and plann: l's:\lj ! " . ,~:é; · . . . . ·. '. ·. '. . li { r; . tions." .~Ú.rely th.at ista ·direct r'~sul t ?~ ·:he competftioh . snotedeárlier,ov~r}SOO architec~s. in · ' i · { '/

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68 counlrres reg1stered for the compet1t~on ; and t~e476entrants.fr~m 46 ~ountn~swho subtmtt~d . / 1 ¡ (! work clearly made an enormous comm1tment of time and effort 111 mcreasmg the1r personal ''fund . f 1 \.¿::/

of talehfand expertise." While there was not spacé in .thls i~s ue to publish ·' ~uch ofthis work · 1 . . • . ' •. .., . . . 1

beyoncj the prer:niated designs, other work will _be shown in L'Afchitedure"'d'Aujourd'h'ui and · ¡ Nikkei Architectur~; a~d the bulk -of the workwill·be shown in · ·~ book on the conipetitionplanned by the IAF for .publ1 cat lof1 ea.rly next year. 1

Goal 3; 'ulr1volve architects and planilers _In the design of a demcinstration project in a major j city·of ihe developihg ,wor!d." That is now the uníqué ánd massive responsibility of the competí- '

tion winner, Jan Athfiéld,· and his staff and ccinsultants; working with General. Tobias and other

officials'of the Philippille government, and with the residents of theTondo Foreshore_who clearly s tand ré~dyto. inakéthei r contribution of self-heÍp. : . ,. . . .

\ d)al ,4. ''Coritribute to the success of H-AB ITA T." Over 2000 delegatés.from 140 col.Jn­

tries-piL~ tet hníé:i ans ~nd others from non-gcivernmental organízatíons-;will bé gathered in Van-couve/ in May ar1d J~n~ to formulate an internáti6nal strategy to guide effcirts in improvíng the

conditi6ns of theurban poor aroundthe world, lt is oLirhopethatthis issue, and the exhibit of the ·prérn iated clesigns sponsored by the IAF át the·yancoCve'r Art Gallery, w ill make a modest

contributibn t~ that great and important meeting. .

· · Cdal 5 . . "Ai::t as a cata lyst for fu.r\héf'cor1tribuiions by indiviclwáls; institutions1 organizations

and governmemts to the:soluÚbn of the pfóbierns of h~using anclt~~ . ~rban poor. " Jhere ¡;¡re severa! ·

early ci6portÚnities for wmld leadersin ho~sirig ancl_ ipter.riati6rial >a id ' ~hd l ~hding to implement ne~ i ·cl~as. The governors -of the World Bank-'méét in·· actober to reteiyérecom;,eridations from

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HABITAT and deCide what action or revi~f6n Ófthei/ imoor_tárú progr?.,ms they might Qlake~- ~ perhap,sJhcl\.lding a greater rolé i.n th~ r~d~v~lop~e~tbf dt_les in th~ deveiopirig wor!d.(most .of .. -' the .Bank's activity h ~s been in rural ar~as). :rbé. Jrite't~Ame~ican De\ielobm'entBahk al~o might .

choose_to impleménnecomh:!endations of HA BIT AT .;.jinduél irig th6se_ gener~téd by'the compefi­tiori . Arid then.ther'e is~ !he:whole UNEP -effo~t, wh ich might be e.nl~rged or rédirected by the'UN

Gener.ai'Assen'lblyas a:, ~~s~Ítof HABITAT. indivídwfll:govemment ~fficiai$arouhd thewor,ld Jl!ight , see new directions fm.their.:prqgrams·of huinan: s~tttem~nt.J~the concepts a~d design icJéas geM- .

e1·ated by the ~ofT1petiti6h. ·\. < . . •. · • . ·.. ' . · ~\ , :· . . . , ,, · · , . .

, A( any rate, ~the _IAF cotnpetition h~sclearly, 'g·enerated .. .sqme: impo~tant new '~pr:opo'sa l s . for. ...•

self-hei'P, and a· host. 9f hew and thoughtful'and ·affordabl~ and ~cx:iai !y áccep_table 0áys-f6r go,v~ ·· ..

''errírher1ts :to ·interven~ :onstructhÍelyi~ th~ !Lves d ,the 'poór d :'théfr.:coünJries·. ;Ánd so"""~iththe ;:· .• •... compet(tiein on ~hith ' si:frriany pe~ple laboreCr;o loh'gb:enlncÍ"ú~~wé be~in: "·' .··, .: •. : .. ··· ·.:.::.W.'W: -L~ ;. _,,

j-60; ,· ARCHITECTURAL RECORD May 1976

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