architectural policies developments across europe2013 croatia architectural policies of the republic...

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Architectural policies developments across Europe

21 September 2017, Tallinn

João Ferreira Bento

[email protected]

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1. The rise of Architectural policies

2. Cross national survey on Architectural policies | 2011

3. National Architectural policies today | 2017

4. Transversal policy trends

5. Conclusions

OF ARCHITECTURE POLICIES

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France | 1977

In the European panorama France was a pioneer country approving a

Law on architecture: Loi n° 77-2 du 3 janvier 1977 sur l'architecture.

The French Law on Architecture established the:

• Requirement for Architects signature (above 150sq m)

• French Order of architects;

• Conseils dÁrchitecture, dÚrbanisme et de lÉnvironnement (CAUE).

And the basis for:

• Mission Interministérielle pour la

Qualité des Construtions Publiques

(MIQCP), in 1985;


Georges Pompidou Centre, Paris | Richard Rogers, Renzo Piano & Gianfranco Franchini | 1977

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EU Architects Directive | 1985

“architecture, the quality of buildings, the way in which they blend in with their

surroundings, respect for the natural and urban environment and the

collective and individual cultural heritage are matters of public concern’

(Architects Directive 85/384/EEC)


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In 1991, the Netherlands approved the first

national government memorandum on architectural

policy, entitled: Space for Architecture.

The policy document led to the establishment of

several cultural institutions in the following years:

- Berlage Institute

- Netherlands Architecture Fund

- Architectuur Lokaal Foundation

- Local Architecture centres (+30)

Dutch government Policy on Architecture | 1991


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The aim of the joint architectural policy of the Minister of Housing,

Physical Planning and Environment and the Minister of Welfare,

Health and Cultural Affairs is to "create the right conditions for

the generation of quality architecture.”

(Space for Architecture, 1991)

Dutch government Policy on Architecture | 1991

9Netherlands Architectural Institute

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1990 1995 2000

(1991)

(1996)

(2001)Ireland (1996)

Denmark (1994) Scotland (1999)

Finland (1998)

Sweden (1998)

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European Forum for Architectural Policies (EFAP) | 1997

The EFAP meetings:

Rotterdam | 1997

Helsinki | 1999

Oporto | 2000

Paris | 2000

» governmental agencies

» cultural institutions

» professional organizations


Family picture of the first international

conference on Architectural Policies

NAI, Rotterdam | 4 & 5 June 1997

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ENCOURAGES THE MEMBER STATES TO:

a) intensify their efforts to improve the

knowledge and promotion of architecture

and urban design,

b) to make contracting authorities and the

general public more aware of and better

trained in appreciation of architectural,

urban and landscape culture;

c) promote architectural quality by means of

exemplary public building policies;

d) foster the exchange of information and

experience in the field of architecture.

(2001/C 73/04)

EU Council Resolution on Architectural Quality | 2001


13Leipzig Charter on Sustainable European Cities (2007)

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Calls on the comission and member states to:

a) make allowance for architecture in all relevant

policies, especially in research, economic and

social cohesion, sustainable development and

educational policies.

b) encourage innovation and experimentation in

sustainable development in architecture, urban

planning and landscaping, in particular within the

framework of European policies and programs

and when commissioning public works.

c) and a number of more concretely defined actions,

such as research, an annual European

architecture event and measures to enhance

better education and public awareness.

EU Council Conclusions on Architecture: Culture’s Contribution to

Sustainable Development | 2008


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Council Conclusions on Architecture (2008)Council Resolution on Architectural Quality (2001)

EU COUNCIL RESOLUTION & CONCLUSIONS ON ARCHITECURE

[ SOFT LAW ]

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2. Cross National Survey on Architectural Policies

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2011

A questionnaire was circulated by email to

governmental departments responsible for

architectural policy within each Member State.

To optimize the reliability of the information

collected the questionnaire was only distributed to

governmental departments.

2012

Report was published in book format with the

financial support of the Swedish Museum of

Architecture.


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Countries that participated in the Survey

[ 2011 ]

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Official documents on architectural policy

[ 2011 ]

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Types of official documents on architecture policy:

a) Legislation (France and Sweden);

b) Comprehensive Policy

(Belgium / Flanders; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; Hungary; Ireland; Latvia;

Lithuania; Luxembourg; Netherlands; UK / Scotland; UK / Northern Ireland;

Sweden; Iceland; Norway);

c) Sectoral policy (Cyprus, UK / England and UK / Wales)


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Types of official documents on architectural policy

[ 2011 ]

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Legislation (Type 1)

France

• Law on architecture (Loi 77-2 sur l'architecture),

of January 1977

• MOP Act (the acronym MOP comes from the French

expression ‘Maitrise d'Ouvrage Public’), of 1985

Sweden

• Forms for the Future – An Action Programme for

Architecture and Design (1997/98:117) of April 1998


Comprehensive policy (Type 2)


[ 2011 ]

EU Council Resolution on

Architecture Quality (2001)

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2000 2005 2010

[ 2011 ]


Norway (2009)Estonia (2002) Lithuania (2005)

Luxembourg (2004) Northern Ireland (2007)

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1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

[ 2011 ]



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Although some other countries probably also have integrated architecture concerns in

similar documents, for the present survey, only three administrations have made explicit

reference to them. This is the case of Cyprus, England and Wales.

Cyprus

Principles and Guidelines for the Aesthetic Improvement and Upgrading of

the Quality of the Built Environment

England

1999 | Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment

2000 | Better Public Buildings: A proud legacy for the future

Wales

2002 | Technical Advice Note 12: Design

Sectoral policy (Type 3)


Chronological development of architectural policy documents

[ 2011 ]

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Germany

Baukultur

2004 2007

Austria

2006

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3. National architectural policies today

21 September 2017

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[ 2011 ]

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France

In 2014, the French Minister of Culture has

announced its intention to launch a "National

Strategy for the architecture" (SNA), a public

management tool of the architect's policy.

To prepare the National Strategy, three

working groups have been established around

three objectives: awareness, innovation and

growth.

Working groups have submitted their

proposals to the Minister 7 July 2015.

The National Strategy on Architecture was

published last month and was formally

adopted on October 2015.

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Legislation (Type 1)Legislation (Type 1)

France

The National Strategy on Architecture aims to change the relationship of society with

architecture and has six main goals:

1 - Raise awareness and develop knowledge of architecture by the general public

and all public and private stakeholders of the construction

2 - Consider the architectural heritage of XX and XXI centuries and develop the

architectural intervention to enhance and transform the existing built environment

3 - Articulate training-research-business and reconcile professional worlds of architecture,

construction and living environment

4 - Identify and mobilize architectural skills

5 - Distinguish between the economic value of the architecture and support job transfers

6 - Support the experimental approach and its cultural value

(Google translation)

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Sweden

A report and proposal of a new Swedish

National policy on Architecture was

Published in 2015, entitled:

The designed environment: a new policy

for architecture and design (2015)

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Sweden | July 2017

of housing


[ 2011 ]

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1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Comprehensive Policy (type 2)

Netherlands

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Dutch National Policy on

Architecture (7th version)

Sub-title:

Action Agenda for

SPATIAL DESIGN 2017-2020

“Architecture and spatial design are

essential for a good system of

spatial planning and a cultural

offering that attracts national and

international recognition.”

“The term ‘designers’ can refer to

architects, urban planners, interior

designers and landscape

architects” (p. 5)

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Scotland (UK)

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

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Denmark

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

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Croacia (2013) Hungary (2015)

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Portugal (2015)

National Policy on

Architecture and

Landscape

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Czech Republic (2015) Slovenia (2017)

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Austria

20112006

22 August 2017

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The Government of Austria commits itself to

upholding the Building Culture Guidelines, in the

public interest and as the basis for a partnership-

oriented approach for all groups of stakeholders.

The guidelines are divided into six areas of action:

• Development of towns, cities, and the landscape

• Construction, restoration, and operation

• Processes and procedures

• Promoting awareness and public participation

• Research and transfer of knowledge and

expertise

• Guidance, coordination, and cooperation


Austria

22 August 2017

Year Country / Region Name

1991 Netherlands Space for Architecture

1996 Denmark Architecture 1996

1997 Netherlands The Architecture of Space

1997 Norway Aesthetics in Government Building and Constructions

1998 Finland The Finish Architectural Policy

1998 Sweden Forms for the Future - An action plan for Architecture and Design

2001 Netherlands Shaping the Netherlands

2001 UK / Scotland A Policy on Architecture for Scotland

2002 Estonia The Architectural Policy of Estonia

2002 Ireland Action on Architecture: 2002 - 2005

2004 Luxemburg Pour une Politique architecturale

2005 Lithuania Architectural Policy Trends in the Republic of Lithuania

2005 Netherlands Architecture and Belvedere Policy

2006 UK / Northern Ireland Architecture and the Built Environment for Northern Ireland

2007 Denmark Nation of Architecture

2007 Iceland Icelandic Government Policy on Architecture

2007 UK / Scotland Building our Legay. Statment on Scotland's Architecture Policy

2008 Netherlands Culture of Design

2009 Belgium / Flanders Architecture Notes

2009 Ireland Towards a Sustainable Future: Delivering Quality within the Built Environment

2009 Latvia Architecture Policy Guidelines 2009 – 2015

2009 Norway Architecture.now

2013 Croatia Architectural Policies of the Republic of Croatia. 2013–2020.

2013 The Netherlands Building on the Strength of Design

2013 UK / Scotland Creating Places - A policy statement on architecture and place for Scotland

2014 Denmark Danish Architectural Policy. Putting people first

2015 Hungary National Architectural Policy

2015 Portugal Política Nacional de Arquitectura e Paisagem

2015 France National Strategy on Architecture

2016 Czech Republic Architecture and Building Culture Policy of Czech Republic

2017 Slovenia Architecture for People. Slovenia Architectural Policy.

2017 Austria Austrian Federal Guidelines for Building Culture

First Ducth policy | 1991

+ 10 policies(6 Administr. )

EFAP Survey | 2011

EU Council Resolution on

Architecture Quality | 2001

+ 14 policies(7 Administr. )

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Sectoral policy (type 3)

England (UK)

DISMISSED BY GOVERNMENT [2011]

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Place AllianceEngland (UK)

Chronological development of architectural policies

[ 2017 ]

Survey (2011)

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Germany

Baukultur

2004 2007 2014

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BaukulturGermany

2016

Switzerland

2015

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[ 2011 ]

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Types of public policies on Architecture in Europe

[ 2017 ]

+

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4. Transversal themes & trends

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Architecture as built environment design

‘In its broadest sense, architecture comprises all our man-made

surroundings. It embraces buildings and infrastructure, outdoor spaces

and landscape. It is about individual buildings and buildings in interaction,

about the totality of towns, population centres and landscapes’

(Norway, 2009)

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Transversal themes of national Architectural policies

Expansion of the policy scope

Initial scope

Architecture and urban design +

Architecture and the built environment »

Architecture +

Architecture and building culture =

Architecture and design »

Architecture and the built environemnt »

New concepts

Spatial design

Place-making

Place

Baukultur

Designed environment

Architecture and landscape

Country

Netherlands

England

Scotland

Germany

Sweden

Portugal

+ more

» expanded to

= equivalent

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Grounds for state intervention

Four main reasons for the adoption of a national policy on Architecture:

a) Architecture is a matter of public interest

b) Government responsibility

c) Right to a good living environment

d) Better efficiency in government policy

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The balance of factors which influence design quality

Source: Cousins, M (2009), Design Quality in New Housing


Common aim versus complex processes

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Architectural policies main areas of intervention

COMPREHENSIVE

ARCHITECTURE POLICY

TARGET AREAS

Leading by

example

Sustainability

and resilience

Awareness

and knowledge

Architectural

heritage Urban planning

Internationalization

of Architecture

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New trends on Architectural policies

Regional and municipal Architectural policies

Source:

Tiina Valpola,

2016

5. Conclusions

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Progression of national Architectural policies

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5. Conclusions

To be able to discuss the Europeanization process of Architectural policies,

the following definition will be used as a framework of inquiry:

‘Europeanization consists of processes of a) construction, b) diffusion,

and c) institutionalisation of formal and informal rules, procedures,

policy paradigms, styles, “ways of doing things” and shared beliefs and

norms which are first defined and consolidated in the EU policy process and

then incorporated in the logic of domestic discourse, political structures and

public policies.’ (Radaelli, 2003)

Legal and administrative families in Europe

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The Europeanization process of Architectural policies

Based on the Radaelli’s definition, the following drivers can be identified:

1) The role of member states - the member states that already had an Architectural

policy played a key role in placing Architecture in the EU agenda.

2) EU Architecture policy - The approval of the EU Council Resolution (2001), and

the EU Council Conclusions (2008), were important for the legitimization of the

policies already adopted and for the stimulation of the ones that were and are

being developed.

3) The role of the EFAP – The EFAP network played a decisive role in the

dissemination of polices across the EU providing an forum of socialization in

terms of validation, political weight and legitimacy to call for central

coordination of the EU, trough the organization of events and the creation of

spaces of socialization among stakeholders, where the values and practices of

Architectural policies were shared and consolidated at EU and national level.

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Architectural policies developments across Europe

21 September 2017, Tallinn

João Ferreira Bento

[email protected]

architectural policies developments across europe2013 croatia architectural policies of the republic...

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