architectural history (prehistoric to the rise of civilizations) by, mr. yersak
TRANSCRIPT
Architectural History
(Prehistoric to the Rise of Civilizations)
By,Mr. Yersak
Objectives• Gain an understanding of designing
the history of architecture.
• Identify the factors that define prehistoric, Egyptian, Greek, Roman and Medieval architecture.
What are some examples of Ancient
Architecture?
Ancient Architecture
Stonehenge
Ancient Architecture
Colosseum
Ancient Architecture
Pyramids of Giza
Prehistoric Architecture• Nomadic:
– Natural caves or portable tents made of animal skins.
• Settling in Fixed Locations:– Need to draw and plan
the construction of dwellings
– Construct permanent tents and adobe huts and modify shelters/caves with natural materials.
Adobe Huts
Prehistoric Architecture
• Villages:– Multiple permanent dwellings in close
proximity.– Need for creating public areas.– *The art and science of architecture
began with the planning and construction of the first dwellings and public areas.• Drew outlines in the sand or dirt.• Created small stick models
Egyptian Architecture
Egyptian Architecture
• (3000- 900 B.C.)– Construction Techniques:
• Wood was not widely available.• Houses made from blocks of sundried mud
and clay.• Used of columns for load bearing open
entrances.– Most known for its grand pyramids.
• Structures built for the temples and tombs of emperors.
• All loads are supported from the larger base below.
• Made of limestone or granite that were cut to fit together.
• Decorated with hieroglyphics and carvings
Greek Architecture
Greek Architecture
• (850 B.C. – 476 A.D.)– Buildings were created to precise
symmetry, mathematics and engineering.
– Construction Techniques:• Built of stone, granite and marble• Symmetrical buildings made up of columns,
entablatures and a roof.• There were three main types of columns that
defined Greek architecture.– Doric– Ionic– Corinthian
Parts of a Column
Greek Column (Doric)• Features:
– Simplest design– Originally placed
directly on the ground without a pedestal or base.
– Shaft is wider at the bottom.
– Shaft is grooved.– Smooth, round
capitals (tops). – No carvings or other
ornament decorations.
Greek Column (Ionic)
• Features:– More slender than
Doric – Stands on a base of
stacked disks– Shafts are usually
grooved, but can be plain
– A pair of volutes (scroll-shaped ornaments) decorates the capital
Greek Column (Corinthian)
• Features:– Fluted (grooved)
shaft– Capital decorated
with scrolls, acanthus leaves, and flowers.
– Ornaments on the capital flare outwards.
– Very detailed
Roman Architecture• Borrowed a lot of the architectural
ingenuity from the Greeks.• Incorporated much more ornament.• Began to incorporate arches and
domes into buildings.
Colosseum
Roman Aqueducts
• Ancient Romans main architectural accomplishment.
• Arched tiers that helped run fresh water from the mountain sides to urban areas.
Roman Column (Tuscan)
• Features:– Shaft sets on a simple
base.– Shaft is usually plain,
not fluted.– Shaft is slender, with
proportions similar to a Greek Ionic column.
– Smooth, round capitals.– No carvings or other
ornaments.
• Commonly used on military/ utilitarian buildings
Roman Column (Composite)
• Features:– Combines ideals of the
Ionic and Corinthian columns
– Very detailed and decorative on the capitals
• Commonly used on government/ high class buildings
Medieval Architecture
Medieval Architecture• Included the basic architectural
ideals of the Greeks, Romans and Byzantine Empire.– Took a step back in architecture after
the Roman Empire fell.– Secular and religious architecture
• Cathedrals and churches
• Castles:– Focused mainly on defense and
fortification for buildings.– Cross shaped windows
Architectural History
1. What are the three kinds of columns that defined Greek Architecture?
2. What was the greatest architectural accomplishment in Roman architecture?
3. What was the dominant purpose of Medieval architecture?