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Caroline Bos & Bel! van Berkel

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TYPOLOGICAL INSTRU M ENTS

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CONNECTING ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM

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For Caroline Bos and Ben v~ Berkel of UN Studio , type in architecture 'exists to ~ect, to connect or to be instrumental' rather th~n to prescribe. They describe how in their project~ for Arnhem Central in

t :4 the Netherlands and the Raffles City development : ~ :: in Hangzhou, China, they h~ve deftly developed , , ,

: ' and applied typologies in order to gain control of the --------- ' ---- --------- 1---------- ___________________________________________ ____ L ______ -------- - -------- - -------------- --- --- ---------

: ~ design process in complex urpan contexts. ,

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Raffles City, Hangzhou, China , due for completion 2012 A system of voids incorporating dynamic shapes and sizes defines the orientation and spatial qualities of the retail podium.

The projects here explore the instrumental potential of typology in architecture and urbapism, and in particular the area where the two disciplines intersect a~d merge. Whether described as classification, indexing, categorisatipn or taxonomy, the typological effort essentially constitutes grouping similar things together in a way that is meant to

, be helpful. The help~ess of types can be expressed in different ways _______________ ~ _____ hy_diffe.rent_archite_ct$J_A-prize_d_ bendit .is_theJegaq! _o.ratiQnalitr-._ Th_e _________________ __ -;

systemic reasoning b~hind the emergence of a type replicates a scientific approach; it conveys that an underlying strict logic is controlling a discipline that might !at times appear incoherent and out of controL Types are for this reason also eminently communicable.

But the values of s~ientific rationale and transmittability, while not eschewed by UNStuqio, are not the ones being sought to be highlighted here. The focus is ins read on how types are developed out of a symbiotic

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ ____ r~l~!iQ9.~hlp_ b~Jw~~n j'px9f~~~_i_Qnp,LQb~~J;:y~ti~m _~nd _~1).Y'~nt_i.Qn _ 9D_ th~ _QJJ.~ _________________ _ , hand, and externally ~riented instrumentality on the other. Still central to

this is the aforementipned helpfulness or utility; as every librarian knows, types, categories, cat~ogues, assemblages and so on are not made for their own sake, but to dire~t people. Similarly, in architecture a type exists to direct, to connect or ~o be instrumental in other ways.

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_______________ ~ __________________________________ 4 _____________________________________________________________________ _

The system ic reason i ng beh i nd the emergence of a ----- lytye--re-pricafes--a-scTe-ntiflc-a-pprciacn-;--if-coiiveys--UYal------------

an underlying strict logic is controlling a discipline that might at times appear i~coherent and out of control.

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The projects explore ~ow typology may be helpful in designing architecture in dense,! complex, mixed-use urban contexts. To see typological thinking ~s appropriate in a complex condition seems counterintuitive. C00plexity entails acknowledging that countless, intricately interwove9 parameters are at work, that no situation is exactly like another, ~nd that there is no one correct solution. Putting things in categories, 9n the other hand, means simplifying, framing and interpreting, usually 901dly, sometimes normatively. How can these two tendencies be reconc~ed? In the Arnhem Central transport node in the Netherlands, and the! Raffles City development in Hangzhou, China, UNStudio has devel~ped and applied certain typologies in two different, large-scale urban projects with the intention of regaining a specific

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UNStudlo, Design Models, 2005 centre: The design model Is a prototypical tool tor design and can evolve and be Implemented In various situations, scales and prOlects.

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C1plJOs,te' Blob-to-box model t~p left: Deep planning principle. rep fight Mathemallcal model. , 110m left: InclUSIVe principle. ~lIom fight: V-model.

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ARNHEM CENTRAL, ARNHEM, THE NETHERLANDS --.--

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UNStudio, Arnhem Central. The Conceplual tools emplO\led In the design Netherlands, due for completion 2013 for the Amhem Central ~roJect. The top : This integrated public lransportatlon V-model (above left). al

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--~-----------T-----------~----------,-----------r-------- - -~-----------: Arnhem Central, with a total surface of:almost 100,000 square : metres (l,076~26 square fJet) consists Jf a transfer Hall with

u~derground ~arking, a bu~ terminal an~ office towe~s situated on a plot of 40,000 square metre (430,570 square feet) . As these figures tbdicate, the ~roject is fundamentally an urban dknsification 6cercise. The ~astructur~ knot, plaruied as a stop on the (a~ yet unrealis~d) extension: of the high-~peed rail

r~ute to Ger~any, is under~tood as an o~portunity t~ connect tbe town to a larger, transnational network and simul'taneously gknerate new bffice spaces, ishops, housi~g units and ~ncillary

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functions. The enormous diversity in scales and user functions rtquires a methodological dpproach that can accomrrlodate the hybrid nad.ue of the de~elopment arid fully reali ~ the cbnnective as~iration as w~ll as create ~ contempor~ urban rrtilieu on the ~ite. While iri other times :urban growth schemes ...tere largely gtound-bound or sky-bountl, relying on ~imple rrtodels of horizontal or verltical expansi~n, for Arnh~m Central nkw, more topblogically in~lined model~ were developed that ptivilege connkctive and tr~nsitional quilities rather than ohpositional ohes. : : : r , '

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\1\' :ile in ot~er times urban growth sc ;emes w~re larg~ly groun~-boun~ or

sky ~bound, !relying n simpl~ model~ --ofW6i-E6ntar-6i--ve-rfical -ex-pans-ion; -f6-r --------Amhem Certral ne~, more topologially inclined mqdels were developed tha~ privilege connective: and trahsitional i

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- - - - -The-r~ -~~- ~~~ -~~~ ~~~ci;~;;;;d~ ~~i~gi~s- ~v~~bi~ f~; ---------this. The closest referen~e model is Grand Central Terminal in

ew York,:With its mul~evel public honcourse an,~ multilevel infra trucnlral connections surrounded by den e rtuxed-use architectur~. In Arnherrl to achieve ~ fluent and cbherent

terminalla~dscape with! minimal ob~truction to p~ssenger flow, several models we~e used, two qf which will be elaborated on here. Tbe two modets or types, ~ere introduc~d gradually as the proj~ct develope~ over various!phases. BotJi emerged from the combination or time, moveinent, space ~nd structure. Time-basetJ studies at the beginning, of the proje~t delivered images of ~arts of the Idcation as trabsformative models that addre s rel~tionships vit~ to develop~ental pote~tial, such as program:me and distaPce, public a~cess and a~ction. Movemen~ studies sho~ed up seque~ces of exchange and interaction: revealing thb relations bdtween duratibn and terri torial Jsage. : i i

The ~ology that epcapsulates ard advances ~e technicaV spatial organisation is a centralising void space inspired by the Klein bottlk. This vortcl-like centre ~onnects the llifferent levels of thk station are~ in a hermeti,~ way. The ~ein bottle stays conti~uous throughout the spatial transform!ation that it undergo~s from a sur~ce to open0g and back ~$ain. As

, the ultimat'.e outcome OF shared motion-based relations, the ~ -----------r--r-~--~--~ __ , __ ,l_ - --L--r--r--r-~------- ------ - ---. : Klein bottle-insplred sp~ce : is an ihfr~strUctl.tral el~ment both

pragmatically imcl di~griunka~cally. Th~ vdid ' pate at the centre of t!l.e site ls the terrhinhl; :in im~ly ~t ahd ' pacious gradient l~ds~arie ~at ~cc~m~a~es i an~ 4ec~s e 60,000 people movin~ o\ler the~ocatidn daily. The ~rallie~t solution

_ accom modkteS.. exi'parisi~ vWo~e~s. as _w~ physical _______ . flow throu$h ~am:'ps irn~ sl~p~g s~4c~. ~s ~e l~st element of the proj~ct to ~em~n i inC:om'ple~e ~s :ne~ rY,pe!of terminal, based on the abstrad mpde1 of the K!leirl bdttlcl, w.hich is searnlessly toritin~oJs torri odtside rb ulside ahd !-ice versa, is as

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above lett Connections. The deep planning method was employed to dENelop a coherent set of Site- and programme-specific otganlsahonal pnnciples. A view of the contemporary City as a matenal organisation of IIme-shanng social practices. worl

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As a type the V can be characterised as a rhorph i ng tech n iq ue to fuse together the user tYpologies of parking, offices and public space, '0Jhile still providing simultaneously constructive and usable space, in this case forming the daylit

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: How~ver, the secohd type has been in operatio~ fair ~ : Bbth tht V and the Klein hbttle ~odels :can bd seen ~s typeh nurhber of years: It co~sists of deep and long shafts: th~r:d>n~ect :rathet. than ~s one~offs, ak in differen~ formd and cbnsteU~tions : the i under~roun11ayer~ of the parking garage to th~ ~~~~ali iboth ~ave b~en ap~lied ~ vario~s urb~n an~ archi~ectur~ , and to the high~rise office towers. These shafts are ~rSha~ed: in :projects ovet time.:But a~ types: they are visc~ral; t1iere are no

or~r to f~rm ~e stru~tural backbone of various pr~$~e~ :fixed functidns asctibed ~ thertt, nor ~cales r dimtnsion\;, with the~ different res.'trictions.ln the parking garage tlie:Vs: :unlikd typolbgies that ard based on uricomplicated :categdries are :materlalised :as a cdncrete structure of high corridots: ~iili : such ~s 'mu~ums'J'churches', 'till buildings'; 'longhuildi~gs' sla~ting ~aUs, r~sultin~ in an oblique, permeable s~a~~ +~~ : and s6 on.T.herefdre ther also "'ithst~d thJ transition bbtweert let ' in da)llight and is filled with programme and citGulatibn. : :scales: the distinction between the urban and the :chitedtural :

__ ___ : _____ J ____ _ ~ __ ~~i:~~~ _s~~~s_ ~~_t~_e_ ~~~~!;~~ ~~}~~~~ _~~ ~:a_{~~ ~_s~i~~s __ _ j ~~~~_ ~_~:l_~v~_t~ ~~_ ~a_~i~~ ~~_rri"e~ ::~i_n~sl~~~e~~~r.~~~ ____ . , : : of OllIereat prograrnm~, each Wlth thel! own gnd. :As:a:ryre! : need to acqtl.Jre site-spednc, user-specific and: sfI)lct}ll[e~'!!IMC : : : the:V can:be ch~acterlsed as a morphing techniquJ to: fu~e : : meanings albng thb way. This Happent not jh~t py~r icl}~ co~s~ :

___ ) _____ j ____ -l-_ ~~g~~~~ ~~ _~~e~_ ~~~~gi~~ _~~p~~g,_ ?~~~~ ~?_ ~~i~h ____ . : whlle still: providing sitnultaneously constructive antl :ul;ab1e : over tlme in:different prdjects.ln this:way, the u!:hiiecwra'l : : : I I I I I I I , , , I I' I , I I I I I , : I ~ I : I I I ' I : I : : : spate, in dUs ca~e forrriing the daylit pedestrian acc~ss:to the : :practite gairts control over its own work, by W?fk:irtg iP ~erfe~, : :

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RAFFLES CITY, HANGZHOU, CHINA

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In one ofUNStudio's current projects the turning plan has Ensuring an active environment, with lively and well-been put intd effect on an unparalleled scale. Progressing at distributed people movement with multiple access and infinitely greiter speed than Arnhem Central is the Raffies City destinatiob options is a prime goal of the contemporary urban project in H~gzhou. The mixed-use project contains a total of mixed-usd project. The city within the city has different rhythms almost 400,000 square metres (4,305,705 square feet) of office, and forms: of enclosure; its system encompasses variation and

hote~ residerftial and leisure space with underground parking. It is differentiation. It is also open towards the city beyond and in situated in t:hk centre of the Qianjiang NewTown area, adjacent constant r~pport with the wider urban environment. Logistically to the new cilltural district and the nearby Qian Tang River. The relating ilie architecture to the city by making literal connections huge lake whlch gives Hangzhou its character as a tourist city can to the cOclplex infrastructure in and underneath the site is an be seen from :the higher levels of the project. The total height of important: first step. Ensuring accessibility by various means of the double-t6wered scheme is 250 metres (820.2 feet). transport in a layered condition is a complex puzzle. Again, as

The proj~ct, like many current developments in rapidly in Arnhert Central, this issue is closely related to the quality urbanising s6cieties, contains urban dimensions and aspects of the accJss spaces. In today's compact, mixed-use complexes, in such a cortpact constellation that the project could be read transitory ~paces should be of equal quality to spaces dedicated as a well-visited and architecturally relatively unchallenging to longer-ttay programmes. In the Raffies City project three typology, thai: of the high-rise. But with approximately 30,000 large void :spaces are incorporated in the plinth that stretches people livingiand visiting the site daily, it can also be thought between the two diagonally opposed towers attached to it. of as a neighbourhood, or a metropolitan district. It can have These voids, like the Arnhem Central terminal, are envisaged as the diversity,:the balance of short-stay and longer-stay places, cogent, yet galvanising, public spaces. The diagonal positioning comfort-givihg zones and more resistant areas, familiarity and of the entire scheme results in a dynamic alignment that is anonymity, the orientation and way-finding capacities that will extruded Jpwards and in the round, thus forming intricate, allow its use~ to experience it as a city within a city rather than three-dim~nsional plans emerging from a comparatively as a non-spemc mega-block. A type is therefore necessary that straightfOliward origin. Since both Arnhem Central and Raffies helps to artiduate and to proliferate urban qualities. Such ideas City are still under construction, we would like to refer to were tried b~ architects in the 1960s, often unsuccessfully. But at previous ~ojects to describe the projected spatial effects of these that time thd knowledge-processing and visualising techniques voids. Spet ifically, the void space of Star Place shopping plaza in we have available today were not in existence. User-related Kaohsiun$' Taiwan, derives its spatial character from a variation information ~as speculative and ideologically driven, rather of the turrting plan. Here, the floor plate remains in place, but

, than exact. The mixed-use typology had not been developed to the escala(ors are positioned in a rotational order around the . - - - - - - - - - - -: - - - - the -extent-itturrently ha~, so-that--progI amme packages were - - - - - -void,-givirig the -deceptive -visual impression -ufexaggerated - - - - - - - - - - -

more mono~ctional, resulting in insufficiently activated areas. depth, mobility and asymmetry, making the circulation space the , focal poin~ and centre of the building.

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The diagonal positioning of the entire scheme results in a dynamit alignment that is extruded upwards anid in the round, thus forming intricate, three~dimensional plans emerging from a comparatively straightforward origin. '

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Raffles City, Hangzhou, China, due for completion 2012 The Raffles City project incorporates housing. retai l, offices and hotel facilities housed in two diagonally opposed towers connected by a plinth.

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Unlike a tower with a twist that: is located ,

some~here along its length, th~re is a gradu~1 transformation of the e~tire volume.

______ ~}_~~ __ ~_ RQ0)!_ ! ~ _~_C!~~~?J?pq~~C}_, __ ~~~_ !9_1-' _______________________ _ building with a turning plan appears to sway

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in a lis~om manner, seemingly ~rozen while engagirg in a forceful dynamic.!

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: top, The street-tevet presence of the towers , and view towards the nver create an : organisallonat and format structure which : twiSts, creating an "urban contrapposto'. , ,

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above: The Interconnected void spaces enable extensive retail outlet Visibility and Improved way finding. The intenor Circulation spaces are connected to exterior courtyards.

In ~e ~~per levels of the Raffies City project, the turning plan typ~ ~ ~pplied in a real way. The two towers thus display a slow-rrloWih~, elongated twist running over the entire elevation. From tbt ~dint of view of the city, this gives the towers an ever-alterin$ ~p'p~arance. Unlike a tower with a twist that is located somewhere along its length, there is a gradual transformation

/"', of the ntit~ volume. Like a body in conlTapposto, the tall buildi~~th a turning plan appears to sway in a lissom manner,

seemin~h, ftozen while engaging in a forceful dynamic. __ _______ P~ ~_I ______ ---------------------------------- ___________ _ , On the inside, the turning plan offers great variety;

practicilly : e~ch floor plate is different. In the Raffies City constelia.tibd this benefits both the relationship between the two to~cl :1nd that of the project as a whole with the city. By turnini ~~ar from each other the two towers offer residents and other userS of their facilities more privacy than if they had been facing bakb. bther direcdy and immutably. The towers also take in the tahbds aspects of the city, giving alternate views to its best fdtM:~: the park, the river and the lake.

D __ In ilii~ Way, the turning plan, like the other models ________________________________________________ ~ ________________ ___ ~ _~-:-: ___ , __ ~t~~Qr:.a,~~9~ ~J}~f~) _l! f9!l)P!~ jJ)~~~nt_ r:.l!the.L tAl!I1 A __________ _

, reducti~~ t:yfe. It enables architectural gestures that cohesively envelo~ ~ "Mde and differentiated range of issues and ambitions. For that reason these instrumental types form the best way we know tb ~6dnect the urban with the architectural. ID ................. , ... , ... , ... ,.. ............................................... -..........................................................................

Text C 2d l 1 Jbhh Wiley & Sons Ltd. Images: pp 6671 ,737 C UNStudio; p 72 C Christian fli~ht)!~

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lop : The void spaces in the plinth allow for natural ventilation and smoke extraction throughout the podium.

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iipove: The semi-enclosed courtyards Sf'rve as green 'gateways' to the podium, -rhile the positioning of the two towers perpendicular to the main podium axis creates an arrangement with maximum

i~tegration of programmatic elements.

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