archipelago located in s.e. asia 85 % mountains not suited for agriculture (terrace farming) high...
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Archipelago located in S.E. Asia
85 % Mountains not suited for agriculture (Terrace Farming)High population sustained by Rich Fishing groundsImports resources for Industry
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• Japanese Religion
• “The Way of the Gods”• Kami-Spirit contained
in all living and non-living things
• Worship of nature (similar to animism)
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• Kabuki Theater- violent emotional drama
• Sumo Wrestling
• Homogeneous People, have retained much of their traditional life, although modernized as well
• Haiku- Short poem of only 17 syllables
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• Heavily influenced by Chinese through Korea (Literature calligraphy, architecture, Buddhism)
• Japanese took Chinese culture and adapted it to create their own unique culture (Isolation)
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•Power rested in hands of Warriors Rigid Class Structure
•Code of Bushido-code of conduct for warrior Samurai (Chivalry)
Emperor
Shogun (actual ruler)Daimyo(land owners)
Samurai (Warriors)Peasants, Merchants, Artisans
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last of the military dynastiesBanned contact w/ foreigners, forbade missionaries to enter Japan (Isolation)
•Commodore Perry opens Japan to American Ships & trade (1853)
•Treaty of Kanagawa opened ports to trade
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Modernization and westernization of Japan
•Eliminated Feudalism
•Built political, military and economic strength
•Stressed Education
Industrialization lead to Imperialism
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Sino- Japanese War-(1894-1895) war w/ China. Japan gains Formosa and a Sphere of influence in Korea
Russo- Japanese War- (1904-1905) Fought with Russia over control of Korea.
Russia is defeated
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WWI-Japan joins war on side of Allies. Seizes German areas in China. Becomes major power in Asia
Imperialism- Japan seizes parts of China and islands in the Pacific
WWII- Rome/Tokyo/ Berlin Axis, is defeated after atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima & Nagasaki
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US Occupation After WWII
Under the leadership of Gen. Macarthur
Japans is transformed into a Constitutional Monarchy
Parliament known as the Diet.
Woman receive equal rights.
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Democratic System of Government- Parliament
Education-Highly educated. Literacy rate of 99%
Economy-Highly industrialized
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• Central Asia 1200’sNomadic Herders and Warriors• Genghis Khan-Conquered most of
Asia from Korea• Invaded E. Europe and Russia
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• Pax Mongolia-period of trade and the exchange of goods between the East and West
• Marco Polo- an Italian merchant traveled to court of Kublai Khan
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• Kublai Khan conquered China
Controlled Korea, Tibet, and parts of Vietnam
• He called the dynasty Yuan Dynasty
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ChinaAncient Times
through Today
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CausesResentment of foreign control (Spheres of Influence)The need for modernization (Factories, Education, Military)Nationalist movements
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China’s Geography• Population: 1 billion
• Mountains: Himalayas
• Rivers: Yangtze and Yellow (Huang He)
• Desert: Gobi
• Ocean: Pacific
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• Natural barriers (mountain, rivers, oceans, deserts)
• Lack of outside contact (Isolation)
• They believed they were the center of the universe
• Middle KingdomWould lead to downfall
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Early River Valley Civilizations
• Huang He and Yangtze Rivers
• Fertile Land and Agriculture
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Shang Dynasty: 1600 BC• Writings based on
pictograms and ideograms
• • Worshipped Shang
Ti (main god) who controlled the spirits of nature
• Deceased were go-betweens with the spirits. (Ancestor Worship)
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Chou Dynasty 1122 BC- 256 BC
Mandate of HeavenA dynasty had heavens
blessing if it governed
justly
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The Great Wall
•Protection from Invasion•Kept population in
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Han Dynasty 140 BC-220 BC
Civil Service Exams
• Paper
• Sundial
• Accurate Calendar
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• Peace and Order between:Individuals &Government
• Loyalty and respect to FAMILY stressed
• Act according to 5 relationships•Ruler•Subject•Parent•Spouse
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Taoism• Rejects Confucius rules
of behavior
• Stressed simplicty
• Meditation
• Closeness with Nature
• “The More Laws the More Bandits”
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Legalism• Unconcerned with Ethics
or Meditation
• Men are motivated by Greed and Fear
• Strong Government to reward the Good and punish the Bad
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Buddhism• Spreads to China from
India
• Wins over many of the peasants class, who convert to Buddhism
• Wheel of Dharma
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TimeLine• 1215 Genghis Khan invade
China– Mongol Empire includes
much of Asia– Dynasty)– Marco Polo visits
(cultural Diffusion)• 1368 Ming Dynasty
founded– Overseas exploration– Best Technology– 1493 China returns to
isolationism
• 1644 Invaders from Manchuria set up the Manchu Dynasty– Many Restricts– Foreign trade only
allowed in Canton
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European Imperialism• The Opium War
– Indian and Turkish opium is sold to Chinese
– 1839 Chinese Gov’t destroys $6million of British Opium
– Great Britain seizes Canton and more
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Unequal Treaties• 1842 Treaty of Nanking
– Great Britain received money
– Hong Kong
– Exterritoriality• British in China obey British Law not Chinese
• 1850 Taiping Rebellion– Chinese rebel against
Manchu Gov’t
– Europeans help the Gov’t because of their favorable ties
– Rebellion is crushed
– Europeans gained more concessions
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Spheres of Influence• Great Britain• Germany• Russia• Japan
• US did not have a sphere, but they instituted the “Open Door Policy”– Free trade anywhere in
China
• 1900 “Fists of Righteous Harmony” (Boxers)– Wanted to rid China of
foreign invaders– Europeans crushed the
Boxer Rebellion and won more concessions
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• 1911 Revolutionaries overthrew the Q’ing Dynasty Dr. Sun Yat-sen named 1st president
– Brought democracy and modernization to China
– Allied China with Russia who gave aid and territory
– After his death, Jiang Jieshi came to power
Revolution of 1911
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Nationalist Republic of China- Taiwan (Democratic) Jiang Jieshi
Supported by United StatesPeoples Republic of China- Mainland China (Communist) Mao Zedong
Supported by Soviet UnionToday both claim to be the Legitimate government of China
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Redistributed land from wealthy to peasants
Collectivization (Communes) Killed any who resisted
Similar to Stalin’s Collective Farms
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5-Year Plan to increase industrial & agricultural output
•High production quotasEstablished “Peoples Communes”
Peasants had no incentive to workProgram was major failure
•Poor planning, low production, crop failures, famine
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Attempt to renew peoples loyalty to CommunismPurges of counterrevolutionaries
•Intellectuals & artistsMilitia units known as The Red Guard formed by students
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USSR offers financial, military & technical aid
•Relationship breaks apart in 1960’s
Supports North Korea in Korean WarU.S. does not formally recognize China until 1979
•UN Membership in 1971
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1980
• Deng Xiaoping’s Reforms:–Limited Capitalism
–Land Reform-No more communes
–Modernization
–Increased trade with foreign countries
–New Constitution
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Population Control
• Newlyweds to have only one child in return for subsidies ($)
• Not in effect for rural areas
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1989 Tiananmen Square Massacre
• Peaceful student protest for greater Democracy and freedom of Tibet
• Government kills thousands
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China Today
• As more capitalistic trends are introduced, the question is:
• How long can they continue the Communistic political philosophy?
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• Himalayan Mountains
• Northern Plain(Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra)
• Deccan Plateau-Very dry, poor farming
• Coastal Plains-Good fishing, West coast
• Monsoons-Seasonal winds control Indian life. Summer monsoons bring rain, winter brings drought
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Hinduism
Gods: Brahma-The Creator
Vishnu-The Preserver
Shiva-The Destroyer
Caste System
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• Buddhism– Four Noble Truths
• Suffering is universal
• Cause of suffering is desire
• Ultimate goal Nirvana
• Path to Nirvana is Middle Way
• 8 Fold Path
• Belief in Karma and Reincarnation• Do not believe in any gods• Do not believe in the Caste System• Buddhism spread to China, Korea, Tibet and Japan
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Islam
• 900’s Islam expands into India
• Believe in One God (Hindus believe in many)
• Muslim rulers (Sultans) have • Great Power
• Persecute Hindus
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Mughal India• 1526-1857 • Akbar the Great• Muslim ruler, but tolerant toward Hindus
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Explorers Come to India• 1498 Vasco da
Gamma reaches India– Trade with Europe Opens
• 1526 Mogul invaders led by G. Kahn sweep into India– 300 years ofMuslim– Taj Majal
• 1700’s East India Company of Great Britain– Takes over after
Mogul– Dominate Indian
Politics• Commercial
Colonialism
– GB controlled trade and used soldiers for
protection
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Sepoy Rebellion• Indian Soldiers who
served for Great Britain revolt against Christian British
• Supported by Hindus and Muslims
• British were using beef and pork fat to seal weapons
• Great Britain crushes rebellion
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Mohandas Gandhi• Led movement toward India’s
independence
• Passive Resistance/Civil Disobedience
• 1947 Prevents Civil War
• GB partitioned India before withdrawal
–India (Hindu)
–Pakistan (Muslim)
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• 1947: Jawaharlal Nehru:– India’s first independent Prime
Minister– Stressed economic modernization
• 1966 Indira Gandhi– Nehru’s daughter becomes Prime
Minister– Sikhs wanted independent state
(Mix of Hindu and Muslim– Indira assassinated in 1984 by Sikh bodyguards
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India and Pakistan• India has a Hindu majority
• Pakistan has a Muslim majority
• Kashmir region divided by India and Pakistan
• Muslim majority in India’s Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, but India rejects the idea
• Threat of Nuclear conflict