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The search for “material evidence” and tracesToday all lands and all periods are the subject of archaeological research, including contemporaryhuman activities. In all cases, the scientific approach borrows techniques and procedures from theexperimental sciences. The essential difference between archaeology and history resides in thedocuments used. History exploits every conceivable category of document, including archaeologicaldocuments, whereas archaeology relies primarily on material evidence, manufactured objects (dwellings,vases, weapons, toys, and tombs, among many others) left behind by human beings, including wasteproducts from the construction, consumption, maintenance, and cleaning of buildings and settlements.Traces are the second category: the signs of work, use, and wear. The third category is that of therelations between pieces of material evidence—spatial relations as they evolve over time and links betweenvestiges that aid in interpretation. Like history, archaeology aims to understand past human societies inall their aspects, but with the requirement of establishing relations between the remains studied and thegreat stages of technical evolution (Paleolithic, Neolithic, the metal ages, and so on).

A scientific approachArchaeological research comprises four steps: prospecting for remains; excavation (“digs”) to isolatethose remains from sediments; analysis to study and interpret the remains; and publication of the resultsto make them accessible to the scientific community and the general public.

The influence of French archaeology dates from the end of the nineteenthcentury, when France established archaeological and cultural missions in theMiddle East, Asia, and other areas. Today, archaeologists from the Institut deFrance, the Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (National Center forScientific Research), and major French cultural and research institutions (theLouvre, the National Museum of Natural History, and the universities) participatein more than 150 French-led excavation projects abroad supported by the FrenchMinistry of Foreign Affairs. In 2001 the mission in Chad led by Michel Brunet ofthe University of Poitiers discovered the scull of a seven-million-year-oldhominid. In France, numerous archaeological sites of global renown, such asthe caves of Lascaux and the Chauvet-Pont d’Arc grotto, remain the subject ofintense study.

The establishment of archaeology as a scientific discipline is often associated with Flavio Biondo and hisfifteenth-century work on the ruins of ancient Rome (De Roma instaurata, 1444-1446). In France, modernarchaeology is associated with Jean-François Champollion (1790–1832), who deciphered the hieroglyphicsand is considered the founder of Egyptology. Champollion established the chair in ancient Egyptian studiesat the Collège de France in 1831. The archaeology of historical periods was born in the Renaissance, alongwith philology and art history. Under the influence of André Leroi-Gourhan (1911-1986), prehistory branchedoff from the study of sediments to focus more on human civilizations. The archaeology of other periodsevolved more slowly to include the study of techniques and civilizations. The twentieth century also saw thecreation in France of institutions dedicated to archaeology, leading up to the merger in 2009 of the offices ofarchaeology, ethnology, and general resources of the Ministry of Culture and Communication.The policy of extending French influence internationally led to the creation of archaeological and culturalmissions, particularly in the Middle East and Asia.Milestones included the founding of the French archaeologicalmission in Iran in 1890, the French archaeological delegation in Afghanistan in 1922, and French archaeologicalmissions in China between 1907 and 1923, not to mention mixed teams formed with Ethiopia, Cambodia, andother countries. Schools and institutes created as a result of this policy included the École française d’Athènes(1846), the École française de Rome (1875), the École du Caire (1880, which became the Institut françaisd’archéologie orientale du Caire in 1898), the École française d’Extrême-Orient (1900), the Institut françaisd’archéologie d’Istanbul (1930), and the Institut français d’archéologie in Beirut (1946).

ArchaeologicalResearch

in France

THE ARCHAEOSCIENCESThe archaeosciences are the disciplines that apply various scientific techniques (physics, chemistry, mathematics, and the earth, space,natural, and life sciences) to the study of the past—among them archaeozoology, archaeobotany, chronoenvironmental andpaleoenvironmental studies, archaeometry, bioarchaeology, and archaeomaterials research. Throughout France laboratories specializingin these themes operate under the aegis of Doctoral Department in the exact and social sciences, as well as the humanities.

• École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales – Paris (ED 286) : http://www.ehess.fr/fr/enseignement/diplomes/doctorat/ecole-doctorale/Centre Alexandre Koyré (UMR 8560) : http://www.koyre.cnrs.fr

• Histoire – Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris 1)/École nationale des chartes (ED 113) :http://www.univ-paris1.fr/ecoles-doctorales/ed-histoire/Archéologies et sciences de l'antiquité (UMR 7041) : http://www.mae.u-paris10.fr/arscan/

• Environnements-Santé – Université de Besançon (ED 369) : http://ed-hes.univ-fcomte.frLaboratoire de chrono-environnement (UMR 6249) : http://chrono-environnement.univ-fcomte.fr

• Histoire, géographie, aménagement, urbanisme, archéologie, science politique, sociologie, anthropologie (ED 483) – Universitéde Lyon 2 : http://recherche.univ-lyon2.fr/scso/Archéométrie et archéologie : origine, datation et technologie des matériaux (UMR 5138) : http://www.archeometrie.mom.fr

• Montaigne-Humanités – Université de Bordeaux (ED 480) : http://www.u-bordeaux3.fr>Recherche>École DoctoraleInstitut de recherche sur les archéomatériaux (UMR 5060) : http://www.u-bordeaux3.fr>Recherche>Équipes de recherche>IRAMAT

• Sciences de la nature et de l'homme – Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle – Paris (ED 227) :http://www.mnhn.fr>Enseignement Supérieur>École DoctoraleArchéozoologie, archéobotanique : sociétés, pratiques et environnements (UMR 7209) : http://www2.mnhn.fr/archeozoo-archeobota/

• Sciences et Environnement – Université de Bordeaux (ED 304) : http://www.u-bordeaux1.fr/edse/De la préhistoire à l'actuel : culture, environnement et anthropologie (UMR 5199) : http://www.pacea.u-bordeaux1.frEnvironnements et paléoenvironnements océaniques (UMR 5805) : http://www.epoc.u-bordeaux.fr

• Sciences de la matière – Université Rennes 1 (ED 254) : http://www.sdlm.ueb.euCivilisations atlantiques et archéosciences (UMR 6566) : http://www.creaah.univ-rennes1.fr

• Systèmes intégrés en biologie, agronomie, géosciences, hydrosciences, environnement (SIBAGHE) – Université Montpellier 2(ED 477) : http://www.sibaghe.univ-montp2.frCentre de bio-archéologie et d'écologie (UMR 5059) : http://www.umr5059.univ-montp2.fr

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L’Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives (INRAP)Founded in 2002, INRAP (national institute of archaeological rescue research) is responsible for the identification and studyof archaeological heritage threatened by land-development operations. Each year it works with more than 700 partners in the public andprivate sectors. Diagnostics and digs are the centerpieces of INRAP’s scientific approach and research policy. Field work is complementedby research programs that enable the institute to situate each dig within its national and international context. More than half of France’sprofessional archaeologists are members of INRAP. The institute publishes more than 200 articles each year.INRAP works closely with the international scientific community. A member of the Europeae Archaeologiae Consilium, an association ofpublic archaeological agencies in Europe, and of the European Association of Archaeologists, INRAP is also one of the founders of theEuropean Planarch project, which connects France’s Nord–Picardie region with the archaeological offices of the neighboring countries(Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom). INRAP maintains international cooperative programs with Algeria, Iraq,Mauritania, and Cambodia, particularly for the training of rescue archaeologists. INRAP researchers participate in archaeological teams inBangladesh, Lebanon, Mali, Morocco, Burma, the Sultanate of Oman, Djibouti, Cyprus, Albania, Armenia, Bulgaria, China, Egypt, Italy,Mongolia, Palestine, Romania, Syria, Tunisia, and Ukraine.

Work areas:- The Lower and Middle Paleolithic.- Territorial approaches to the Ancient and Middle Neolithic.- Use of the ground in the Bronze Age and at the outset of the Iron Age.- Rural land organization at the late first Iron Age and in the second Iron Age.- Rural buildings and field organization in antiquity.- Rural habitat and environment in the Upper Middle Ages.- Urban space and its components.- Recent data on the pre-Columbian and American Indian settlements of SouthAmerica and the Caribbean.

Research in the universities and CNRSFrance’s universities and the CNRS cooperate closely within joint research units (UMR, unités mixtes derecherche) based throughout France (Amiens, Bordeaux, Grenoble, Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Nancy, Paris,Poitiers, Toulouse). Most teams work on cross-cutting problems and broad geographic areas (the West,the Mediterranean world, etc.), but a number of cultural and historic specializations have been developed(Egyptology, pre-Columbian Americas, and so on).

Archéologie – Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris 1) (ED 112) :http://www.univ-paris1.fr/ecoles-doctorales/ed-archeologie/Orient et Méditerranée : textes, archéologie, histoire (UMR 8167) :http://www.orient-mediterranee.comThe unit consists of 6 laboratories—the Semitic world, classical andlate antiquity, the Byzantine world, Greek medicine, medieval Islam,and the realms of the pharaohs—that strive to identify and publishancient documents using epigraphic, archaeological, numismatic,philological, and other methods.

Concepts et langages – Université Paris-Sorbonne (Paris 4) (ED 433) :http://www.paris-sorbonne.fr>La Recherche>Les Écoles DoctoralesCentre Léon Robin (UMR 8061) : http://www.centreleonrobin.frThe center’s mission is to stimulate and coordinate researchinto ancient thought and its history along six thematic lines: thepre-Socratics, causal dependence (responsibility and necessity inancient thought), the Stoics, alchemy and its philosophical models,the philosophical heritage of antiquity in Byzantine and medievalLatin thought, and the status and challenges of translation.

Cultures et sociétés – PRES Paris-Est (ED 529) :http://www.univ-paris-est.fr>Études doctorales>Les Écoles DoctoralesCentre de recherches en histoire européenne (EA 4392) :http://lettres-sh.u-pec.fr/recherche/>CRHEC

The center studies the history of states, societies, and cultures fromantiquity to the modern day by pairing specialists in French historywith specialists from elsewhere in Europe (Germany, England,Spain, Italy, Russia, Sweden) in a spirit of comparative history.

École Doctorale de l'École Pratique des Hautes Études – Paris(ED 472) : http://www.ephe.sorbonne.fr/recherche/ecole-doctorale/Histoire de l'art histoire des représentations et archéologie de l'Europe : sources,documents, méthodes (EA 4115) : http://equipe.histara.orgThe areas of specialization are varied but related: Celtic protohistory,Greek history and archaeology, Etruscology and history of the Italicpeoples, history of art and archaeology in the Middle Ages andmodern era, history of art and architecture, heraldry, the historyof Paris, the history of religious representations of the world, and thehistory of Christian art.

École Doctorale Lettres et Sciences – École Normale Supérieure(Paris) (ED 540) :http://www.ens.fr>Formation>Formations DoctoralesArchéologie d'Orient et d'Occident et textes anciens (UMR 8546) :http://www.archeo.ens.frThe laboratory conducts research into the history of civilizationsat the margins of the classic Green and Roman worlds and into thephenomena of borrowing, assimilation, and mutual interpretation.

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Research Bodies

• Research on antiquity in the West and the Mediterranean world

Espaces, cultures, sociétés – Université Aix-Marseille (ED 355) :http://www.mmsh.univ-aix.fr>École DoctoraleCentre Camille Jullian (UMR 7299) : http://sites.univ-provence.fr/ccj/Consistent with the historic specializations of theCentre Camille Jullian(archaeology of Gaul, colonial contacts, maritime archaeology, historyof techniques), the members of the laboratory focus on three majorresearch directions: (i) landscapes, settlements, cities, and territories;(ii) the sea: ships, ports, resources, and exchanges; (iii) techniques,economies, and societies.Centre d'étude des mondes africains (UMR 8054) : http://www.cemaf.cnrs.frCEMAF is an interdisciplinary laboratory (history, ethnology, anthropology,law, political science) whose research work deals with the entireAfrican continent. That work takes five directions: (i) epistemology andknowledge; (ii) African mutations and long-term globalization; (iii) state,space, and memory; (iv) political configurations, identity movements,and religious dynamics; and (v) development and social structures,environments, and health.Institut de recherche sur l'architecture antique (USR 3155) : http://iraa.mmsh.univ-aix.frIRAA studies antique monuments, including groups of monuments, onFrench soil, concentrating on the areas that were once part of the Greekworld or the Roman empire.Centre Paul-Albert Février (UMR 6125) : http://cpaf.mmsh.univ-aix.frThe center performs mutually complementary research on the historyof religions and texts, and on classical and biblical traditions. Theresearch team includes philologists and historians specializing inGreek, Latin, Hebrew, Coptic, and Sanskrit.

Histoire – Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris 1) (ED 113) :http://www.univ-paris1.fr/ecoles-doctorales/ed-histoire/Anthropologie et histoire des mondes antiques (UMR 8210) : http://anhima.frArchaic and classical Greece and the Roman world are studied usinga historical and anthropological approach that compares social andreligious practices and representations (political, economic, social, andreligious history and studies of cultural identity, gender history, and thedefinition of politics).

Langages, temps, sociétés – Université de Lorraine (ED 78) :http://www.univ-nancy2.fr>Recherche>Écoles DoctoralesHistoire et cultures de l'Antiquité et du Moyen Âge (EA 1132) :http://www.univ-nancy2.fr>Recherche>Équipes de rechercheThe teamworks on four research themes: (i) the Greek language: history,diversity, and contacts; (ii) borders, contacts, and transitions in the ancientand medieval world; (iii) transformations of ancient cities and societies;and (iv) literature and philosophy from Greek and Latin antiquity to themedieval era: sources and effects.

Langues, littératures et sciences humaines – Université Grenoble 3(ED 50) : http://www.u-grenoble3.fr>Recherche >École DoctoraleRhétorique de l'antiquité à la révolution (EA 3017) : http://w3.u-grenoble3.fr/rare/spip/The work of this team revisits and renews the reading and analysis oftexts that, in antiquity and in prerevolutionary France, were linked tothe spoken word: court pleadings, political speeches, history, sermonsand homilies, theater, and poetry.

Lettre, pensée, arts, histoire – Université de Poitiers (ED 525) :http://lpah.ed.univ-poitiers.frHellénisation et romanisation dans le monde antique (EA 3811) :http://herma.labo.univ-poitiers.frThe team’s work extends fromwest (Gaul, the Iberian peninsula, and theItalic peninsula) to east (the Greek world, the Near East, Egypt), withresearch along threemain axes: (i) individual and collective identities andtheir expressions; (ii) spatial models: archaeology and history; and (iii)production and diffusion of material goods.

Milieux, cultures et société du passé et du présent – Université ParisOuest Nanterre La Défense (ED 395) :http://www.u-paris10.fr>Recherche>Écoles DoctoralesArchéologies et sciences de l'antiquité (UMR 7041) :http://www.mae.u-paris10.fr/arscan/The team conducts work on prehistory up to the contemporary eraon five continents, drawing on archaeology, history and history of art,geo-archaeology, architecture, funerary anthropology, the paleo-environment, philology, and literature.

Mondes anciens et médiévaux – Université Paris-Sorbonne (Paris 4)(ED 22) : http://www.paris-sorbonne.fr>La Recherche>Les Écoles DoctoralesCentre d’édition et de commentaire de textes grecs et latins (EA 1491)The team studies and annotates Greek and Latin texts, preparingthem for publication under the best possible conditions, whileanalyzing their traditional context and contemporary reception.Linguistique et lexicographie latines et romanes (EA 4080)The team brings together Latin linguists interested in all aspects ofLatin linguistics and philology, both over time and at specific points intime. Subjects include Latin phonetics and phonology, morphology,syntax, pragmatics, and the information structure of the Latin sentence.Rome et ses renaissances : arts, archéologie, littératures et philosophie (EA 4081)The team is dedicated to research into the ancient Latin world in allits intrinsic interdisciplinarity. Philosophy and the history of ideas arestudied in the context of their close links with literature (rhetoric,poetics) and aesthetics.http://www.paris-sorbonne.fr/la-recherche/les-unites-de-recherche/

Montaigne-Humanités – Université de Bordeaux (ED 480) :http://www.u-bordeaux3.fr>Recherche>Écoles DoctoralesInstitut Ausonius (UMR 5607) : http://www-ausonius.u-bordeaux3.frThe institute offers research programs in the sciences of antiquity,medieval history, and archaeology, taking new approaches towardhistorical inquiry (for example, the place of the economy in ancientsocieties, the analysis of spectacle as a social and cultural act,and the link between territory and history) enhanced by the use oftechnologically generated images (such as virtual reconstitutionsof spaces and buildings).

Territoires, temps, sociétés et développement – Université Montpellier3 (ED 60) : http://recherche.univ-montp3.fr>Écoles DoctoralesArchéologie des sociétés méditerranéennes (UMR 5140) :http://www.archeo-lattes.cnrs.frThe laboratory consists of six teams working on all aspects of thehistory of Mediterranean peoples and societies from prehistory tothe Middle Ages.

Sciences humaines et sociales – Université d’Amiens (ED 238) :http://www.u-picardie.fr>Recherche>Formation DoctoraleTextes, représentations, archéologie, autorité et mémoire de l'antiquité à larenaissance (EA 4284) : http://www.u-picardie.fr>Recherche>ÉquipesSituated in the period extending from antiquity to the Renaissance, thedisciplinary range of the team spans literature (ancient and modern,French and foreign), history, the history of art, and archaeology.

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Researc

• EgyptologyÉcole Doctorale de l'École Pratique des Hautes Études – Paris(ED 472) : http://www.ephe.sorbonne.fr/recherche/ecole-doctorale/Égypte ancienne : archéologie, langue, religion (EA 4519) :http://www.ephe.sorbonne.fr>Recherche>Équipes,unités,laboratoires>En scienceshistoriques, philologiques et religieusesThe team pursues research on four major themes: (i) Egyptianarchaeology: excavation of a large city on the eastern delta of the Nile;(ii) demotics and history of the Ptolemaic era; (iii) Egyptian religion, and(iv) Egyptian religion in the Roman era.

Mondes anciens et médiévaux – Université Paris-Sorbonne (Paris 4)(ED 22) : http://www.paris-sorbonne.fr>La Recherche>Les Écoles DoctoralesInstitut de papyrologie de la Sorbonne (EA 2558) : http://www.papyrologie.paris-sorbonne.frThe institute concentrates on four areas of scientific research: (i) Greek,Latin, Demotic, and Coptic literary and documentary papyrus; (ii) Greekand Roman Egypt; (iii) papyrology of Herculaneum; and (iv) ancientmusic.

Sciences de l'homme et de la société – Université de Lille 3(ED 473) : http://www.univ-lille3.fr/fr/recherche/ecole-doctorale/Institut de papyrologie et d'égyptologie de Lille (UMR 8164) :http://egyptologie.univ-lille3.frThe teamworks on three distinct geographic areas (Egypt, Sudan, andthe Near East; the Greek world; and Europe) and three commonthemes: (i) space, settlements, and societies; (ii) economic systems,and (iii) systems of representation.

• The Prehispanic AmericasArchéologie – Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris 1) (ED 112) :http://www.univ-paris1.fr/ecoles-doctorales/ed-archeologie/Archéologie des Amériques (UMR 8096) http://www.mae.u-paris10.fr/archam/Housed in the Maison René Ginouvès at Université Paris OuestNanterre La Défense, the team explores several geocultural complexes:Mesoamerica, the Caribbean, the Andes, the Amazon, and the Arctic.

Histoire de l'art et archéologie – Université Paris-Sorbonne Paris 4(ED 124) :http://www.paris-sorbonne.fr>La Recherche>Les Écoles DoctoralesCentre de recherche sur l'Amérique préhispanique (EA 3551) :http://www.paris-sorbonne.fr/la-recherche/les-unites-de-recherche/Themissionof thecenter is tostudythesocietiesofprehispanicAmericawithoutlimitation as to any particular geographical area—the Andean world, mesoa-merica, theTainoregion(Caribbean), theAmazonianbasin, theAmericansouth-west—inorder to avoidconfinementwithinmicroregionsor individual nations.

• Asia and the Far EastÉcole des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales – Paris (ED 286) :http://www.ehess.fr/fr/enseignement/diplomes/doctorat/ecole-doctorale/Centre d’études turques, ottomanes, balkaniques et centrasiatiques (UMR 8032) :http://cetobac.ehess.frThe research unit is devoted to the past and present of Turkic speakingpeoples across their entire geographic area, with attention to their rela-tions with neighbors as well as other political, economic, and cultural as-pects of their societies.

Histoire de l'art et archéologie – Université Paris-Sorbonne Paris 4(ED 124) :http://www.paris-sorbonne.fr>La Recherche>Les Écoles DoctoralesCentre de recherche sur l'Extrême-Orient (EA 2565) :http://www.creops.paris-sorbonne.frThe center conducts programs on specific areas: India andCentral Asia(marine archaeology, the Gandhara civilization, numismatics); Japan,Mongolia, and China (comparative archaeology, identity, interculturalrelations); India (architecture, Buddhism, the Gupta empire, Mathura,

Sanchi, shrines, sculpture, stupas, Bengal, cultural heritage);Central Asia (Taklamakan, commerce, routes); Japan (ancient steelmaking, experimental archaeology, and processes and techniques usedin forging, weapon making, and sword making).

Histoire, géographie, aménagement, urbanisme, archéologie,science politique, sociologie, anthropologie (ED 483) :http://www.univ-lyon2.fr>Recherche>ÉtudesDoctorales>Écoles DoctoralesArchéorient, environnements et sociétés de l'Orient ancien (UMR 5133) :http://www.archeorient.mom.frEngaged in multidisciplinary research using all of the sciences ofantiquity, the laboratory studies the eastern Mediterranean, the NearEast, and theMiddle East during prehistory (from the Neolithic to the endof the Iron Age) and antiquity. Disciplines include archaeology, history,philology, geography, and the natural and life sciences.

Archaeology at the Collège de FranceThe first chair in archaeology at theCollège de Francewas establishedin 1831, with Jean-François Champollion as the incumbent. That chairbecame the chair in Egyptology in 1923. Today courses, seminars, andcolloquia are given by six permanent chairs in various aspects ofarchaeology.- Turkish and Ottoman history- The civilization of the pharaohs: archaeology, philology, and history- History and civilization in Archimedes’s world and Alexander’s empire- Religion, institutions, and society in ancient Rome- Indo-Iranian languages and religions- Epigraphy and history of Greek cities- Biblical settings and environments

TheCollège de France also hosts joint research teams with the CNRS.• Proche-Orient, Caucase : langues, archéologie, cultures (UMR 7192) :http://www.digitorient.comFrom 1987 to 2000, a dozen campaigns focused on the SecondMillennium (the Amorite, Mitanian, andMiddle Assyrian periods). Since2005, themission has been engaged in a new research programon theoccupations of the Third Millennium.

• Centre de Recherche sur les Civilisations de l'Asie Orientale (UMR 8155) :http://www.crcao.frResearch at CRCAO spans a wide range of disciplines and periodsfrom themost ancient to the contemporary. A large share of the center’sprograms is devoted to the study of the religions, history, arts,literature, and thought of the classical period. The center’s researchershave a special interest in primary sources (manuscripts, inscriptions,and iconographic and archaeological documents).

ch Bodies

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• AfricaThe Centre français des études éthiopiennes (CFEE) in Addis-Ababa is expanding its archaeological program in Ethiopia’s lakeregion (Ziway, Langano, Abijata) and is contributing to the developmentof the Late Stone Age sequence in East Africa.http://www.cfee.cnrs.fr

TheCentre franco-égyptien d'étude des temples de Karnak (CFEETK)is responsible for research and conservation work on the templeof Amun-Ra. The multidisciplinary approach involves Egyptologists,archaeologists, architects, restaurateurs, photographers, masons,artists and draftsmen, document specialists, and topographers—working together in Egypt’s largest religious complex.http://www.cfeetk.cnrs.fr

The Section française of the Direction des antiquités du Soudan(SFDAS) in Khartoum participated in salvage operations in Nubiabefore the lake behind the Aswan Dam was filled, and in the inventoryof sites in the southern Nile valley. It also conducted several protractedexcavations, notably at funerary sites in Missiminia, El-Kadada,Kadruka, and El-Hobaji. Current work is concentrated on the urbanMeroitic site of El-Hassan, with the uncovering of the Temple of Amun.http://www.sfdas.com

• Central and South AmericaThe Institut français d'études andines (IFEA) in Lima is supportingseveral archaeological projects: Project Southern Peru (patterns ofadaptation of groups of fisher-gatherers of the archaic period along thedesert littoral of southern Peru in the Tacna region); the “PlataformaUhle” Project of the International Moche Program (Mochica funeralcustoms and public architecture); Project Manabí (Manteña culture andmound structures of the central coast of Ecuador); Project Choqek'iraw(late prehispanic history of the Middle Apurimac valley and linksbetween the Chanka, Quechua, and Inca lands).http://www.ifeanet.org

The Centre d'études mexicaines et centraméricaines (CEMCA) inMexico City and Guatemala City. CEMCA’s branch in Mexico hassupported several archaeological projects in two major cultural areas:theMayan region (Balamku, Xcalumkín, Rio Bec) and themesoamericanwest (Bajaras, Chupícuaro, Uacusecha). In Guatemala, CEMCAconducts archaeological projects in three large Pre-Columbian areasof the country (Pacific coast, highlands and lowlands).http://www.cemca.org.mx

• The Near and Middle EastThe Délégation archéologique française en Afghanistan (DAFA)in Kabul reopened in 2002. It performs archaeological excavationsas part of site salvage programs while also continuing its work oninventorying archaeological sites. Excavations are active in Bactria,Heart, Kabul, Wardak, and Jaji (Piyada), Bamiyan, and the Balkhabdelta, among others. Special emphasis is placed on urban archaeologyand study of the built environment.http://www.dafa.org.af

The Institut français d'études anatoliennes (IFEA) in Istanbul hasconducted programs in Claros, Horum Höyük, Sinope, Yazılıkaya, andZeugma. Sites in Izmir, Kömürcü-Kaletepe in Létôon, Porsuk (Zeyve)Höyük in Pisidia, and Xanthos have also been explored.http://www.ifea-istanbul.net

The Institut Français du Proche-Orient (IFPO) ) in Damascus isengaged in substantial archaeological work in four countries: Jordan,Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq (since 2010, with excavations in Erbil). IFPOis a partner in multiple excavations and field explorations in Jordan(including Darih, Dosak, and Petra), Lebanon (Arqua, Cyrrhus, Tyr),and Syria (Apamée, Djaadé, Mari). Its program on Greek and Latininscription in Syria has generated numerous publications.http://www.ifporient.org

The Centre de Recherche Français à Jérusalem (CRJ) in additionto its continuing focus on prehistory, studies more recent eras:the Bronze and Iron ages, classical antiquity, and the Byzantine andCrusade eras. Programs and excavation campaigns follow severalaxes: (i) from the hunter-gatherers to the first farmer-cultivators in theLevant; (ii) the first cycle of urbanization and decay in early BronzeAge; (iii) production and exchange in the Near East and in the easternMediterranean basin; (iv) cultural and political dialogue between theMuslim east and the medieval west at the time of the Latin kingdom ofJerusalem; and (v) patterns of technical change in the southernLevant.http://www.crfj.org

The Centre français d'archéologie et de sciences sociales deSanaa (CEFAS) carries out several missions under its program onthe archaeology and anthropology of southern Arabian societies fromprehistory to the Islamic states: (i) the archaeological and epigraphicalmission on the ancient kingdom of Qataban; (ii) Project Qalhat; (iii) thepaleobiological and paleoanthropological mission in Tihama; (iv)the Jawf-Hadramawt mission; (v) the Najran mission; and (vi) thearchaeological mission of Madain Saleh.http://www.cefas.com.ye

The IFRE network (French research institutes abroad) consists of 27 institutions and their branches operating in 37 countries. Several institutescarry out archaeological missions on every continent, from prehistory to late antiquity.http://www.ifre.fr

Instituts Français de Recherche à l’Étranger

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French Archaelogy

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École française d’Athènes: http://www.efa.grArchaeological research is organized into four programs:The epigraphical corpus: From Linear A to Christian inscriptions,all periods and categories are analyzed (Crete, Delphos, Boeotia,Thasos, Argos, Epirus).Spatial archaeology: Research into ancient cities and kingdoms andexploration of the resulting sites. The sites of Malia, Thasos, Delos,Argos, and Philippi, and of the cities of the Mirabello mountains in Crète(Lato, Dreros, Anavlochos), Amathonte, Apollonia of Illyria, and Byllis.Elsewhere, the study of various lots of funerary furniture and fittings isbeing completed (in Argos, Thasos, Medeon, and, in Crete, in Malia,Dreros, and Olonte).The archaeology of economic life: Exploration of buildings used forthe manufacture, storage, and trade of products and staple grains,such as the Mu quarter in Malia, the stores of palace in Amathonte, thestores and warehouses of Delos, and the macellum (indoor market) ofThasos. Several numismatic collections have been analyzed in Argos,Philippi, Thasos, and Delos.The archaeology of religious life: This program reflects recurrent themesof the school’s research program—sanctuaries and their organization,offerings, and proto- and mesobyzantine ecclesiastical buildings.

École française d’Extrême-Orient (EFEO): http://www.efeo.frEFEO embraces Asia through multidisciplinary and comparativeresearch linking archaeology, history, anthropology, philology, andreligious studies. Its field of research extends from India to Chinaand Japan, taking in all of Southeast Asia. EFEO missions must oftencome to grips with questions touching on the contemporary world.

École française de Rome: http://www.ecole-francaise.itActivities are structured around thematic programs:Urban studies: The development of cities in the Italian peninsula, theoriginality of architectural models and urban experiences, analysis ofarchaeological and archival sources on urban life.Law, power, society: Reflections on the forms of the exercise of power,the first Italian aristocracies, rights arising from republican and imperialRome.

Italy and the Mediterranean: The study of exchanges and forms ofinteraction between Italy and the Mediterranean areas that surroundit (economic exchanges, migratory movements, diffusion of cultural andlegal models).Territory, identity, and borders: The forces that characterize and impartstructure and organization to an area, giving it coherence, identity, andlimits.Technical innovations and economic rhythms: The study of the laborrelations and techniques, broadly conceived, that supported growth andmodes of production, consumption, and transmission of goods.The religious act: practices, rites, and behaviors: The religious,juxtaposed with places and social groups, affects the latter andprovokes the formation of other spaces, profane or lay, that escape itsreach or over which it attempts to exert its authority.Knowledge: construction, transformation, and diffusion: Study of theconstitution and diffusion of knowledge, especially ancient knowledge,and of the role of cultural “carriers” and the consequences of theiractivity on the state and geographic extent of knowledge.Supporting archaeological work: Excavations of the river port of Aquileiaand of the Celtic-Etruscan burial ground of Monterenzio Vecchio.

Institut français d’archéologie Orientale (IFAO):http://www.ifao.egnet.netSince its founding, IFAO has performed important archaeological workthroughout Egypt—in the Nile valley, the delta, oases, the eastern andwestern deserts, the Sinai, the Red Sea, and Cairo. More than 20 sitesare currently being excavated by IFAO teams.

The Écoles Françaises

y around the World

Archéo IDF - Réseau et ressources documentaires en Île-de-Francehttp://www.archeo-idf.fr

Association des Professeurs d'Archéologie et d'Histoire de l'Art desUniversités (APAHAU)http://www.apahau.org

Base Joconde - Portail des collections des musées de Francehttp://www.culture.gouv.fr/documentation/joconde/fr/

Base Mémoire-Archéo du ministère de la Culturehttp://www.culture.gouv.fr/documentation/memoire/accueilarcheo.htm

Bibliothèque numérique de l'INHAhttp://bibliotheque-numerique.inha.fr

Bulletin français de l’archéologie orientale (BIFAO)http://www.ifao.egnet.net/publications/catalogue/

Collège de Francehttp://www.college-de-france.fr

Comité Français d’Histoire de l’Art (CFHA)http://www.cfha-web.org

Comité International d’Histoire de l’Art (CIHA)http://www.esteticas.unam.mx/CIHA/

Données en Archéologie, Préhistoire et Histoire sur le NEt (DAPHNE)http://www.daphne.cnrs.fr

Europeae Archaeologiae Consiliumhttp://www.european-archaeological-council.org

European Association of Archaeologistshttp://www.e-a-a.org

Grands sites Archéologiqueshttp://www.grands-sites-archeologiques.culture.fr

Musée Achéménide Virtuel et Interactif (MAVI)http://www.museum-achemenet.college-de-france.fr

Projet européen Planarch : aménagement du territoire et archéologiehttp://www.planarch.org

Instituts Français de Recherche à l'Etranger (IFRE)http://www.ifre.fr

Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives (INRAP)http://www.inrap.fr

Société Française d’Archéologie Classiquehttp://www.sfac-info.fr

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General information

Useful Web sites

A complete list of Doctoral Departments in France can be found online atwww.campusfrance.org>Find your program>Level DThe online catalog provides direct links to the research units within each Doctoral Department.A bilingual (French and English) search engine enables users to obtain results by selecting fromamong 20,000 keywords and 80 disciplinary themes. Departmental profiles are also provided.

• Agency CampusFrance:http://www.campusfrance.org/en- Catalog of Doctoral Departments and programs:http://www.www.campusfrance.org/en> Find your program>Level Doctoral

- CampusBourses, a directory of grants and scholarships:http://www.campusfrance.org/en>Finance your program

• ABG-L’intelli’agence, promoting career opportunities for young PhDshttp://www.intelliagence.fr

• AERES, agency for the evaluation of research and higher education:http://www.aeres-evaluation.fr

• ANDèS, national association for Science PhD:http://www.andes.asso.fr

• ANRT, national agency for research and technology:http://www.anrt.asso.fr

• CNRS, national center for scientific research:http://www.cnrs.fr- Directory of laboratories and researchers:http://www.cnrs.fr/fr/une/annuaires.htm

- CNRS quarterly magazine (in English):http://www2.cnrs.fr/en/2.htm

• EURAXESS, mobility for researchers in Europe:http://ec.europa.eu/euraxess/index_en.cfm

• Fondation Alfred Kastler, hospitality and support for foreign researchers in France:http://www.fnak.fr

• Ministry of Higher Education and Research:http://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr

• Oséo Innovation, the French innovation agency: http://www.oseo.fr

•Website for mobile European researchers in France:http://www.eurosfaire.prd.fr/mobility/

May

2012