arch test 2

8/3/2019 Arch Test 2

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Islamic

Architectuure


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Islamic Architecture

1. religious buildings are reduced to structural framework in-filled with decorative

patterns

2. use of intricate carpet-like decorative patterns (often with bluish color-schemes)

3. decorative patterns overwhelm the structural elements and cover domes, facades

4. only the most emphatic architectural forms (domes, courtyards) transcend decoration

5. flat facades6. mihrab (prayer niche) oriented toward Mecca

7. domes structures utilize Byzantine pendentive models

8. complex moldings have been discarded because of origins in dry climates

9. rather than a coherent conception, it tends to be more a collection of pieces:

a. mihrab (oriented prayer niche)b. haram (covered prayer hall)

c. sahn (arcaded courtyard)d. minaret (prayer tower)

e. qibla (Mecca-oriented prayer wall)f. madksourah (rulers prayer space)


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Great Mosque exterior, with inserted 16th century cathedralCordoba, Spain 786-990 CE


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Great Mosque exterior from SW showing W portalsCordoba, Spain 786-990 CE


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Great Mosque portal on west sideCordoba, Spain 786-990 CE


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Islamic Architecture

Great Mosque Cordoba, Spain 786-990 CE

Begun byEmir Abd ar-Rahman, who ruled 756-788 CE; he was the first of the Umayyad

emirs (or caliphs) to rule Spain (dynasty ruled 756-1031) after being defeated and

driven out of Syria.

Construction phases: 1) 786-787: first hypostyle hall

2) 832-848: prayer hall extended south

3) 961-976: continued addition southward under Hakim II

4) 987-990: two new sections east and south, almost doubled the

interior space creating the finest and largest mosque in the West

(585 x 410; 2/3 roofed)

1236: Cordoba was captured from the Muslims by Ferdinand II, King of Castile

1238: converted to being the Cathedral of Cordoba


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Great Mosque

Cordoba

plan

with first phase of 786-787 CE

786-990 CE(haram)sahn

haram

197

240

an entrance

for each aisle

Lantern of

Hakim II

(c. 961-76)

phase 1

phase 2

phase 3

786-787 CE


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Great Mosque

Cordoba

plan

with second phase

from 832-848 CE

786-990 CE

(haram)sahn

haram

197

240

an entrance

for each aisle

phase 1

phase 2

phase 3832-848 CE


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Great Mosque

Cordoba

plan

with third phase

from 961-976 CE

786-990 CE

(haram)sahn

haram

197

240

an entrance

for each aisle

Lantern of

Hakim II

(c. 961-76)

phase 1

phase 2

phase 3


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Great Mosque

Cordoba

plan

with fourth phase

of 987-990 CE

786-990 CE

haram

haram

haram

minaret

qibla

phase 1

phase 2

phase 3phase 4

phase 4

south

N

W

585

enlarged sahn

410

original sahn


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Great Mosque

Cordoba, Spain

interior of haram

showing two-tieredarches

786-990 CE


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Great Mosque

Cordoba, Spain

interior of haram


786-990 CE

unfluted

scavenged

Roman

columns

horseshoe-

shaped

lower

arch

rectangular

pier

pale stone

or red-brick

voussoirs

upper

archrectangularpier

rectangularpier


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Great Mosque

Cordoba, Spain

interior of haram


786-990 CE


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Great Mosque, hypostyle haramCordoba, Spain 786-990 CE

infinite

and

visionary

space


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Great Mosque, Cordoba mihrab dome c. 961-65 CE


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Great Mosque, Cordoba mihrab dome c. 961-65 CE

1

23

4

5

67

8

poly-lobed

arch

melon-shaped,

ribbed dome

floating on

8 intersecting

arches


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Great Mosque, detail of mihrab dome Cordoba c. 961-65CE


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Great Mosque,

Cordoba

Lantern of Hakim II

c. 970-976 CE


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Great Mosque

Cordoba, Spain

haram

interior

786-990 CEinterior seems

limitless

and mysterious

ceiling space

transformed

into an airy

abstract cage

multiple

apertures

of multi-

arched, multi-colored

structure

repeated

loops and

orthogonalinter-lacings


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Great Mosque Cordoba, Spain 786-990 CE

interior seems

limitless

and mysterious

ceiling space

transformed

into an airy

abstract cage

repeated

loops and

orthogonal

interlacingsinfinite

and

visionary

space

visionary

creating a

seemingly

infinite

and

metaphysical

space


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Carolingian

and

Romanesque


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751last of the ineffectual Merovingian rulers ousted by Pepinthe Short

754Pope Stephen II anoints Pepin king at St. Denis, outsideParis (Pepin attacks the Lombards in Italy in return, someconquest)768Pepins son Charles succeeds to the Frankish throne

770sCharles (Magnus the great) invades Italy774Charles (the Great) defeated Desiderius (Lombard king)at Pavia774Charles went on to Rome, received with honor by Pope

Hadrian IV780s-790sbuilt stone palace, school (run by Alcuin of York English monk), royal chapel at Aachen (40 miles west ofCologne,Germany)


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794Charlemagne (King of the Franks, ruled 768-814) permanentlyinstalls Frankish court at Aachen

Charlemagne often visited Ravenna, recaptured from theLombards by Charlemagnes father (Pepin the Short) in 755,and donated to the Pope(to become part of Papal States)

800Charlemagne crowned as Holy Roman Emperor(Imperator Augustus) at Old St. Peters in Rome by Pope Leo IIIon Dec. 25th

The Holy Roman Empire was established as RenovatioImperii Romanum or renovation of the Roman Imperium805Palatine Royal Chapel at Aachen consecrated by PopeLeo III


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Palatine Chapel,

Aachen

entrance facade

Architect-Odo of Metz

792-805 CE


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Carolingian

Imperial Palace

Complex,Aachen

including

Palatine Chapel

792-805 CE


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San Vitale Palatine Chapel

Ravenna, 526-548 CE Aachen, 792-805 CE


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Palatine Chapel

plan

Odo of Metz

792-805 CE


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Palatine Chapel

plan

Odo of Metz

792-805 CE

47 6

105


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Palatine Chapel

plan

Odo of Metz

792-805 CE

144

Carolingian

feet


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Palatine

Chapel

interiortowardentrance

792-805 CE


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Palatine Chapel

interior toward apse(apse rebuilt as Gothic)

Odo of Metz

792-805CE


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Palatine

Chapel

interiortowardentrance

792-805 CEfunctioned aschurch for

the Imperial court

functioned

as a

private chapel

functioned as

coronation

hall

functioned as

reliquary

functionedas Imperial

mausoleum


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Palatine Chapel

interior toward apse

Odo of Metz

792-805 CE

rebuilds

Justinian-Byzantine

church

with Roman

structural vaulting

rational defined

spatial units

sense of

clarityand

containment

blunt

massiveness

and solidity

of geometric

form

loss of

floating

shimmering,

other-worldly,

Byzantine effect


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Palatine Chapel

interior toward apse

Odo of Metz

792-805 CE

visual

pull

to the

apex

of the

central

vault

intended

to be

perceived

as image

of the

Holy

Jerusalem


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end of

part 4


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Abbey Church ofSt. Pierre, Cluny

(Cluny III)

plan of monastery

compound

1088-c.1130 CE


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Abbey Church of St. Pierre,Cluny

(Cluny III)

plan

1088-c.1130 CE


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Abbey Church of St. Pierre, Cluny (Cluny III) 1088-c.1130


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Cluny III (reconstruction drawing of east end) 1088-c.1130CE


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Cluny III (reconstruction drawing of transept with section

of the nave) 1088-c.1130 CE


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Cluny III

(reconstruction

drawing of nave

interior)

1088-c.1130CE


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Cluny III

extant south transept

1088-c.1130 CE


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Great Mosque,

Cordoba

base of

Lantern of Hakim II

c. 970-976 CE


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Great Mosque portion of the sahnCordoba, Spain 786-990 CE


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c.325--Constantine becomes the first Christian Roman

emperor; and creates a new city Constantinople upon the site

of Byzantium, c. 324-330 (planned as a new capital)

395--Theodosius I splits the Roman empire into two

divisions:eastern Empire with Emperor Acadius (ruled 395-408); capital Constantinople

western Empire with Emperor Honorius (ruled 395-423); capital Rome

395--Emperor Honorius I moves the western Imperialcapital to Milan, then to Ravenna in 402

arch test 2

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