arc6, 18 octobre 2012, yveline lecler, iao1 des smart grids aux smart communités japonaises from...
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ARC6, 18 octobre 2012, Yveline Lecler, IAO 1
Des smart grids aux smart communités japonaises
From Smart-Grids to Smart Communities in Japan
Yveline LECLERLyons Institute of East Asian Studies
Professor at Sciences-Po Lyon
ARC 6: Forum "Le Web : quelles mutations dans la prise des décisions ?"
ARC6, 18 octobre 2012, Yveline Lecler, IAO 2
Plan of the paper
Point 1 draw the energy and environmental situation of Japan over time
and the policy landscape that led to the smart community concept development
explain what a smart community is or is supposed to be Point 2
presents the program describing main characteristics of each selected projects
Point 3 concludes by pointing out some of the questions
preliminary surveys have unveiled• The multi-actors governance• The overlapping programs through the case of Kyoto (city and
prefecture)
ARC6, 18 octobre 2012, Yveline Lecler, IAO 3
A new demonstration program
In 2010 METI launched the « Demonstration of Next-Generation Energy and Social System » program
Based on: former experimentation on smart-grids and on green technologies
developed by Japanese firms• ICT integrated to power grids, making them ‘smart’ and opening the
door to new solutions To address global warming , reduction of GHG, security of
purchasing etc., while maintaining good quality and stability of grids• Introduction of large quantity of renewable energies into the grid; • Stability ensure thanks to real time consumption control through
visualization functions; • Possibility for power provider to adjust demand-offer by introducing
power from non renewables when demand peak/not enough renewables
ARC6, 18 octobre 2012, Yveline Lecler, IAO 4
Smart-grids experimentations
To take a strong position in establishment of international standards,
to gain markets in growing worldwide demand for such infrastructure
and finally to strengthen the country competitiveness
Japan Smart Grid Technology Market Value Forecast2011 to 2016 (in U.S. millions)
Source: Zpryme Smart Grid Insights, March 2012
ARC6, 18 octobre 2012, Yveline Lecler, IAO 5
What is a smart community ?
According to METI home page: “regional deployment of next-generation energy and
social systems that combine in multiple ways concepts such as the “coordinated use” of energy, which means effectively using not only electricity but also heat and untapped energy as well as the transformation of regional transport systems and people’s lifestyle”.
ARC6, 18 octobre 2012, Yveline Lecler, IAO 6
Why smart community and not smart-grid?
The idea seems to be that: thanks to the world leading electric power grid
network that the country could build and with Japanese companies know how and
innovation in ICT and environmental technologies
it is now possible through coordination and cooperation between
power suppliers and demand side usersto achieve a greener social systemSmart Communities were born
ARC6, 18 octobre 2012, Yveline Lecler, IAO 7
Smart community: techno + human
While smart-grids refer to technologies only smart communities would be (or are supposed
to be) the combination of technologies and social system
involving citizens whose lifestyle will (or has to) change accordingly
Citizens’ involvement pointed out by all promoters as a key factor of success
Reality ?
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A new brand to be exported?
Projects remain heavily technology oriented Include awareness campaign or education programs at
schoolsbut participation to the definition of their future
standards of living not on the agenda
A marketing offensive to be attractive to populations worldwide?
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Smart communities METI selection
4 areas selected for large-scale pilot projects (April 2010) Over 20 areas applications Funded during 2010-2015
Reasons for choice:quality of the project proposed specificities of each area to test the new
configurations in different environments: – A large city for Yokohama– a provincial city for Toyota– a science city for Kyoto-Keihanna district – a special zone in an industrial city for Kitakyushu
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The 4 large scale-pilot projects
Source: Hironori Nakanishi (METI), Japan’s Approaches to Smart Community.
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multi-actors issues
players are numerous Cities/prefecture at the head Consortium coordinated whether by a leading company or by a
special institution/association created for the purpose governance (and players) close to knowledge clusters (MEXT in
2002) + users to be involved• researches on clusters have shown how difficult it was to manage
cooperation between industry-academia and government (special action to promote cooperation needed)
Smart communities need new institutional arrangements to make the structure
cooperate and workresults and changes they will be able to induce in the life
style will probably depend on it
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Programs overlapping: Eco-Towns
Smart communities not the only program to promote sustainable cities of the future: in 1997, the Eco-town Model project was launched
jointly by METI and Ministry Of Environment (MOE)• help local authorities to establish a resource-recycling socio-
economic system through cooperation with residents and industries
• building environmental industries while reducing and recycling waste to be reused (3R)
– 26 eco-towns labelled under this program
ARC6, 18 octobre 2012, Yveline Lecler, IAO 13
Programs overlapping: EST and EMC
In 2004, MLIT started the Environmental Sustainable Transport (EST) model project jointly with MOE Pilot cities supported to promote public transportation, smoother
car traffic, environmental improvement for bicycles and pedestrian, law-emission vehicles and so on
in 2008, the Eco-Model City project was launched by the Cabinet as part of the revitalization policies The project aims at building a green economy (ambitious target
of GHG emissions reduction). EMC share a lot of elements with smart communities, although not centred on smart-grids.
13 cities have been selected as EMC also called low-carbon cities
3 EMC selected as smart communities: Kitakyushu city, Yokohama city and Toyota city
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Smart communities booming
Fukushima accident accelerate the consciousness of Japan vulnerability: nuclear as a solution rejected by populationSmart communities quite fashionable, cities want to
be oneAnd companies willing to capture the new market
create their own smart communities
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The Kyoto EMC
Kyoto city an EMC, but not a smart community • Smart-City = prefecture project of Kyoto-Keihanna designated
(Kyoto-Keihanna only government labelled smart community to start the project without relying on achievements under the EMC scheme)
EMC project defined around 3 areas: pedestrian-centred urban planning:
• expand policies for eco-commuting (200 local government and public offices and 700 other offices: total: 190 000 persons);
• implement low carbon public transportation (highly frequency, highly reliable buses; power city buses with biodiesel);
• promote transition of the entire vehicle fleet to eco-cars and EVS by 2018;
• develop the necessary charging infrastructure for EVs.
ARC6, 18 octobre 2012, Yveline Lecler, IAO 16
The Kyoto EMC
low carbon building and use of local materials: • extend CASBEE Kyoto-certified buildings
• low carbon buildings (energy saving, long-lasting structures) using locally produced materials
• renewable energies (promote solar power system by expanding subsidies, deploy wood pellet production equipment)
lifestyle changes: • establish an eco-fund to implement environmental policy by
promoting activities in the community and at school and business;
• the “Do You Kyoto ?” project (the 16th of each month, anniversary of the Kyoto protocol: no TV, no video game campaign at kindergarten, lower light/candle day at restaurants…)
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Kyoto cityfrom EMC to smart community ?
ASTEM, in charge of a study group (kenkyukai): “study group on Kyoto smart city” formed in December 2011 includes as members: Kyoto city representatives, research institutes
and/or professors (ASTEM, Ritsumeikan University) and companies (Kansai power Company, Omron…)
study the transforming of Kyoto city in a smart city/community main elements:
integrate renewable energy (solar with storage capacities, small hydro device, heat, biomass),
transform houses in smart houses equipped with solar panels and visualization functions,
develop an eco-transportation system through eco-friendly buses, EVs, a bicycle rental service, to tend to 0 emission streets
implement an eco point system to serve as incentive to transform the house in smart house; or to shift from car to EVs or from EVs to bicycle
the whole coordinated by an EMS (ICT center).
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The Kyoto city project
Source: NAKAMURA Yukihiro, 2012.
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Final remarks: overlapping EMC project is going on, but:
Local funds are tight even for a large city like Kyoto Cities appointed as Eco-Town, then EMC and finally smart
community (for example Kitakyushu), are benefiting from a larger support.
It is not the case for Kyoto (local incentives): The new consciousness of energy, environment importance
coming out from Fukushima accident will it be strong enough to push inhabitants, small business, shops owner etc. to equip houses with solar panels at its own costs in a period of economic uncertainty, income lowering ? Will eco points be enough as incentives?
Or will the newly reviewed FIT making it more advantageous to invest in devices for producing solar (or other alternative) energy in house (business) be a better incentive.
This needs to be surveyed carefully
ARC6, 18 octobre 2012, Yveline Lecler, IAO 20
Thank you for your attention