arc226 history of architecture 6.pdf
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History of Architecture
UNIT 6
Islamic architecture and its
implementations
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Islamic Architecture
The Mosque
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A mosque is a Muslim house ofworship.
Typically a flat, rectangular building with a circular dome on top.
Towers, called minarets, are part of the structure. The central organizing feature of a mosque is its orientation toward
the spiritual center of the Muslim world the Kaaba, in the house ofGod in Makkah.
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Badshahi Mosque
Lahore, Pakistan
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Where muezzin stands to call
faithful to prayer (adhan)
Over time minarets have become
more prominent in appearance
Muslims pray five times a day Adhan can be heard over great
distances-ten block with
loudspeakers
Minaret
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Sahn
A courtyard where
Muslims can meet withoutdisturbing those inside.
An arcade surround the
sahn and provides shelterfrom heat and rain.
Ablution fountains use to
wash hands, feet, and facebefore prayer.
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Prayer Hall
Muslims remove shoes before stepping onto the carpeted floor
Open designs allows for standing, bowing, prostrating, and kneelingduring salat
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Minbar
Raised pulpit where imam
stands while leadingkhutba (Friday service)
Top step, with canopy, is
left vacant out of respect forMuhammad
Located to the right of the
mihrab along the qiblahwall (which faces kaaba)
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Mihrab
Indicates which wall in the prayerhall faces the qiblah wall
Provides a place for imam to stand
when leading prayers
Shape symbolizes cave of the
world
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Domes
Circular ceiling formed by series of vaults Ensures visibility by lighting the prayer area
Creates a sense of warmth and openness
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4 MAIN STYLES:Geometric
Calligraphic
Organic/figuralMedallions
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Organic and figuralworks are easily
identified by their
curving lines.
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You will also seehuman and animalfigures, as well as
flowers and vines.
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The swirling leaves and flowers on
this peacock plate from Turkeyalmosthide the dainty blue bird in
the center of the plate.
HereI
Am!
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The
Medallion style
usually has a central imagethat is more important than
other elements of the design.
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It is easy to see the medallion in
the center of this carpet from Iran.
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ISLAMIC ART AND ARCHITECTURE
According to the Encarta "Islamic art is developedfrom many sources: Roman, Early Christian, andByzantine styles were taken over in early Islamicarchitecture;the influence of Sassanian art the architecture
and decorative art of pre-Islamic Persia was ofparamount significance;Central Asian styles were brought in with variousnomadic incursions; and Chinese influences hadan important effect on Islamic painting, pottery,
and textiles."There are repeating elements in Islamic art, such as the use of geometricalfloral or vegetal designs in a repetition known as the arabesque.The arabesque in Islamic art is often used to symbolize the transcendent,indivisible and infinite nature of Allah.It is a common myth that human or animal depiction is forbidden altogether inIslamic art. In fact, human portrayals can be found in all eras of Islamic art.Rather, human representation for the purpose of worship is considered idolatryand is duly forbidden in Islamic law, known as Sharia law. There are also many
depictions of Muhammad, Islam's chief prophet, in historical Islamic art.
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ARCHITECTUREPerhaps the most important expression of Islamic art is architecture, particularly
that of the mosque (four-iwan and hypostyle). Through the edifices, the effect ofvarying cultures within Islamic civilization can be illustrated. The North African andSpanish Islamic architecture, for example, has Roman-Byzantine elements, asseen in the Alhambra palace at Granada, or in the Great Mosque of Cordoba.
CALLIGRAPHYPart of a series on Islam.
BELIEFSAllah Oneness of God
Muhammad Prophets of Islam
PRACTICESProfession of Faith PrayerFasting Charity Pilgrimage
HISTORY & LEADERSTimeline of Muslim historyAhl al-Bayt SahabaRashidun Caliphs Shi'a Imams
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TEXTS & LAWSQur'an Sunnah Hadith
Fiqh ShariaKalam Tasawwuf (Sufism)
MAJOR BRANCHESSunni Shi'a Culture & Society
Academics Animals ArtCalendar Children DemographicsFestivals Mosques PhilosophyPolitics Science Women
ISLAM & OTHER RELIGIONSChristianity JainismJudaism Sikhism
PILE CARPETNo Islamic artistic concept has become better known outside its original homethan the pile carpet, more commonly referred to as the Oriental carpet (orientalrug). Carpet weaving is a rich and deeply embedded tradition is Islamic societies,and the practice is seen in cities as well as in rural communities and nomadicencampments.
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SQUINCH IN ARCHITECTURE
The lowest voussoir on each side of an arch. It iswhere the vertical support for the arch terminates and
the curve of the arch begins.
A piece of construction used for filling in the upperangles of a square room so as to form a proper base to
receive an octagonal or spherical dome.
Squinches may be formed by masonry built out fromthe angle in corbeled courses, by filling the corner witha vise placed diagonally, or by building an arch or anumber of corbeled arches diagonally across the
corner.
1. Corbeling, built at the upper corners of a structural bay tosupport its tangent, smaller dome or drum.
2. A small arch across the corner of a square room whichsupports a superimposed mass; also called a sconce.
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SQUINCH SYSTEM
The squinch system consist of projecting a smallarch across the upper part of the angle of the squarehall, thus converting its square shape into anoctagon, which again if necessary, may betransformed in the same manner into a sixteen sided
figure, a convinient base on which the lower circularrim of the dome may rest without leaving anyportions unsupported.
In this instance the squinch takes the form of asmall vault, or half dome, with an arch on its outer
and diagonal face.
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DOMES
Dome is a structural element of architecture that
resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere.
Dome structures made of various materials havea long architectural lineage extending intoprehistory. The earliest domes have been found
in the ancient Middle East and India in modestbuildings and tombs.
Domes are seen as a common feature in ecclesiastical architecture of manyvarying creeds. Domes were first popularized in Europe and the Middle Eastby their frequent use in Roman - and especially Byzantine - religious and seculararchitecture. Domes became popular in Renaissance Christian architecture fromthe 15th century onwards, reaching a zenith in popularity during the early 18thcentury Baroque period.Domes do not have to be perfectly spherical in cross-section, however; a
section through a dome may be an ellipse. If the baseline is taken parallel to theshorter of an ellipse's two diameters, a tall dome results, giving a sense ofupward reach. A section across the longer axis results in a low dome, cappingthe volume instead. A very low dome is classified as a saucer dome. All thesurfaces of any dome are curved.
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A dome can be thought of as an arch which hasbeen rotated around its vertical axis. As such,
domes have a great deal of structural strength. Asmall dome can be constructed of ordinarymasonry, held together by friction and compressiveforces.
Domes In Islamic PeriodThe role of domes in Islamic architecture has been considerable. Domes havebeen used in Islamic architecture for centuries. The earliest surviving dome ispart of the Dome of the Rock mosque, built in 691 CE. Another prominent domewas added to the Taj Mahal, constructed in the 17th century with the Taj Mahal.
And as late as the 19th century, Islamic domes were incorporated into Westernarchitecture.
DOME OF TAJ MAHALBuilding has a white double - dome with a broadpadma-kosa (lotus - petals) and beautiful Kalasa-finial is mounted on the tomb.
The huge bulbous dome of the Taj Mahalreaches a grand height of 144 feet [forty four
meters] and is one of the major focal points of thebuilding.
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Situated on the flat roof of the building it dominates the yawning arches, or iwansof the four faades. The dome is placed on a truncated drum to retain volume, and
is a regular feature of Mughal architecture and locates the exact centre of thebuilding.
PLANNINGGeometry plays an important role in the overall
designs of Mughal architecture, and the play ofshape in the Taj Mahal is optimal. The ground plans of the main chamber and thebase of the minarets use an octagonal template,
The right angles of the plinth and gardens engagethe use of the square and the water channels arerectangular.
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Subsequently, it is the dome, which brings cylindrical perfection to the site, and thecircle, symbolizes perfection and unity.
The Taj Mahal in fact boasts a double-dome, afalse ceiling inside a large outer-skin. This devicegives the imposing volume to the outside of thedome, whilst retaining comfortable proportions in
the inside - which would otherwise be cavernous.The huge bulbous dome of the Taj Mahal reachesa grand height of 144 feet [forty four meters] and isone of the major focal points of the building.
Flanking the exterior are four domed kiosks orchhatris which add symmetry and verticality.
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Ornamenting the summit of the dome is an open lotus,this acts as a visual anchor to the bulk of the domeunderneath.
The lotus nests under a gilded finial. Surrounding thedrum of the dome is a dazzling necklace of bejewelledinlay.
This is a startling example of how the decoration andarchitecture are used to compliment each other
DOME OF ROCK, JERUSALEMNames: Dome of the Rock
Type ofsite:
Muslim shrine
Dates: Built 688-91 AD
Location: Haram es-Sharif (Temple Mount), Old City,Jerusalem
The diameter of the dome of the shrine is20m 20cm and its height 20m 48cm.It is mounted on an elevated drumconsisting of a circle of 16 piers andcolumns. Surrounding this circle is an
octagonal arcade of 24 piers and columns.
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EXTERIORThe Dome is in the shape of a Byzantine
martyrium, a structure intended for the housing andveneration of saintly relics.Al-Maqdisi reports that surplus funds consisting of100,000 gold dinar coins were melted down andcast on the dome's exterior, which at the time had astrong glitter that no eye could look straight at it.
During the reign of Sulieman the Magnificient theexterior of the Dome of the Rock was covered withIsnik tiles. At dawn, when the light of the sun first strikes thedome and the drum catches the rays, then is this
edifice a marvellous sight to behold.
The dome is topped by a full moon decoration which evokes the familiar crescent moonsymbol of Islam. It is aligned so that if you could look through it, you would be looking straighttowards Mecca.
The Arabic inscription around the octagonal part of theDome of the Rock are verses from the Qur'an.The tiled area just below the golden dome is the drum.Its glazed tiles were made in Turkey, and its Arabicinscription tells of the Night Journey of Muhammad.
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The beautiful multicoloured Turkish tiles that adorn theshrine's exterior are faithful copies of the Persian tiles thatSuleiman the Magnificent added in 1545 to replace thedamaged originals.The lower half of the exterior is white marble.The exterior mosaics were repaired in the Mamluk period,and then wall with its intricate inscription by filling up thethirteen small arches that originally topped each facade.
INTERIORInside the shrine, an arched wall called the octagonalarcade or inner octagon follows the exterior shape.An open space between this and the central circle formsthe inner ambulatory around the Rock, carpeted in lush red.
It is mounted on an elevated drum consisting of a circle of16 piers and columns. Surrounding this circle is anoctagonal arcade of 24 piers and columns
The cupola, the interior of the great golden
dome, features elaborate floral decorations inred and gold, as well as various inscriptions.The mosaics of the interior feature bothrealistic and stylized representations ofvegetation and related themes.
The interior of the dome is lavishly decoratedwith mosaic, faience and marble.
MUQARNAS
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MUQARNAS
Muqarnas is one of the most characteristic features of Islamic architectureand is used throughout most of the Muslim world.
Muqarnas is usually associated with domes, doorways and niches,although it is often applied to other architectural features and is sometimes
used as an ornamental band on a flat surface.
The most impressive examples of muqarnas on the exterior of buildings
are where it is used as corbelling for balconies on minaretsThe singular beauty of the Muqarnas,from which numerous concave hollowshang down in clusters.Their descriptions, however, are little
more than brief introductions, and manydetails remain unclear.
THE STYLE OF SQUARE MUQARNAS
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Thank YouPresented By
Partha Sarathi MishraAsst. Prof.
Lovely Professional University
B Arch (ABIT-PMCA) M Arch (IIT Roorkee)
email:- [email protected]