arabic tutor volume 1 - 4

8/9/2019 Arabic Tutor Volume 1 - 4

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Volume OneVolume OneVolume OneVolume One

A Translation of

popularly known as


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Arabic TutorArabic TutorArabic Tutor Arabic Tutor Volume OneVolume OneVolume OneVolume One

P 2

Copyright 2004 Madrasah Inmiyyah

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic,mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior permission of

Madrasah Inmiyyah, except in the case of brief quotations embodied incritical articles and reviews.

Typeset on Palatino 13 and Traditional Arabic 18 by Academy for IslamicResearch, Madrasah Inmiyyah, Camperdown, KwaZulu Natal, SouthAfrica.


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Title Arabic Tutor - Volume One

Author Mouln bdus Sattr Khn ( )

Translated by Mouln Ebrhm Muhammad

First Edition R Awwal 1428 A.H. April 2007

Published by Madrasah InaamiyyahP.O. Box 39Camperdown

3720South Africa

Tel +27 31 785 1519

Fax +27 31 785 1091

email [email protected]


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bdullh Ibn bbs narrates that Raslullh said,Love the Arabs for three things:

because I am an Arab, the Qurn is in Arabic and the language of the people of Jannah is Arabic.


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Contents of Each Volume

Volume One: Lesson 1 to Lesson 15

Volume Two: Lesson 16 to Lesson 25

Volume Three: Lesson 26 to Lesson 43

Volume Four: Lesson 44 to Lesson 75


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Contents

Transliteration........................................................................10Introduction............................................................................13Reviews of this Book.............................................................17Indications ..............................................................................25Notes........................................................................................25Request....................................................................................26Translator's Note ...................................................................26Terminology...........................................................................28Terminology...........................................................................28

Lesson 1.......................................................................................31Words and the Types of Words...........................................31

The Types of Nouns..........................................................32The Types of Definite Nouns...........................................33

Lesson 2.......................................................................................35The Particles of () and ().......................................35

Vocabulary List No. 1 .......................................................38Exercise No. 1.....................................................................40Test No. 1............................................................................42

Lesson 3.......................................................................................44Compounds............................................................................44

The Adjectival Phrase .......................................................45Vocabulary List No. 2 .......................................................47Exercise No. 2.....................................................................49


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Lesson 4.......................................................................................50Gender.....................................................................................50

Vocabulary List No. 3 .......................................................52Exercise No. 3.....................................................................53

Lesson 5.......................................................................................55Singular and Plural ...............................................................55


Lesson 6.......................................................................................64Sentences with a Noun - ....................................64

Vocabulary List No. 5 .......................................................69The Nominative Detached Pronouns.............................71Exercise No. 5.....................................................................73

Lesson 7.......................................................................................77The Genitive of Possession...................................................77


Lesson 8.......................................................................................88The Scales of Words ..............................................................88

Exercise No. 7.....................................................................93Lesson 9.......................................................................................94

The Broken Plural..................................................................94Vocabulary List No. 7 .....................................................101Exercise No. 8...................................................................103


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Test No. 4..........................................................................106Lesson 10...................................................................................108

The Cases of Nouns.............................................................108The Signs of Declension of Different Nouns...............109Vocabulary List No. 8 .....................................................118Exercise No. 9...................................................................119

Lesson 11...................................................................................123The Genitive of Possession.................................................123

Vocabulary List No. 9 .....................................................133Exercise No. 10.................................................................135Test No. 5..........................................................................140

Lesson 12...................................................................................142Indicative Pronouns............................................................142

Vocabulary List No. 10 ...................................................147Exercise No. 11.................................................................148Test No. 6..........................................................................151

Lesson 13...................................................................................152Interrogative Pronouns.......................................................152

Vocabulary List No. 11 ...................................................156Exercise No. 12.................................................................157Test No. 7..........................................................................164

Lesson 14...................................................................................166The Verb................................................................................166

Vocabulary List No. 12 ...................................................173Exercise No. 13.................................................................176

Lesson 15...................................................................................181The Imperfect .......................................................................181


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Vocabulary List No. 13 ...................................................189Exercise No. 14.................................................................191An Arabic Letter ..............................................................195Test No. 8..........................................................................196


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Transliteration

The following method of transliteration of the Arabic lettershas been used in this book:

b t th j

h kh d dh r z s sh s


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d

t z

gh f q

k l m n

h , y


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Some Arabic phrases used in this book are as follows:

(Sallallhu alaihi wasallam)May Allh send blessings and salutations uponhim - used for Nab

(laihis salm)Salutations upon him used for all prophets

(Radiallhu anhu)May Allh be pleased with him used for theSahbah

(Jalla Jalluh)The Sublime used for Allh

(zza wa jall)

Allh is full of glory and sublimity( ) (Rahimahullh)May Allh have mercy on him used fordeceased saints and scholars


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Introduction

From the multitudes of letters which this humble writer hasreceived from every corner of India, there still seems to be afervent desire in this age to learn Arabic and to understandthe final message of Allh, namely the Qurn.

However, no primary syllabus that conformed to the times

was presented to the seekers of Arabic such a syllabusthat could increase the enthusiasm of the learners.

The ancient method of teaching Arabic and its syllabusfrom the very outset made one lose courage. Even themodern books have been deficient in creating an urge in the

student.

Experience shows that only a syllabus which has easy rulescoupled with teaching the language can increase theenthusiasm of the student. The rules must assist the learnerin mastering the language. While learning the language, therules are refreshed.


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In reality, choosing such lessons and providing a sequencefor them is no ordinary task. This is merely the grace of theAlmighty Allh who made this writer accomplish suchan enormous task.

That is the grace of Allh. He grants it to whoever Hedesires.

All thanks are due to Allh that this book was found to be extremely beneficial wherever it was read or taught.

Many seekers of Arabic have written that they had losthope after several attempts. If they had not obtained this

book, they would not have learnt Arabic.

This is the fourth edition of this book. Initially, this bookwas written in two parts. Now it has been divided into fourparts so that it can serve as a proper syllabus for highschools from the fourth class till matric.

This is the first part of the book. The lessons have beendecreased when compared to the previous editions.However, the exercises have been increased to an extentthat they can serve the place of an Arabic reader.


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This part contains only fifteen lessons. But you will besurprised to note how much Arabic is taught with such afew lessons. The method of analysing sentences andrecognition has been so well explained, that one cannotachieve this by learning several other prevalent ArabicGrammar books.

The key to each part has also been published. Due to this,many learners have learnt Arabic on their own.

A student doing self-study can complete this part in aboutsix weeks. However, due to the presence of several othersubjects in high schools, it will be appropriate to make it aone year course in the fourth class. In Arabic seminariesand Drul lms, where only Arabic is taught, all fourparts of this book can be easily taught in one year.

Nevertheless, this book is such that every text bookcommittee and those in charge of the syllabi in themadrasahs should include it in their syllabus in order to

remove the difficulties of the students. They will berewarded by Allh and thanked by the people.

The summary of the opinions of the Ulam of everyprovince of India and the reviews of magazines andnewspapers is that this has been the most successfulattempt to simplify Arabic. This book is worth being


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Reviews of this Bookby the lam, professors of Arabic, authentic journals and

the lovers of Arabic

llmah Shabbir Ahmad thmn ( )

This book is worth including in the syllabi of the madris. Itis perhaps the best book written in this subject. The authorhas done a tremendous favour to the seekers of Arabic.

Mouln Manzir Ahsan Giln ( ), teacher at JmiahUthmniah, Hyderabad

May Allh reward you. This is a tremendous task. You havefavoured the Muslims greatly. You have decreased a

burden from my shoulders.

Mouln Khjah bdul Hayy ( ), professor at Jmiah

Millyah, Delhi

I taught the first part to the students as an experiment. Ihave found this book to be the easiest from all the bookswritten on this subject.

Abul Al Maududi, editor of Tarjumanul Qurn, Lahore


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This is the most successful effort at explaining the languageof Arabic and its rules.

Mouln Muhammad Nzim Nadw ( ), teacher atNadwatul Ulam, Lucknow

Many books have been written in India to learn the Arabiclanguage in the shortest period possible. However, I havenot seen any book till now that concisely meets the needs ofthe time. Mouln bdus Sattr Khn is entitled to thegratitude and thanks of the Indian students and teachers for

having written a very beneficial, easy and concise textbookto fulfil this need

From my personal experience I know that this book is veryvaluable in providing benefit. It is worthy of being includedin Arabic madrasahs and English schools so that thestudents can learn the language in a short period.


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We have included this textbook in the syllabus of ourmadrasah. Experience shows that it is very beneficial.

Mouln Habbur Rahmn Sherwn ( ), Hyderabad

I have studied the book, rab k Muallim. It seems to be

better than the previous books.

Mouln Lutfur Rahmn ( ), Hyderabad

The success you have achieved in simplifying Arabic has

not been achieved by anyone, not even by the EuropeanOrientalists. This book is not merely dry Grammar but isan excellent textbook of Grammar and an interestingcollection of literature.

Janb Ghulm l, advocate of the High Court, Bombay

Such an interesting and easy book of Arabic Grammar hasnot been seen before. My children study it with greatinterest.


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Mouln Sayyid Muhammad Yahypr (

), Ilhabd

There is no doubt that the author will long be rememberedfor this book and in the hereafter it will be a means of greatreward for him.

Mouln Muhammad Sad ( ), Sultnpr

The books of Punjab and U.P. and the book Kalme rab ofMeerut are non-entities in front of your book.

Mouln Muhammad Siddq Krnw ( )

This humble servant has several books of this type e.g.Raudatul Adab, Kalme rab etc. However, the excellentmanner in which you have presented the summary from

Mzn till Kfiyah cannot be found in the above-mentionedbooks.

Mouln Saduddn Khn ( ), Indor

Indeed Arabic has been simplified. Your effort is worthcongratulating.


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Zamndr, a newspaper of Lahore

Without exaggeration, we can say that the learned authorhas achieved extraordinary success. In our opinion this

book is worth including in the syllabi of all government andnon-government schools where Arabic is taught. Wespecifically request the Punjab Text Book Committee to

grant the students the opportunity to benefit from it.

Al-Jamat, a newspaper of Delhi

Arab K Muallim in reality conveys the meaning of itsname that is, it is an Arabic tutor. My desire is that theprincipals of Arabic institutes include it in their syllabi.

The Journal Adab Duny of Delh

Many books have been written till now in the modern trend

in order to simplify Arabic. I have seen practically all ofthem. However, the manner in which Moulan bdusSattr Khn has simplified a complex language such asArabic cannot be found anywhere.


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The newspaper Zamzam of Lahore

The manner of teaching and understanding adopted in thisbook does not create any burden on the mind. Every fact isthoroughly learnt like a known fact. In our opinion there isno better series to promote Arabic.

The Journal Balgh of Amritsar

Moulan bdus Sattr Khn is entitled to congratulationsfor having converted this stone (Arabic Grammar) intowater. He has explained all the rules fromMzn till Kfiyahin an easy-to-understand manner.

Ilh Bakhsh, Malaya

I have ordered many books of Arabic Grammar andMorphology written in Urdu and English and have spentmuch money on them. But by Allh, these books have no

value in front of your book. I do not have sufficientpowerful words to describe the assistance I have receivedfrom your book in learning Arabic. Even now, if a Muslimfinds Arabic to be difficult, he is unfortunate and lackscourage.


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Janb Muhammad Hanf , Upper Primary School,Hazrbgh

I had a desire to study Arabic for a long time. I used many books but it was futile. When I studied your book, Imastered Arabic in a very short while. The surprising thingwas that I received no assistance from any teacher. Your

book in reality is a mirror of the Arabic language.

Muhammad Sharafud-dn, Hyderabad

I thought that Arabic was so difficult that I could not evenimagine learning it. However, as soon as I saw your book,my courage increased and I began studying it. I completedthe first part in a few days. Now send me the second part. Ido not think there is any book easier than this one.

Dr. Muhammad bdul Qudds, Madras

I read the first part of your book. It helped metremendously to the extent that now I am able to write afew sentences in Arabic. Undoubtedly your book will createa great revolution.


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This amount of recommendation is sufficient for the onewho understands; otherwise so many reviews werereceived that a separate book could be compiled for thispurpose.

Indications

1) The inverted comma () is used to indicate the plural of anoun.2) In order to refer to a particular lesson, the lesson numberand fact number will be mentioned in brackets thus: (5-2)meaning lesson number 5, fact no. 2.

3) The () of the verb is mentioned in brackets after it.

Notes

1) Do not start a new lesson until you have mastered theprevious one.2) Translate each exercise with particular care.3) Sometimes you may not understand a point. Remainsteadfast and seek the assistance of someone. Perhaps lateron you will understand the point yourself.


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Request

A request is made to the teachers to study the bookthoroughly before teaching it. During your teaching stint,you will be able to refer your students to previous lessonseasily. There is no need to memorize the rules parrot-

fashion. As you continuously repeat the examples, the ruleswill become ingrained in your mind. You will also learn theArabic terms at the same time. It is appropriate to teach the

book twice. First teach it superfluously and then in detailthe second time.

Translator's Note

Translating is indeed a difficult task and I therefore do notclaim to have fulfilled the right of translating this book. Iask the reader to overlook all shortcomings. Thoseattempting to translate any work of this calibre, will realizethe great hurdles one has to overcome, especially wherethere are many technical terms involved.

I have made an attempt to clarify the text as much aspossible and simplify the rules so that the beginner cangrasp them quickly. Where there was a need, I have addedexplanatory footnotes.


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The original Urdu text of the book contains many errors,especially in the Qur'nic verses. I have corrected these inthe English version. In many cases, I have used tables toenlist sentences or examples. This was done for the sake ofgreater clarity although the original text does not have suchtables. Many new Arabic words used in the exercises havenot been mentioned in the vocabulary. I have enlisted these

as well. Many singular words did not have their pluralslisted. I have included these also for the benefit of thestudents.

I have used the arrow sign ( ) to indicate the direction ofthe text. In some cases, the text has to be read from left toright as in English, while in other instances, it has to be readfrom right to left as in Arabic.

I have provided the English equivalents of the Arabicgrammatical terminology for the sake of information. Thestudent need not learn the English terms. If one learns theArabic terms and understands them well, it is sufficient.

May Allh accept this humble effort from me and make ita means for my salvation, mn.


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Terminology

Terms Meanings

the diacritical points namely fathah(), kasrah () and dammah ().

a letter with a harakah

the diacritical point () also knownas jazm

fathah () kasrah ()

dammah () two fathahs (), two kasrahs () ortwo dammas ()

the sound of the nn created whenreading the tanwn

a letter having a fathah, eg. () a letter having a kasrah, eg. () a letter having a dammah, eg. ()

a letter having a sukn, eg. ()


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a letter having a tashdd () to make a noun definite to make a noun indefinite

the () attached to a noun

the noun having ()

singular dual plural

a collective plural, e.g. () - nation masculine also known as () feminine also known as ()

the letters of the alphabet

(), () and ()


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the letters besides the ( )

One hamzah is that of the ( ). Another hamzah is an alifthat is mutaharrik ( ) or an alifhaving jazm like the alif of ()

The initial hamzah of a word whichis not pronounced when joined to the

preceding word, e.g. ( )


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Lesson 1

Words and the Types of Words

1. A word having a meaning is called (). It is of threetypes: () noun, () - verb and () - particle.

An () is independent of other words in indicating itsmeaning. It also does not have any tense, e.g. () man,

() specific name, () to hit, () good, () he, () I.

A () is a word that indicates some action together withone of the three tenses, e.g. () he hit, () he went,() he is going or he will go.

A () is a word whose meaning cannot be understoodwithout an ( ) or (), e.g. () from, () on, () in, (

) till, (

) The man went to the


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musjid.

The Types of Nouns

2. Nouns are of two types:

(1) () definite and(2) () indefinite.

An indefinite noun is a word which refers to a general

thing. The word () a man, does not refer to anyspecific person. It can refer to any person. The word ()does not refer to any particular good thing. Every good

thing can be called ().

A definite noun refers to a specific thing. Zaid () is thename of a particular person. Makkah () is the name of aspecific city. () the man - refers to a specific person.


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The Types of Definite Nouns

Definite Nouns are of seven categories:

1. ( ) proper nouns, e.g. (), ().2. (

) - pronouns, e.g. (

) he, (

) you, (

) - I.

3. ( ) - the demonstrative pronoun, e.g. () this, ( ) that.

4. ( ) - the relative pronoun, e.g. () who,() who (feminine).

5. ( ) vocative case, e.g. ( ) O man, ( ) O boy.

6. ( ) - the noun having ( ), e.g. () thehorse, () the man.

7.

( ) a noun which is related to any ofthe above-mentioned definite nouns, e.g. ( ) Zaids book, ( ) this persons book, ( ) the book of the man.


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Note: In these examples, the word () has becomedefinite.

Besides the above-mentioned definite nouns, all othernouns are indefinite. They are also of several types, two ofthe main categories being:

(1) ( ) a word that denotes the being ofsomething, living or non-living, e.g. () man, () horse, () stone.

(2) ( ) - a word that indicates the quality ofsomething, e.g. () beautiful, () ugly.


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Lesson 2

The Particles of () and ()

1. The tanwn1 is generally attached to a word that isindefinite. In this case, it is regarded as a particle that

renders a noun indefinite ( ).2 It is translated as aor an in English, e.g. () a man, () an apple, () water. There is no need to translate it everywhere as in the

example of () water.

Note 1: Sometimes a proper noun also has tanwn, e.g.(), (), (). In such a case, the tanwn is notregarded as a ( ).

2. The definite article of Arabic is ().3 It is also called (

). When () is prefixed to any indefinite word, itbecomes definite. Now the word is termed as ( )

1 See Terminology on page 22.2 This is similar to the letter a in English.

3 It is similar to the word the in English.


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a word made definite by (). Consequently, () a horse,is indefinite while () the horse, is definite.

3. When () is prefixed to a word having tanwn, thetanwn falls off. Note the above example.

4. When any word precedes a word having (), the firstword is joined to the lm of the second word and

pronounced (by joining). The hamzah of the () is knownas hamzatul wasl.4 It is not pronounced, e.g. ( ) the

door of the house. To read ( ) here is incorrect.

Note 2: If there is a skin letter before the ( ), the skinletter is normally read with a kasrah. However the word

() is read with a fathah. Therefore, ( ) is read as (

) and ( ) is read as ( ).5. When a word having tanwn precedes the definite article,the nn of the tanwn5 is rendered a kasrah and joined to

4 See under terminology.

5 See under terminology.


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the lm. If after the word ( = ), the word ()appears, it will be read as ( ).

Note 3: The alif of (), () and () is also hamzatul wasl.It is not pronounced when joined to the preceding word.

Examples: ( ) is read as ( ) He is a son;( ) is read as ( ) This is a name;( ) is read as ( ) Zaid is a son;( ) is read as ( ) Hmid is a name.

When () is prefixed to () and (), the lm of the () isrendered a kasrah and joined to the () and (). Therefore() is read as ( = ) and ( ) is read as ( =

). This rule is overlooked in general conversation.

6. When () is prefixed to a word having one of the lettersof ( ), the lm of the () is assimilated into theharf shams, that is, at the time of pronunciation, instead ofreading the lm, the harf shams is pronounced. No jazm is


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written on the lm in such a case but a tashdd is written on

the harf shams, e.g. () the sun, () the man,etc.

The ( ) are:

Besides these letters, the other letters are called ( ), e.g. () the moon, () camel.

Vocabulary List No. 1

Note 4: After prefixing the definite article to these words,pronounce them.

Word Meaning

man

house dates fruit

ignorant


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learned

good, beautiful bread lesson

sin

messenger zakh easy thing prayer light good, clean oppressor

just one who forgives transgressor ugly


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noble, generous

milk water day

boy

cat day and or

Exercise No. 1

Note 5: When speaking, pause on the last letter, that is, donot read any harakah on the final letter. Read the word

() as () and () as (). If you are reading oneword, pause on its last letter and if you are reading several

words, pause on the last word, e.g. ( ).(A) Read these words and translate them:


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)1

()2

()3

( )4

( )5

( )6( )7( )8( )9( )10( )11( )12(

)13(

(B) Translate the following words or phrases into Arabic.Use the definite article () wherever the words are definite.

(1) a horse (2) a man (3) a man and a horse (4) bread andwater (5) a man and a fruit and a house (6) the salh and thelearned man (7) the pious one and the transgressor (8) the

man or the horse (9) the milk and the bread (10) a man anda horse (11) the ugly one and the beautiful one (12) a catand a boy (13) the moon and the sun (14) the camel or thehorse.


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Test No. 1

1. What is the definition of ()?2. How many types of words are there? Define each onewith examples.3. What is the major difference between a noun and a verb?

4. How many tenses are there?5. From the following words, state whether the words are

(), () or ().

6. Define what is () and () with examples.7. How many types of ( ) are there?8. Say whether the following words are definite orindefinite.

9. In the above-mentioned words, what type of () and() are they?10. What is the hamzah of () called?11. Join the word () to the words (), () and () andread them.


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12. When () is added to the words () and (), how arethey read?13. What is ( )?14. How is a word having tanwn joined to a word having

()?

15. What are the ( ) and the ( )?


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Lesson 3

Compounds

1. A combination of two or more words is called ().The relationship between them is called ().2. Compounds are of two types: ( ) incomplete and ( )complete.

(a) An incomplete compound ( ) is a combinationof words from which no information, order or desire is

understood. It is an incomplete statement, e.g. ( ) a good man; ( ) a mans book.(b) A complete compound ( ) is a combination ofwords from which some information, command or wish is

understood, e.g. ( ) - The man is good. This

statement provides us with the information that the man isgood.

( ) Take the book. The order of taking the book isunderstood from this sentence.

( ) O my Sustainer, grant me sustenance. Arequest is understood from this statement.


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A complete sentence is also called () or ().3. Incomplete compounds are of several kinds, e.g. (

), ( ), ( ), etc. Here we willdiscuss ( ). The other types will be discussedlater on, as will complete sentences.

The Adjectival Phrase

( )

4. A ( ) is a compound in which the secondword describes the first word, e.g. ( ) a piousman. The word () describes the word () with thequality of piety.

5. The first part of a ( ) is ( ),6 while thesecond part is ( ). In the above example, the word() is ( ) while the word () is ( ).

6 See Lesson 1, fact no.4


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6. The first part of ( ) is called ( )7

whilethe second part is called the ( )8. In the above example,the word () is a () while the word () is a().

7. If the () is indefinite (), the () will also be(), otherwise it will be (). In the compound ( ), both parts are () - indefinite. In the phrase ( ), both parts are () - definite.

8. The same declension ( )9 that applies to the ()will apply to the ().

9. A ( ) and all other incomplete compounds

form part of a sentence.

7 a word that is being described.8 adjective.

9 This will be discussed in detail in Lesson 10.


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Word Meaning

garden sea

melon big, large deep bad

apple pomegranate street palace

place

mosque king cheese

pen


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rose

good sweet

broad

strong

clean wide great

salty small red

The above list contains many ( ) and ( ). By

combining them, you can form many compounds of ( ) adjectival phrases.


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Exercise No. 2

(A) Translate the following phrases into English:

)1( )2( )3()4(

)5

( )6

( )7

( )8

( )9

( )10( )11( )12()13( )14( )15( )16(

)17( )18( )19()20( )21(

(B) Translate these phrases into Arabic:

(1) the strong place (2) the small house (3) a beautiful flower(4) the ugly man (5) the broad street (6) a pious man (7) thesweet milk (8) the just king (9) the great palace (10) the easy

lesson (11) a beautiful horse (12) a sweet fruit (13) the smallplace (14) the good horse (15) the wide house (16) the goodbread or the good milk (17) a pious boy and a transgressingboy (18) the large musjid and the small garden.


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Lesson 4

Gender

1. Arabic words are of two types with regards to gender: (1)

() masculine and(2) () feminine, e.g. () son is masculine and () daughter is feminine.

2. When a t tanth10 () is appended to the end of amasculine noun, it becomes feminine, e.g. () changes to(). Similarly () changes to () and ( - king)changes to ( - queen) etc. This rule applies more toadjectives ( ) and sometimes to ( ).

3. In some words, the alif maqsrah () or the alifmamddah ( ) is a sign of the word being feminine, e.g.( ) a beautiful lady; () radiant.

10 The round t which is a sign of feminine words.


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4. Some nouns are feminine without any sign of being

feminine. They are known as ( ) as heard fromthe Arabs. The details are as follows:

(a) any word referring to a woman, e.g. () mother;(

) bride; (

) a womans name, or India.

(b) the names of countries, e.g. () Egypt, () Syria, () The Roman Empire.

(c) parts of the body in pairs, e.g. () hand, ( ) foot, () ear, () eye.

(d) Besides the above-mentioned nouns, there are othernouns which are used as feminine by the Arabs.Some of them are:

earth

war

wine house wind


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market

sun fire

soul

Although some words have a () at the end, they aremasculine in usage because they refer to males, e.g.

() name of a poet, () the leader of theMuslims, () a very learned scholar.11

6. Just as an adjective corresponds to its noun in beingdefinite or indefinite, so does it correspond in gender.


Word Meaning city wise severe

11 This word is used for females as well.


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truthful

rising tall, long setting

obligatory

name of a woman the Qurn short heart

peaceful ignited

river

Exercise No. 3

(A) Translate these phrases into English

)1( )2( )3( )4(


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P 54

)5

( )6

( )7

( )8

( )9( )10()11()12( )13( )14(

)15( )16( )17(

)18

((B) Translate these phrases into Arabic:

(1) a beautiful girl (2) the pious caliph (3) the wise man (4)the obligatory zakh (5) an obligatory salh (6) a short night(7) the big day (8) the good thing (9) the ugly bride (10) the

setting sun and the rising moon (11) the severe wind (12)the long river (13) the long war (14) the short hand (15) thepeaceful heart (16) Muhammad, the pious (17) the verylearned Ftimah.


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Lesson 5

Singular and Plural

1. In Arabic, words are of three categories with regards tonumber:

singular ( ), indicating one, e.g. () oneman.

dual (), indicating two, e.g. () two men. plural (), indicating more than two, e.g. () morethan two men.

2. The dual12 is formed by adding ( ) to ( ) - thenominative case13 or ( ) to ( ) - theaccusative or genitive cases14.Examples:

() one king, () or () two kings

12 Although the author has referred the student to a future lesson, at thispoint, it will be sufficient for him to remember that there are two forms of thedual: one is with alif and nn and the second with y and nn. Lesson 10 willexplain where to use which one.13 This will be discussed in Lesson 10.2.14

This will be discussed in Lesson 10.2.


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() one queen, () or () two queens.Note 1: In the prevalent books of Arabic Grammar and

Morphology, the terms ( _ ) and ( _ ) are not written.Instead, these terms are expressed in detail as (

) and ( ). Wehave chosen the former method for the sake of brevity.

Note 2: To pronounce ( _ ) and ( _ ), one can read thefathah with the sound of an alif and say () and (). Such

signs will come frequently later on. Pronounce them in thismanner wherever one comes across them.

3. Plurals are of two types:

(a) ( ) the sound plural(b) ( ) the broken plural

The sound plural is one in which the singular form of theword remains intact (sound) with some addition at the end.It is of two types:

(i) Masculine ( ) in which () in ( ) - the


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nominative case15

or () in the accusative and genitivecases are appended, e.g. () one Muslim, () or() many Muslims.

(ii) Feminine ( ) in which ( ) in the nominativecase or ( ) in the accusative and genitive cases areappended, e.g. () one (female) Muslim, () or() many (female) Muslims.

The broken plural is one in which the form of the singular

word is broken, that is, changed. It has no fixed rule formaking it. Sometimes alphabets are added or deleted andsometimes there is merely a change in the harakt16.Examples:

() (), () (), () (), () (),(

) (

). The broken plural will be discussed in

detail in Lesson 12.

Note 3: The ( ) - sound plural of some feminine

15 This will be discussed in Lesson 10.2.

16 Fathah, dammah, kasrah, etc.


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words is like the masculine plurals, e.g. the plural of () year, is () or () and sometimes ().

Note 4: The () that appears at the end of the () - dualform and the ( ) - sound masculine plural iscalled ( )17. See Lesson 10.

4. Some nouns are singular in form but refer to a wholegroup. There is no singular for them as well because they

are not plurals in reality. Such nouns are called ( ).

Examples:() a nation, () a group.These words are generally used like plurals in sentences,

e.g. ( ) a pious nation.

5. You have learnt in lessons 3 and 4 that the adjective

corresponds with its noun in (), being definite orindefinite and in gender. Now remember that the adjectivehas to correspond with its noun in number as well.

17 Since the word ( ) is feminine in Arabic, the adjective also has to be

feminine, namely ( ).


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However, when the noun being described is ( ) the plural of an unintelligent being18, whether masculine orfeminine, the adjective is generally singular feminine ( ), although it is sometimes plural. One can say ( ) as well as ( ).


Word Meaning

future

sign, verse of the Qurn clear, manifest

current (present) past

quarter, section of a city servant baker

18 Intelligent beings are humans, angels and jinn. All other creations fall in the

category of unintelligent beings ( ).


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tailor, seamstress

tired, exhausted displeased month

lazy

playing shining

cheerful diligent supported

busy, preoccupied dark teacher

bright carpenter


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Exercise No. 4

(A) Translate these phrases into English

)1( )2( )3(

)4

( )5

( )6

( )7

( )8( )9( )10( )11( )12( )13( )14(

)15( )16( )17( )18( )19(

)20()21(19)22( )23(

(B) Translate these phrases into Arabic

(1) a shining eye (2) the two diligent men (3) thepreoccupied baker (4) the two tired carpenters (5) the brightday (6) the beautiful seamstresses (7) the tired servants (8)the lazy tailor (9) the flowing rivers (10) the large animals(11) the current year (12) the past month (13) the past years

19

This is the name mr. The () differentiates it from ( ).


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(14) the cheerful servant

Test No. 2

(1) What is a ()?(2) How many types of compounds are there? Define each

one and provide examples.(3) What is ( )? What is each part of it called?(4) In which aspects does the adjective have to correspondwith the noun? What are the exceptions? Explain withexamples.(5) What are the signs of feminine words?

(6) Which words are regarded as feminine without anysigns?(7) In spite of having the signs of being feminine, whichwords are masculine?(8) What is the rule for making the dual and soundmasculine plural forms?

(9) What is ( ) and what is the rule for forming it?(10) What are the broken plurals of (), () and ()?(11) What is the plural of ()?(12) What is the difference between () and ( )?


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(13) Form as many ( ) as possible from thefollowing nouns and adjectives:

20 21 22

23

20 honey21 milk22 grapes

23 round


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Lesson 6

Sentences with a Noun -

1. You have read that a complete statement is called a

sentence (). See 3.2. Remember that sentences are of twotypes: ( ) and ( ).

A ( ) is one in which the first part is a noun (), e.g.( ) Zaid is handsome.A ( ) is one in which the first part is a verb (), e.g.( ) Zaid became handsome.

Hereunder follow some rules of ( ) while the ( ) will be discussed in Lesson 14.

The first part of a ( ) is generally definite () whilethe second part is indefinite (). In the above example,the word () is definite while () is indefinite.


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Note 1: The difference between ( ) and ( ) is that in the latter, both the parts are the same inbeing definite or indefinite while in the former, the first partis definite and the second part is indefinite. Consequently,in the above-mentioned example, if an indefinite noun takes

the place of the word (

) and you say (

), or you

render the second word () definite by adding () to it,and say ( ), both these will become adjectivalphrases ( ).

However, when the second part of a ( ) is not a wordthat can become an adjective of a noun24 , it is permissiblefor the second part also to be definite, e.g.

( ) I am Ysuf.It is also permissible to insert a separating pronoun ( )

between the subject () and the predicate ().Examples:

( ) The man is pious.( ) The men are pious.

24

For example, it is ( ), () or ( ).


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If the pronoun is removed from here, these sentences will

become adjectival phrases ( ).

Note 2: In Arabic, there is no word for is as in English.This word is understood from the sentence. Therefore

( ) means Zaid is learned although the word is isnot there.25

3. The first part of a ( ) is called () - the subject26,while the second part is called the () - the predicate27.4. Generally the () and the () are in ( )28- thenominative case.

5. The predicate conforms to the subject in number andgender, as in the case of the adjective. However when the

subject is ( ) - the plural of a non-intelligentbeing, the predicate is generally singular feminine.

25 However, the verb () can provide the meaning of is.26 In English, the subject of a sentence is a word or phrase that refers to theperson or thing that performs an action.27 In English, the predicate refers to the word or words that say somethingabout the subject but are not part of it.

28 A detailed discussion on cases follows in Lesson 10.


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Examples:

Sentence Meaning Type of Subject

The man istruthful.

singular,masculine,intelligent

The two men

are truthful.

dual, masculine,

intelligent The men are

truthful.plural,

masculine,intelligent

The woman istruthful.

singular,feminine,

intelligent The two womenare truthful.

dual, feminine,intelligent

The women aretruthful.

plural, feminine,intelligent

The wind issevere.

singular,feminine, non-

intelligent The two winds

are severe.dual, feminine,non-intelligent

The winds aresevere.

plural, feminine,non-intelligent

Note 3: In these examples, if the definite article () is added


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to the second part, or it is removed from the first part, all

these examples will become ( ) - adjectivalphrases.

6. If there are two subjects and they are of different types,that is, one is masculine and one feminine, the predicate

will be masculine, e.g. ( ) The son and thedaughter are beautiful.

7. The subject and predicate are sometimes singular and

sometimes they are compounds (). The examples ofsingular have passed. Hereunder follow the examples of

():

Sentence Meaning Analysis

The good man ispresent.

The subject is

( ).

Zaid is a goodman. The predicate is( ).

8. By adding () or () to a ( ), it changes frompositive to negative. Most often a () is added to the


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predicate which changes the case to the genitive ( ),e.g. ( ) Zaid is not learned; ( ) Zaid is not a bad person.

9. Very often the word () is prefixed to a ( ). As a

result, the subject changes to ( ) - the accusativecase while the predicate remains unchanged, e.g.( ) Undoubtedly the earth is round.

Note 4: To create the meaning of interrogation in a sentence,

(

) or (

) is added to the beginning, e.g.

( ) Is Zaid learned?;( ) Is the man learned?


Word Meaning

or (in a question) cow certainly, why not


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P 71

The Nominative Detached Pronouns

( )

Third Person singular he , itdual they

Masculine plural they

singular she, itdual they

Feminine plural they


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First Person (Speaker) I

We

Note 5: These pronouns are most often the subject of a

sentence. Hence they are regarded as () in thenominative case. See 6.4. They are called () becausethey are pronounced independently.

Second Person singular youdual you

Masculine

plural

you

singular youdual you

Feminine plural you


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Note 6: Also remember that ( ) is always pronounced ()without the alif.

Exercise No. 5

Note 7: When speaking, pause (waqf) at the end of sentences

as mentioned in Exercise No. 1. However, initially, continuewriting all the harakt.

(A) Translate the following into English)1( )2( )3( )4(

)5( )6( )7(

)8( )9(

)10( )11( )12(

)13( )14(


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P 74

)15

( 29

)16

( 30

(B) Fill in the blanks which represent a subject or predicatewith suitable words that you have studied.

)1()2( )3( )4(

)5

( )6()7( )8(

)9

( )10( )11(

29 See 5.2.

30 See 5.2.


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P 75

)12

( )13( )14( )15(

)16

( )17( )18( )19()20( )21(


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P 77

Lesson 7

The Genitive of Possession

( )

1. The compound in which both parts are nouns and the

first noun is related to the second noun is called ( ). Examples:( ) the book of Zaid or Zaids book( ) the ring of silver

( ) the water of the river.2. Such a relationship between the two nouns is known as

().

3. The first part of (

) is called (

) while the

second part is called ( ).

4. Neither does the definite article () precede the ()nor is the tanwn appended to it. Look at the aboveexamples.


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5. The ( ) is always () - in the genitive case.6. The ()always precedes the ( ).

7. The ( ), like ( )31 , is not a complete

sentence but is part of a sentence, e.g. ( ) Thewater of the river is sweet. In this sentence, ( ) is thesubject while () is the predicate.

8. Sometimes there are several ( ) in oneconstruction, e.g. ( ) the door of the house ofthe leader; ( ) - the door of the house of theministers son.

The middle ( ) becomes the () of thesucceeding words. Therefore () cannot precede it nor canthe tanwn be appended to it.

9. You have learnt in the first lesson that when an indefinite

31 See 3.8.


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P 79

noun is related to a definite noun, it also becomes definite,

e.g. ( ) the slave of Zaid;( ) the slave of the man. The word () slave has become definite in these sentences.

10. In Arabic, because the (

) precedes the (

)

and no word can interpose between them, the adjective of

the () has to succeed the ( ), e.g.( ) the pious slave of the lady. In thisexample, the word () is the adjective of the word

(). Therefore it is (),32 singular, masculine anddefinite.Hereunder are more examples. Understand the differencesproperly.

The pious son of themanAdjective of the

()

32 in the nominative case. See Lesson 10.


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P 80

The son of the piousman

Adjective of the

( )

The pious daughter ofthe manAdjective of the

()

The daughter of thepious womanAdjective of the

( )

Note: More rules of () are discussed in Lesson 11.


Word Meaning

lion

obedience


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I seek refuge

listen, beware wisdom praise

going

head very beneficent very merciful rejected one husband wife

anger king, overpowering

sky to seek

fragrance shadow


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very powerful

every, each everything

meat

)( whatever

fear mirror salt, salty

to forget parents

goat calamity

forgetfulness

just east west


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Hereunder are some ( ) which appear beforenouns and convert them to ( ) - the genitive case.

MeaningExampleMeaningExampleMeaningWord

withthe pen

with aman

with,in

in thegardenin ahouse in

on thethrone

on amountain

on

fromthe

musjid

fromZaid

from

till

Kufah

to a cityto, till

I said

to Zaidfor Zaid

for, to

similarto thelion

like aman

like,similar

fromZaid

from


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P 85

(B) Translate the following into Arabic

(1)the goats milk(2)the cows head(3)the obedience of the mother(4)Zaids wealth(5)the elephants ear(6)the light of the moon(7)in the house(8)till the market(9)for Allh and the Messenger(10) on the head and the eye(11) The boys name is Hmid.(12) They are going home.(13) We are sitting in the musjid.(14) The goats milk is for the girl.(15) The obedience of Allh is in the obedience of the

Messenger.(16) ishah , the daughter of Ab Bakr is the wife

of Muhammad, the Messenger of Allh .

(17) He is the son of the leader.(18) The anger of Allh is on the oppressive king.(19) The ignorant one is not like the learned one.(20) The fragrance is not for the boy.(21) She is the daughter of Hmids son.


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Test No. 3

(1) What is the difference between ( ) and ( )?(2) What is the difference between ( ) and (

)?(3) How many parts does a ( ) have? What is eachpart called?

(4) What is the ()33 of the subject and the predicate?(5) What is the Arabic term for the attaching word?

(6) In how many factors does the predicate correspondto the subject?(7) If there are two subjects of different kinds in asentence, which one is considered for the predicate?

(8) What effect does the word () have on the subject?(9) Attach () to a dual word and a sound masculineand feminine plural word and read it.(10) How is a negative meaning and one of interrogation

created in a ( )?(11) What is the paradigm34 of the detached nominative

33 desinential inflection that is, inflection of the final radical.


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P 87

pronouns?(12) In the paradigm of the pronoun, which words aresimilar?

(13) How do you pronounce the word ()?(14) Construct ten different kinds of ( ).(15) Define (

) and (

).

(16) What cannot enter on the ()?(17) What is the () at the end of ( )?(18) What effect do the ( ) have on the noun?

34 In grammar, a set of all the (especially inflected) forms of a word (e.g. write,writes, wrote, writing, written), especially when used as a model for all other

words of the same type.


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P 88

Lesson 8

The Scales of Words

1. In Arabic, the original letters of nouns and verbs are notless than three. The maximum number of letters in a noun isfive, and four in a verb. Together with the original letters,

extra letters can also be attached. At such a time, the nounand the verb can have more than five letters.

Note 1: The original letter or root letter is the one thatremains in all the forms and derivations. Only in someexceptions is it deleted or changed to another letter.

The extra letter is the one that is found in one word-form but not in another, e.g. in the word (), all three lettersare root letters while in (), the alif and in (), thefirst () and the () are extra letters.

2. Words having three root-letters are called (), e.g.() and ().If they have four root-letters, they are called (), e.g.() and ().


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If they have five root-letters, they are called (), e.g.().

Words made up of only root-letters are called () whilethose having extra letters as well are called ( ), e.g.() is ( ) three root-letters without any extraletters.

() is ( ) - three root-letters with extra lettersbecause the () and () are extra.

Note 2 : To distinguish whether verbs (), derived nouns( )35 and verbal nouns ( )36 are () or ( ), the ( ) word-form of the perfect tense() has to be examined. If that word-form is free of extra

letters, then its derivatives and verbal noun will also beregarded as (), e.g. () is ( ). Hence, the

35 These are nouns that are derived from the verb, e.g. () and () arederived from the verb ().36

Plural of (), the infinitive.


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P 90

imperfect tense () which is (), the ( ) - ,the ( ) - and the verbal noun ( ) will also

be regarded as ( ) although these forms have extraletters.

Similarly, in a paradigm, extra letters appear in a ()word which will still remain (). For example, the word() is (). Therefore, () and () will also be().However, (

) and (

) are (

). The former has

one extra () while the latter has an extra alif.

3. In order to determine the scales of words and todistinguish the root letters from the extra letters, the scale

() of ( ) is used. In triliteral words (words with 3root letters), the () represents the first radical (letter) ofthe word, the () represents the second radical of the wordand the () represents the third radical of the word.


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Examples:

The letter that corresponds to the (

) of the (

) is called

the ( ), like the () of ( ), that which corresponds tothe () is called the ( ), like the () of () while theletter corresponding to the () is called the ( ), likethe () of ().

When intending to determine the scale of () -quadriliteral (four letter) words, add two lms instead of

one after () and (). In words with five root letters, addthree lms.

Examples:


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P 92

4. At the time of determining the scale, the alphabets (),() and () will take the place of the original letters whilethe other extra letters will remain as they are in their places.Examples:

However, when a letter is increased by repeating the (

) or the (

), the (

) or the (

) is repeated in the

scale. For example, in the word ( = ), the first() is the ( ) while the second one is extra.According to the rule, the scale should have been ().Instead its scale is (). Similarly, in the word (), thefinal () is extra. Its scale will be regarded as ().

5. A great benefit of recognizing the scales of words is that by knowing the meaning of the root letters of a word, it becomes very easy to recognize the meanings of all itsparadigms and derivatives.


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P 94

Lesson 9

The Broken Plural

1. It was mentioned previously that there is no rule to

construct the broken plural ( ). It is totally basedon hearing the plural from the people of the language.Hereunder we list some of the scales of the broken pluralwhich are used most often:

)(:) () ()() () (

)(:) () () () (


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P 96

)( )(:) (

) (

) ( ) () () (

)(:) (

) () () (

) () () (


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P 97

)(This scale is generally used for the adjectives of intelligentbeings which are on the scale of () as in:

) (

) (37) () () (

) ( )(:) (

) (

) ( )(:) (

37 The original was (). The reason why it has changed into ( ) will be

explained later.


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P 99

This scale is specific with intelligent beings.

)(:This scale is specific with those words that are on the scale

of (), () or ().

) () () (

)(

This scale is used for those words that are on the scale of

() or ().) (

) (

Note 2: The following plural scales are ( )38.

38 This is a certain class of nouns that is not fully declined. European

grammarians sometimes refer to them as diptotes. This term is discussed in


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P 100

Tanwn will not be read on them.

2. Remember the plural of the following words inparticular:

The sound plural of () is () in ( ) - thenominative case and () in ( ) - theaccusative and genitive cases. Its broken plural is ().The plural of () is ().

The plural of () is () or ().The plural of () is ().The plural of () is () or ().The plural of () is ().

3. Some words have plurals on several scales. Hence theplurals of () are (), (), () and ().

4. Some words have different scales of plurals rendering

Volume 4, Lesson 57.


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P 101

different meanings. For example, the word () meanshouse or verse (of a poem). Regarding the first meaning, theplural is () while the plural () is related to thesecond meaning.

The word () means slave or servant. The respective

plurals are () and ().The word () means eye or spring. The respective pluralsare () and ().


The plurals of some words are provided next to them.

Word Meaning

scowling, frowning

some, part of

fixed, established neighbour

iron

good


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ambassador

sword tea

condition

difficult

long, tall Arabian

empty cutting, sharp

high school pious obedient pure, clean

advice fresh looking

precious


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P 103

beneficial

a day today on that day

beauty

remaining, permanent the good actions

spear, lance, javelin cup

quince

Exercise No. 8

(A) In the under-mentioned examples, the adjective orpredicate of unintelligent beings is used mostly as singularfeminine. Translate the following phrases or sentences intoEnglish.

)1( )2( )3( )4(


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P 104

)5

( )6

( )7

( )8

( )9( )10( )11( )12( )13( )14(

)15( )16(

)17

( )18

( )19( )20( )21( )22(

)23( )24( )25(

)26( )27( )28(

)29( .

(B) Reply to these questions in Arabic, e.g.

)1(


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P 105

)2

( )3( )4( )5(

)6

( )7( )8( )9( )10( )11( )12( )13( )14(

)15( (C) Translate the following phrases into Arabic

(1)the Muslim men(2)the large ships


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P 107

other letters called?(4)With regards to the root letters of words, how many

types of words are there?(5)What are words which only have root letters called

and what are those words called which have extraletters.

(6)Which of the following words are () and whichare ( ):

(7)How is the scale of a word determined? In other

words, how do you use the root letters (

) to

determine which letter is a root letter and which oneis extra?

(8)What is the benefit of knowing the scales of words?(9)What are the well-known scales of the broken plural?(10) Which scales of the plural are ( )?(11) Make the plurals of (), (), (), (), (),

() and ().


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P 108

Lesson 10

The Cases of Nouns

1. The change in case of a noun due to the change in

vowelling of the final consonant is called () -declension.Declension is of two types: one is ( ) which isshown by fathah, dammah and kasrah. The other is

( ) which is shown by means of some() letters - as will be explained later on.

2. When a noun is:

(1)the doer of the verb (), or the subject () orpredicate (), it is said to be ( ) - in thenominative case. The examples of the subject andpredicate have passed in Lesson no. 6.

(2)an object () or it indicates the condition ()of the doer or the object, it is regarded to be in

( ) - the accusative case.(3)( ) or it comes after a ( ), it is


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regarded to be ( ) - in the genitive case. Theexamples will be mentioned shortly.

The Signs of Declension of Different Nouns

3. If a noun is singular or a broken plural, in (

) the

dammatain ()39 will be read on it, in ( ) thefathatain () will be read on it and in ( ), thekasratain () will be read on it.

39 If the noun is indefinite, the dammatain will be read on the word. However,

if the noun is definite, only one dammah will be read on it.


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Examples:

Example no. 1

Zaid sent a letter to Khlid

This is a ( ). All three nouns are singular.

Example no. 2

The men sent clothing to the women.


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This is a ( ). All three nouns are broken plurals.Example no. 3

Zaid came riding on Hmids horse.

This is a ( ). The word () indicates the conditionof the doer. Therefore it is ().

Note 1: The adjective will be in the same case as thepreceding noun. If the noun is (), the adjective willalso be (). If it is (), the adjective will also be thesame and if it is (), the adjective will follow suit.


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P 112

Example:

( )

A learned man sent a long letter to a just king.

The words, (), () and () are adjectives and thecase of each one follows its preceding noun, namely (),() and () respectively.

4. If a noun is dual (), the suffix ( ) will beappended in ( ) - the nominative case and ( ) in( ) - the accusative and genitive cases, e.g.

( )

The two men wrote two letters to the two women.

The () of () and () meaning two is the same asthe dual form.

The words (

) and (

) meaning both will be read (

)


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P 113

and () in ( ) - the accusative and genitivecases, e.g.

( ) Both men came.( ) I saw both men.

( ) I sent to both men.The words () and () are used with a pronoun ().

5. If a word is ( ) the sound masculine

plural, the suffix ( ) will be appended in ( ) and( ) in ( ), e.g.( )

The Muslims despatched the mujhidn to the oppressors.

The tens from () 20 till () 90 - have the same(). The form will be () in ( ) and ()in ( ).


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P 114

The word ( people of) in ( ) and () in ( ) is like ( ) - the sound masculineplural.

Examples:

(

) - They are people of intelligence.

( ) - I saw the people ofintelligence by the people of intelligence.

Note 2: The () of the dual and sound masculine pluralis by means of letters (). Therefore the nn of boththese forms is called ( ). See 5.4.

6. The sound feminine plural ( ) will be readwith (

) in (

) and with (

)40 in (

).

See 5.2. Example:

( ) - The Muslim women

40 If the word has (), only one dammah or kasrah will be read as is apparent

from the example.


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P 115

expelled the transgressing women to the deserts.

7. You have learnt that when () is prefixed to a word, thetanwn is deleted. See 2.3. Now remember that some wordsdo not accept the tanwn from their inception.

Examples: (), (), (), (), (), (), (),().

Such nouns are called ( ). In ( ), theyare pronounced with a () and in ( ) with a(

), e.g.

( ) - thmn saw Zaynab in Makkah.

However, when an ( ) has () prefixed to it, orit is (

), then a kasrah will be rendered to it in (

).

Examples: ( ), ( ).

Note 3: Words which accept tanwn are called ().These nouns will be discussed in detail in Lesson 57.

8. No (

) can be read on words like (

) and (

).


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P 116

They will hence be read as they are in all three cases ( ). Such nouns are called ( ).Examples:

( ), ( ), ( ).

9. Words with a y skin () at the end like (), (),() and () are free of external () in ( ) while in ( ), a () will be rendered tothem.Examples:

Sentence Meaning Case

The judgecame

The slave ofthe judge

came.

I saw thejudge.

If these words do not have (), they will be read as (),


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P 117

(), etc. in ( ) and (), () etc. in ( ).

Their sound plurals ( ) are: (), () etc. in( ) and (), ( ) etc. in ( ).

Their dual forms are like normal words, namely, (),() etc. in ( ) and (), () etc. in ( ).

Nouns that can be declined by the changing of the finalvowels or letters are called ( ) and words whose finalvowels are static are called ( )41. There are few nounsthat are ( ). The ( ) indicative pronouns, (

) relative pronouns, (

) interrogative

pronouns, etc. are all (). They will be discussed later inLesson 57.

41 Because it is incorrect to say (), the term () has been used. If one

deletes the (), the word becomes ().


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P 118

Note 4: The ( ) nominative detachedpronouns were listed in Lesson 6. The remaining pronounswill be discussed in Lessons 11 and 15 and in detail inLesson 41.


Word Meaning

doorkeeper fruit

mountain camel

zoo (lit. garden of animals) government office shop

mounted market, shopping mall car, vehicle

leader, master


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P 119

queen, noble woman, wife

distance agile, swift guava

pomegranate

lion beautified place of salh, dgh

she camel walk, stroll field admonition, lesson

Exercise No. 9

(A) Translate into EnglishOnly those verbs which were used in the examples of theprevious lessons have been used in this exercise. Verbs will

be discussed in Lesson 14.


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P 120

)1( )2( )3( )4( )5( )6(

)7( )8(

)9( )10( )11(

)12( )13( )14(

)15( )16( )17( )18( )19(

)20(

)21

( (B) Fill in the blanks where a verb, (), (), (),

( ) or () are missing with suitablewords that you have learnt.


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P 122

(6)Ahmads sons horses are agile.(7)thmn came to Makkah on an agile camel.(8)The two doorkeepers are standing by the door of the

leader.(9)The shops of the markets of the cities are much

beautified.(10) A just judge is in the governmental office.


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P 123

Lesson 11

The Genitive of Possession

( )42

1. When the () dual and ( ) soundmasculine plural forms are (), their ( ) at theend is deleted.

Examples:

They are the

two houses ofa man.

I saw the twohouses of a

man.

the doors ofthe two

houses of aman.

originally was

()originally was

()originally was

()

42 This lesson is related to lesson no. 7.


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P 125

Note 1: The word () meaning person, owner, etc. has thesame three forms. However, it is only related to a visible

noun ( ) and not to a pronoun.Examples:

The feminine form of () is ().The dual of () is (), () and the plural is ().The dual of () is ( ), ( ) and the plural is( ). The () of these words is like other generalnouns.Examples:

( ) two people of wealth,


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P 126

( ) many people of wealth,( ) one of beauty,( ) two women of beauty,( ) women of beauty.

Note 2: When the words (), () and () are related to thesingular first person pronoun ( ), they will beread as follows in all three cases: () my father, () my brother, () my mouth.

3. If you intend to relate two or more words to one word,the first word will be mentioned as normally before the

( ), but the second one will be mentioned after the( ) and a pronoun referring to the ( ) must

be appended to it, e.g. (

) the ministers

house and his garden, ( ) the ministershouses and their gardens.

4. When nouns are related to pronouns, these are the formsthey will assume:


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P 127

Attached Pronouns in the Genitive Case

( )Third Person ()

singular dual

Mascu

line plural

singular dual

Feminine plural

Second Person () singular dual

Mascu

line plural singular dual

Feminine plural


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P 128

First Person ( ) singular dual, plural

After alif, the ( ) must be read with a fathah and thethird person singular masculine pronoun must be read witha dammah.

Examples: () my staff, () his staff, () mytwo hands.

A pronoun can also be attached to the ( ). Such a

pronoun is known as ( ) thepronoun attached to a particle in the genitive case. Theparadigm of these pronouns will be as follows:


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P 129

Third Person () singular dual

Masculine plural

singular dual

Feminine plural

Second Person () singular

arabic tutor volume 1 - 4

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