arabic lectures notes from khalid zaheer.pdf

Õæ�k

�

��Q�Ë @ á

�

�Ò�k

��Q�Ë @ é

��

��Ê�Ë @ Ñ

��.�

Lecture 1

Introduction

The Arabic language, like other languages has three main type of words thatform a sentence. These are:

1. Õæ�� @�

(isam ): These are nouns and include the subject and object of theverb.

2. Éª�¯ (fayl): These are verbs, specifying the action.

3.

¬Q�

k (harf ): These are words that aid in the completion of a sentenceand include prepositions etc.

The first 4 lectures will cover isam , the next 4 lectures will cover fayl and thelast 2 lectures will cover harf.

1 Õæ�� @�(Noun)

�HA

�¿Q

�k

1 (harkat) are the symbols used on the characters in a word to helppronounce the word correctly. These are equivalent to vowels in the Englishlanguage.

H. @�Q«

�@ (airab) are the symbols used on the last character of a noun, and they

decide the “role” of the noun in that particular sentence. There are exactly 3types of airab.

1. ©�¯

�P (rafa). Most common ‘’ and ’

1Singular: �I

�»Q

�k (harkat)

1 Last Updated: July 13, 2009

Lecture 1

2. I.

��

�� (nasab). Most common ˝ and ´

3. Q�

k. (jarr). Most common˝

and´

For all three forms, the single airab and the double airab symbols are correct.

The single airab form is used with proper nouns formed by adding an È�@ to the

beginning of a common noun2. For example�Yj.�

��Ó uses the double symbol for

rafa but for the proper noun we will use the single symbol for rafa as in�Yj.�

��ÜÏ

�@.

In Arabic the singular noun is called the Yg�

@�ð (wahid) and the plural noun is

called the ©�Ô

�g.

(jama). In addition to the singular and plural nouns, Arabic alsohas a separate type of noun for words denoting exactly two things. This type of

noun is called the éJJ�

��K (tasnia). Also, Arabic usually uses two different words

for the masculine and feminine forms of a (common) noun. These are called

Q

��»

�Y

�Ó (muzakar) and �

I

��K�

ñ�Ó (muannas) respectively.

Table 1 shows the different forms the words Ñ�Ê��

�Ó (male) and �

é�ÒÊ

��

�Ó (female)

take when used in wahid, tasnia and jama forms for each of the three airab.Notice that the nasab and jarr forms for the tasnia and jama (both for the

muzakar and muannas) are identical. How then do we decide if, for example,á��

�ÒÊ

��

�Ó is the nasab or the jarr form when used in a sentence? The answer is

that the context that the word is used in a sentence, in addition to other things,will then decide the form of the word.

2In Arabic, a common noun can be changed to a proper noun by adding È�@ to the beginning.

So Yj.��

�Ó means “A mosque” whereas Yj.�

��ÜÏ

�@ means “The mosque”

2

Lecture 1

©�Ô

�g.

éJJ�

��K Yg

�@�ð

�àñÒÊ

��

�Ó

à�

A�ÒÊ

��

�Ó

�Ñ�Ê

��

�Ó Q

��»

�Y

�Ó

��

HA�ÒÊ

��

�Ó

à�

A��J�ÒÊ

��

�Ó

��é�ÒÊ

��

�Ó

�I

��K�

ñ�Ó

(a) ©�¯

�P

©�Ô

�g.

éJJ�

��K Yg

�@�ð

�á�ÒÊ

��

�Ó

á��

�ÒÊ

��

�Ó

�AÒÊ

��

�Ó Q

��»

�Y

�Ó

�H�

A�ÒÊ

��

�Ó

á��

��J�ÒÊ

��

�Ó

��é�ÒÊ

��

�Ó

�I

��K�

ñ�Ó

(b) I.

��

��

©�Ô

�g.

éJJ�

��K Yg

�@�ð

�á�ÒÊ

��

�Ó

á��

�ÒÊ

��

�Ó Ñ

��Ê��

�Ó Q

��»

�Y

�Ó

�H�

A�ÒÊ

��

�Ó

á��

��J�ÒÊ

��

�Ó

�é�

�ÒÊ

��

�Ó

�I

��K�

ñ�Ó

(c) Q�

k.

Table 1: Different forms of the H. @�Q«

�@

2 Reasons for ©�¯

�P form

Before we look at the reasons for a noun being used in its rafa form, we look atthe type of sentences. There are exactly two types of sentences.

1. íKQ��.

�g íJÖ�

Þ� @�(ismiya-khabariya): a sentence giving some information or khabar

about a noun or isam . There is no verb in a ismiya-khabariya sentence3.

2. íKQ��.

�g íJÊ�

ª�¯ (fayliya-khabariya): a sentence giving some information or khabar

about an action or fayl.

Now that we know the two types of sentences, we can move to the reasons for anoun being used in the rafa form when used in a sentence. There are exactly 4possible reasons for a noun to be in the rafa form in a sentence.

3Since the verb in a sentence decides the tense (past/present/future) of a sentence, so aníK

Q��.

�g íJÖ�

Þ� @�sentence has no time associated with it and the information caters for all times. The

actual tense is usually obvious from the context of the sentence.

3

Lecture 1

1. @�Y

�J�J.

�Ó (mubtida)

2. Q��.

�g (khabar)

3. É«�A�¯ (fail)

4. É«�A�¯ I.

K�A�K (naib-fail)

2.1 @�Y

�J�J.

�Ó and Q

��.

�g

In an ismiya-khabariya sentence, the noun about which the information is beinggiven is called the mubtida. Similarly the information itself is called the khabar.Both the mubtida and the khabar always occur in the rafa form in a sentence.

E.g. the sentence�

I. KQ�

��¯

�Yj.�

��ÜÏ

�@ (meaning “The mosque is near”4) is an ismiya-

khabariya sentence and therefore both the nouns Y j.��

�ÜÏ

�@ (the mubtida) and

I. KQ�

��¯ (the khabar) occur in the rafa form.

Why do we use

�Yj.�

��ÜÏ

�@ and not

�Yj.�

��ÜÏ

�@? As another example, consider the above sentence for two mosques (tasnia). The

sentence à�

A�J. KQ

�

��¯

à�

@�Yj.�

��ÜÏ

�@ (meaning “The two mosques are near”) again has both

the mubtida and the khabar in the rafa form.Would we use

�Ñ�Ë

�A�«

�YK

�P or

�Ñ�Ë

�A�«

�YK

�P for “Zaid

is a scholar”

2.2 É«�A�¯

A fayliya-khabariya sentence can be in the active voice or passive voice5. For a

sentence in the active voice, the doer of the action is called the É«�A�¯, and always

occurs in the rafa form. E.g. In the sentence�@YË

�A

�g

�YK

�P

�H.

�Qå

�� (meaning “Zaid

hit Khalid”), the noun YK

�P is the É«

�A�¯ and so occurs in the rafa form.

As another example, the sentence “The two alims hit Khalid” would become�@YË

�A

�g

à�

A�ÜÏ�A�ªË @

�H.

�Qå

�� with the fail (the two alims) occurring in the rafa form.

4As a general principle, the mubtida is usually a proper noun, whereas the khabar isusually a common noun.

5A verb in the active voice is called

¬ðQªÓ É�ª

¯, whereas a verb in the passive voice is

called Èñ�îfm.× É

�ª

¯

4

Lecture 1

2.3 É«�A�¯ I.

K�A�K

In a fayliya-khabariya sentence that uses the passive voice, we are usually notinterested in the doer of the action, and are only interested in the “receiver” ofthe action. So the Èñ

�ª

®

�Ó of a active verb sentence becomes the É«

�A�¯ I.

K�A�K in a

passive form sentence and the naib-fail uses the rafa form.

E.g. The passive sentence “Khalid was hit” becomes�YË

�A

�g

�H. Q

�å��.

3 Reasons for Q�

k. form

There are exactly 2 possible reasons for a noun in a sentence to be in the jarrform.

1. íJË�@

¬A

�

�Ó

2. Q�

k.

¬�Q

�k

3.1 íJË�@

¬A

�

�Ó

In a sentence, sometimes a noun is formed by joining two (or more) nounstogether (when one noun “belongs” to the other). E.g. In Urdu, the ‘noun’

Q�êÃ A

�¿ é

��<Ë

�@ changes to é

�

��<Ë @

��

I�

�K.6 in Arabic. In this case the noun �

I�

�K. is called the

¬A

�

�Ó, and the noun é

��<Ë

�@ is the íJË

�@

¬A

�

�Ó. The muzaf-ilahi always occurs in the

jarr form. Hence the jarr form for é

��<Ë

�@.

Why did we use

the single symbol

of jarr for é

��<Ë

�@?

Notice the single symbol for rafa on �I�

�K. . In Arabic, the muzaf only has a single

symbol for the airab, and the actual airab for the muzaf depends on its role inthe sentence. The muzaf-ilahi on the other hand will always use the jarr form.

6assuming that the noun é�

��<Ë @

��

I�

�K. is used in the rafa form in some sentence

5

Lecture 1

E.g. The Urdu ÕÎ�¯ A¿ YK

P changes to the Arabic Y�K

�P

�Õ�Î

��¯.

As a final example, we look at a noun formed by joining more than two words.The Urdu Q

�êÃ A

�¿ ÿ

��J

K. ÿ

�» YK

�P changes to the Arabic Y

�K

�P á

�K. @�

��

I�

�K.7 with two muzaf

and two muzaf-ilahi. The noun áK. @�has a jarr because it is the muzaf-ilahi for

the noun �I�

�K. and the single symbol of the jarr because it is the muzaf for the

noun YK

�P.

7Notice the complete reversal of the order of the nouns as compared to the equivalentUrdu

6

Õæ�k

�

��Q�Ë @ á

�

�Ò�k

��Q�Ë @ é

��

��Ê�Ë @ Ñ

��.�

Lecture 2

1 Reasons for Q�

k. form (contd.)

As discussed earlier, there are exactly 2 possible reasons for a noun in a sentenceto be in the jarr form.

1. íJË�@

¬A

�

�Ó

2. Q�

k.

¬�Q

�k

1.1 íJË�@

¬A

�

�Ó

Covered in the last lecture.

1.2 Q�

k.

¬�Q

�k

In the Arabic language, there are certain

¬ðQ�

k1 (haroof ) that change the airab

of the noun that follows them. There are 17 such haroof, not all of which areused in the Quran. Of these we will cover only the ones that are used in theQuran.

1. H. (meaning ì�KA

��): E.g. é

�

��<Ë @ Õ

�æ�AK.�

(the jarr on Õæ� @�).

2. �H (meaning Õæ�

��¯)

3. ¼ (meaning hQ£): E.g. �è�ñ

�º

��Ò

�».

4. ð (meaning Õæ��¯): E.g. Q

�å�ªË@ð.

1plural of

¬Q�

k


Lecture 2

The ð can also be used for “and”. In such a case it will not give a jarr tothe next noun.

5. áÓ�

(meaning ÿ��): E.g. �

�A

��JË @

�ð

�é�

��Jm.�Ì'@ áÓ

�(the jarr on both �

é�

��Jm.�Ì'

�@ and �

�A

��JË

�@).

6. ú¯�

(meaning ‘in’): E.g. é�

��<Ë @ á

�KX�

ú¯�

(the jarr on áKX�).

7. á�« (meaning ÿ�

��): E.g. é

�

��<Ë @ Y

�J.

�« á

�« (the jarr on YJ.

�«).

8. ú

�

Î« (meaning Q�K�): E.g. Ñ

�ê��K.�

ñÊ�¯ ú

�

Î«.

9. ú��æk (meaning ‘until’ or ¹

��K): E.g. Q

�j.

�®Ë @ ©

�

�Ê¢Ó ú

��æk (the jarr on ©

�Ê¢Ó).

10. ú�Í@�(meaning ¹

��K)

A harf-e-jarr can be present in a sentence because of two different reasons;(i) because of its meaning and, (ii) because it is needed as a preposition to averb.

2 Reasons for I.

��

�� form

2.1 é�K.�

Èñª®

�Ó

The mafwool(s) in a fayliya-khabariya sentence always use the nasab form. E.g.

In the sentence�@YË

�A

�g

�YK

�P

�H.

�Qå

�� (meaning “Zaid hit Khalid”), the mafwool YË

�A

�g

appears in the nasab form.

Certain verbs require two mafwools. In such a case both mafwools appear in

the nasab form. E.g. the Arabic verb øP@ (meaning “show” in English, orA�KA

�ê»X

�in Urdu) needs two mafwools, one whom the object was shown to and

another for the object that was shown. E.g. The sentence�@Yj.�

��Ó

�@YË

�A

�g

�YK

�P

�ø

�P

�@

2

Lecture 2

(meaning “Zaid showed Khalid a mosque”) has both mafwools (YË�A

�g and Yj.�

��Ó

) in the nasab form.

Finally, if a verb that requires two mafwools is used as a passive verb in asentence, then the fail of the original (active) sentence is no longer required. Thefirst mafwool becomes the naib-fail while the second mafwool becomes/remainsthe mafwool for the passive sentence. E.g. The above sentence when changed topassive voice becomes

�@Yj.�

��Ó

�YË

�A

�g

�ø

�P

�@ (meaning “Khalid was shown a mosque”)

with the (only) mafwool (Yj.��

�Ó) in the nasab form.

Why does YË�A

�g

now appear in the

©�¯

�P form?

2.2 �I

�ËA

�g

Nouns that are used to represent the halat or state of the action usually appear

in the nasab form. E.g. The verb ú�¾

�K. (meaning “to cry”) changes to the noun

�ú»

�A�K. (meaning “one who cries”). When this is used in a sentence to represent

the halat/state of crying, it changes to the noun�AJ»�

A�K. .

So now the sentence�AJ»�

A�K.

�@YË

�A

�g

�YK

�P

�H.

�Qå

�� in addition to the information that

“Zaid hit Khalid” also gives the halat of crying. The halat of crying, in thissentence, can mean both that ‘Zaid was crying (while hitting Khalid)’ or that‘Khalid was crying (while being hit by Zaid)’. The actual meaning is usuallyclear given the context of the particular sentence.

If on the other hand, we want to convey that “Zaid hit Khalid and both of them

were crying”, then we use the tasnia form of�AJ»�

A�K. . Hence the equivalent Arabic

sentence for this would be á��

�J»�

A�K.

�@YË

�A

�g

�YK

�P

�H.

�Qå

��.

As a side note, there are two other ways that the information about the halatof crying can be added to the sentence “Zaid hit Khalid”.

1. The ismiya-khabariya sentence�

ú»�

A�K.

�ñ

�ë

�ð (meaning “(and) he is crying”)

3

Lecture 2

can be added to the sentence “Zaid hit Khalid” to get�

ú»�

A�K.

�ñ

�ë

�ð

�@YË

�A

�g

�YK

�P

�H.

�Qå

��

(meaning “Zaid hit Khalid and he was crying”) which is identical in mean-ing to the sentence

�AJ»�

A�K.

�@YË

�A

�g

�YK

�P

�H.

�Qå

��.

2. The verb ú�¾ J.

�K (meaning “is crying”) can also be used to represent the

halat of crying in the sentence “Zaid hit Khalid”.

2.3�

��Ê¢

�Ó È

�

�ñª

®

�Ó

In Arabic, sometimes you want to not only tell that a person did something butalso the quality/intensity of the work that was done. In such cases, we can add

the P�Y�

�Ó2 of a verb to the represent the intensity. Such a word, when used in

a sentence, will always use the nasab form.

E.g. The P�Y�

�Ó form of the verb

�H.

�Qå

�� is

�AK. Qå

��. So the sentence

�AK. Qå

��

�@YË

�A

�g

�YK

�P

�H.

�Qå

��

now means that “Zaid hit/beat Khalid very badly” with the noun�AK. Qå

�� repre-

senting the intensity of the verb�

H.

�Qå

�� and thus appearing in the nasab form.

E.g.�AÒJÊ�º

��K úæ

��ñÓ

�é�

��ÊË @

�Õ

��Î�

�».

2The P�Y�

�Ó of a verb is a noun that represents that verb. E.g. in Urdu the P

�Y�

�Ó for the

verb AKðP (“cry”) is the noun AKðP.

4

Õæ�k

�

��Q�Ë @ á

�

�Ò�k

��Q�Ë @ é

��

��Ê�Ë @ Ñ

��.�

Lecture 3

1 Reasons for I.

��

�� form (contd.)

1.1 é�K.�

Èñª®

�Ó


1.2 �I

�ËA

�g


1.3�

��Ê¢

�Ó È

�

�ñª

®

�Ó


1.4�é�Ë È

�ñª

®

�Ó

The mafwul-lahu is a noun that represents the reason1 for a particular fayl orverb. The mafwul-lahu always occurs in the nasab form in a sentence.

E.g. The word I. KX�A��K means ‘discipline’. So the sentence

�AJ. KX

�A��K

�@YË

�A

�g

�YK

�P

�H.

�Qå

��

means “Zaid hit Khalid for discipline.” Since the word I. KX�A��K represents the

reason for the action�

H.

�Qå

��, so it occurs in the nasab form.

E.g. ��C��Ó@

��é�J�

��

�

k Ñ��»

�XB

�ð

�@ @ñ

�Ê�

��J�®

��K B

�. Here the combined word �

��C��Ó@

��é�J�

��

�

k forms

the mafwul-lahu. This explains the nasab on the word �é�J�

��

�

k, and the singleform is used since this is the muzaf.

Why does the

word�

�C��Ó@

�occur

in its jarr form?

1.5Q��J�

Ö

��ß

The word Q��J�Ö

��ß means to clarify (opposite of ‘to confuse’). In Arabic, sometimes

a sentence is not clear and a noun is needed to clarify its meaning. Such a noun

1The�éË in

�é�Ë È

�ñª

®

�Ó means ÿ�

ÊJ» in Urdu


Lecture 3

is called Q��J�Ö

��ß, and it occurs in the nasab form in the sentence.

E.g. The sentence Y�Ë�A

�g áÓ

�

�Q

��.»

�@

�YK

�P (meaning “Zaid is better/bigger/larger than

Khalid”) is unclear about what Zaid is better/bigger/larger at (weight, height,knowledge)? Changing this to

�AÒÊ«

�Y�Ë�A

�g áÓ

�

�Q

��.»

�@

�YK

�P (meaning “Zaid is better

than Khalid in knowledge”) clarifies the meaning. So the word�AÒÊ«

�acts as the

tamyiyz and therefore occurs in the nasab form.Why do we have

(i)YË�A

�g in jarr and

(ii)Q��.»

�@ in rafa

forms? E.g.��è

��ñ

��¯ Õ

�º

JÓ�

��Y

��

�@ Ñ�ë. Here the word �

è

��ñ

��¯ is the tamyiyz and therefore occurs in

the nasab form.

1.6 àA

�Ó

�P

¬

�Q

�

£

The word

¬�Q

�

£ means a container. àA

�Ó

�P

¬

�Q

�

£ means the time when you dosomething (the time where the action is “contained”). Words that denote thetime of an action always occur in the nasab form.

1.7 àA

�¾

�Ó

¬

�Q

�

£

àA

�¾

�Ó

¬

�Q

�

£ means the place where you do something (the place where the actionis “contained”). Words that denote the place of an action always occur in thenasab form.

1.8��à@

�

E.g. The ismiya-khabariya sentence�QKY

�

��¯

�é

��<Ë

�@ changes to

�QKY

�

��¯

�é

��<Ë @

��à@

�when pre-

ceded by��à@

�. So although the word é

��<Ë

�@ is still the mubtida, but because of the

use of��

à@�, now occurs in the nasab form.

1.9�àA

�¿

The use of�àA

�¿ has the opposite effect, with the khabar changing to nasab form.

E.g. Again, the ismiya-khabariya sentence�QKY

�

��¯

�é

��<Ë

�@ changes to

�@QKY

�

��¯

�é

��<Ë @

��

à@�when

2

Lecture 3

preceded by�àA

�¿. So although the word QKY

�

��¯ is still the khabar, but because of

the use of�àA

�¿, now occurs in the nasab form.

1.10

¬A�

�Ó ø�XA

�J�Ó

The ø�XA

�J�Ó is the person being called2. In Arabic A

�K3 is usually added before a

noun to represent it as a ø�XA

�J�Ó. When the noun being called is a muzaf, it will

use a nasab instead of the rafa form that is common for the muzaf.Will the ø�XA

�J�Ó Zaid

occur as�@YK

�P A

�K?

E.g. á�Ö�Ï A

�ªË @

��H.

�P changes to á�Ö�

Ï A�ªË @

��H.

�P A

�K when used as a munada-muzaf. So

although the muzaf�

H.

�P using the nasab form because it is now a munada-muzaf.

The use of A�K is sometimes implicit in case of a munada-muzaf. E.g. A

�J

��K.

�P simply

means “Our Rabb” with the word ‘Rabb’ being the muzaf and the word ‘our’

being the muzaf-ilahi. When this is changed to A�J

��K.

�P, the nasab form means that

this is now a munada-muzaf, and hence this now means “O’ Our Rabb”.

1.11 ��k.�

ù J�

®

�K ÿ

�B

�

When a B�

is used to negate a complete category or ��k.�

represented by the

noun following it, the noun immediately following B�

will occur in the nasab

form. This does not apply to use of B�

in the normal form (when NOT negatinga complete category).

E.g. é

��<Ë @ B

��@

�é�Ë @�

B�, the noun é

�Ë @�occurs in the nasab form since the B

�immediately

before it is negating the complete category represented by the word é�Ë @�.

2from the word @�Y

K�

3Similar to O’ in English (as in “O’ Our Lord”).

3

Õæ�k

�

��Q�Ë @ á

�

�Ò�k

��Q�Ë @ é

��

��Ê�Ë @ Ñ

��.�

Lecture 4

1 ©K. A��K (Follower)

Some nouns do not have the airab as specified by the rules that we have coveredtill now. Instead the word uses the airab of the noun that it follows. There aretwo possible reasons for a noun to act as a ©K. A

��K.

1. �I

®�

�

2. È�Y

�K.

In addition to the airab, the ©K. A��K also copies the following properties of the noun

that it follows.

1. H. @�Q«

�@ (rafa, nasab or jarr)

2. èQº�K í

QªÓ (common noun/proper noun)

3. Q

��»

�Y

�Ó

�I

��K�

ñ�Ó (gender)

4. X�Y

�« (wahid, tasnia or jama)

1.1 �I

®�

�(sift)

The �I

®�

�(adjective) of a noun follows the airab etc. of the noun it describes.

E.g.�YKY

�g.

��

I�

�J. Ë

�@ is an ismiya-khabariya sentence meaning “The house is new”.

On the other hand�YKY

�m.Ì'@

��

I�

�J. Ë

�@ means “The new house” which is not a complete

sentence but just a phrase (and can be used in place of a noun). In this case

since the word YKY�

g. is used as a �I

®�

�for the noun �

I�

�J. Ë

�@, so it copies the rafa


Lecture 4

(airab), the È�@ (proper noun) and the singular form of the noun �

I�

�J. Ë

�@.

E.g. “A new house” would be�YKY

�g.

��

I�

�K. , and “Two new houses” would be

à�

@�YKY

�g.

à�

A��J�

�K. .

1.2 È�Y

�K. (badal)

In addition to �I

®�

�, another reason for a noun to be a ©K. A

��K of another noun is

that it is a È�Y

�K. for the first noun. This means that (in the given context) both

nouns refer to exactly the same person and hence are a È�Y

�K. or replacement for

each other. An approximate example of this in English would be “PresidentObama” where (in a given context) both the words refer to the same person orentity.

E.g. In the verse�á�Ö�

�Ï A

�ªË @

��H.

�P é

�

��<Ë�

�YÒ

�mÌ'

�@, the word

�H.

�P in á�Ö�

�Ï A

�ªË @

��H.

�Poccurs in the

jarr form because it is a badal for the word é

��<Ë

�@ and so follows its airab.

Why does the

word é

��<Ë

�@ use the

Q�

k. form?Infact, in the second verse Õ

�æk�

��QË @ á

�

�Ôg

��QË

�@, both á

�Ôg

��QË

�@ and Õæ

k�

��QË

�@ occur in the jarr

form because they are badal for the word é

��<Ë

�@ in the first verse. The same applies

to the word ½Ê�

�Ó in the third verse á

�K

��YË@ Ð

�ñ

�K ½

�Ê�

�Ó.

Why do both Ðñ�K

and áKY�Ë�@ use the

Q�

k. form? Why the

singular H. @�Q«

�@?

(Hint: Different

reasons for both.)

2 Q�ÖÞ

�� (Pronoun)

A Q�ÖÞ

��1 (zameer) or a pronoun2 is a word that is used in place of a noun. In

Arabic there are two types of pronouns.

• É��

�®

J�Ó Q

��ÖÞ

�� (zameer-e-munfasil)

• É��

��J�Ó Q

��ÖÞ

�� (zameer-e-muttasil)

For each of the two types of pronouns, we have different forms for I. K�A�«, Qå

��

A�

g

and ÕÎ¾�J�Ó. These are equivalent to the English third person, second person and

first person respectively. In addition to this, Arabic uses different pronouns for

1plural Q K�A�ÖÞ

��

2E.g. ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’ etc. in English

2

Lecture 4

©�Ô

�g.

éJJ�

��K Yg

�@�ð

Ñ�ë A

�Ò

�ë

�ñ

�ë Q

��»

�Y

�Ó

I. K�A�«

��á

�ë A

�Ò

�ë

�ùë

��

I

��K�

ñ�Ó

Õ��æ

K�@ A

�Ò

��JK�@

��

IK�@ Q

��»

�Y

�Ó

Qå��

A�

g

��á��K�@ A

�Ò

��JK�@

�I�

K�@

�I

��K�

ñ�Ó

�ám�

�' A

�K�@ ÕÎ¾

�J�Ó

Table 1: É��

�®

J�Ó Q

��ÖÞ

��

the muzakar (male) and muannas (female) nouns3.

2.1 É��

�®

J�Ó Q

��ÖÞ

�� (Personal Pronoun)

The zameer-e-munfasil when used in a sentence appears as a separate word. Itusually replaces a noun in the rafa form in a sentence. E.g. The wahid, muzakar,

ghayib pronoun�

ñ�ë can replace the word YK

�P in

�ÕË�A�«

�YK

�P (meaning “Zaid is a

scholar”) to give�ÕË�A�«

�ñ

�ë (meaning “He is a scholar”).

Table 1 lists all possible forms of zameer-e-munfasil. So�

ñ�ë would translate to

the English ‘he’,�ùë

�will translate to the English ‘she’ and both Ñ

�ë and

��á

�ë will

translate to the English ‘they’4. Infact there are five different Arabic pronouns(for hazir) for the single English pronoun ‘you’.

Notice that the mutakalam (first person) form does not distinguish betweenmuzakar and muannas or between tasnia and jama. Also notice that the tasniaform of the pronouns does not depend on the gender for all three cases (ghayib,hazir and mutakalam).

3except for the first person (ÕÎ¾�J�Ó)

4since English does not have separate pronouns for the éJJ�

��K (dual) form, so A

�Ò

�ë would also

translate to ‘they’

3

Lecture 4

©�Ô

�g.

éJJ�

��K Yg

�@�ð

Ñ�î

��DJ

�K. A

�Ò

�î

��DJ

�K.

�é��J�

�K. Q

��»

�Y

�Ó

I. K�A�«

��á�î

��DJ

�K. A

�Ò

�î

��DJ

�K. A

�î

��DJ

�K.

�I

��K�

ñ�Ó

Õ�º

��J�

�K. A

�Ò

�º

��J�

�K.

�½

��J�

�K. Q

��»

�Y

�Ó

Qå��

A�

g

��á�º

��J�

�K. A

�Ò

�º

��J�

�K. ½

�

��J�

�K.

�I

��K�

ñ�Ó

A�J��J�

�K. ú

�

�æJ

�K. ÕÎ¾

�J�Ó

Table 2: É��

��J�Ó Q

��ÖÞ

��

2.2 É��

��J�Ó Q

��ÖÞ

�� (Possessive Pronoun)

The zameer-e-muttasil when used in a sentence appears together5 with anothernoun. It always replaces a noun in its nasab or jarr form. E.g. The wahid,

muzakar, ghayib pronoun�è can replace the word Y K

�P in Y

�K

�P

��

I�

�K. (meaning

“Zaid’s house”) to give�é��J�

�K. (meaning “His house”).

Table 2 lists all possible forms of zameer-e-muttasil when used with the noun

�I�

�K. . So

�é��J�

�K. would translate to the English ‘his house’, A

�îD

�J�

�K. would translate to

the English ‘her house’ and both Ñ�î

��DJ

�K. and

��á�î

��DJ

�K. would translate to the English

‘their house’.

Again, the mutakalam (first person) form does not distinguish between muzakarand muannas or between tasnia and jama. Also the tasnia form of the pronouns

5É��

��J�Ó from É�ð

4

Lecture 4

does not depend on the gender for all three cases (ghayib, hazir and mutakalam).

3 Miscellaneous

3.1

¬Q�å��

J�Ó,

¬Q

�å��

J�Ó Q�

�« and ú

æ�J.

�Ó nouns

In Arabic there are three different categories of nouns/pronouns depending onhow they change for the different airab.

1.

¬Q�å��

J

�Ó (munsarif ): These are nouns that change with all the different

possibilities of airab (i.e. their grammatical role).

E.g. The word ÕÎ��

�Ó is munsarif and is used as

�ÕÎ��

�Ó,

�AÒÊ

��

�Ó, Õ

�Î��

�Ó,

�ÕÎ��

�ÜÏ

�@

. . . , depending on its role in the sentence.

2.

¬Q�å��

J�Ó Q�

�« (ghair-munsarif ): These are nouns that use the same symbol

(a Q�K.

�P) for their nasab and jarr forms. These also use a single symbol for

the airab even if used as a common noun (meaning even if no ‘È�@’ before

them).

E.g. The word Yg.�A

��

�Ó is ghair-munsarif and is used as either

�Yg.�

A�

��Ó (rafa

form) or�Yg.�

A�

��Ó (both for nasab and jarr forms).

E.g. The name úÎ�

�« is a munsarif word, but the name Q

�Ô�« is ghair-munsarif.

So whereas�

úÎ�

�« is valid rafa form, but

�Q

�Ô�« is incorrect.

What would be

the correct rafa

form for Q�Ô�«?

E.g. Y

��Ò�m�

× is munsarif but Y�Ôg

�@ is ghair-munsarif.

3. ú

æ�J.

�Ó (mabnii): These are nouns that do NOT change in any of the different

possibilities of airab. So they remain unchanged in all three airab formsof rafa, nasab and jarr.

5

Lecture 4

E.g. The names úæ��ñ

�Ó and úæ

��J«�

are both mabnii, and will always appearas shown irrespective of their role in the sentence.

All pronouns are mabnii words. This is the reason that we use�é��J�

�K. and NOT

é��J��

�K. to replace Y

�K

�P

��

I�

�K. (where YK

�P appears in the jarr form). One exception to

this is the use of é��J��

�K. ú

¯�

instead of�é�J��

�K. ú

¯�. The reasons for this exception seem

Why do we have

é��J��

�K. ú

¯�

and not

é�

��J�

�K. ú

¯�? to be purely aesthetic on the part of the Arab people.

One way to identify a mabnii noun is the use of the single airab. There areexactly three reasons for a noun to use the single symbol of airab.

1. Because it is a proper noun formed by adding È�@, or

2. Because it is the

¬A�

�Ó, or

3. Because it is a

¬Q�å��

J�Ó Q�

�« noun.

3.2 ©Ô�

g.

ú»�

É�¯�A�« Q�

�« and Qå

��º

�Ó ©Ô

�g.

Normally the khabar, sift, zameer and fayl of a noun copy its gender (muza-kar/muannas) and the quantity (rafa/nasab/jarr). There are only two excep-tions to this rule.

1. © Ô�

g.

ú»�

É�¯�A

�« Q�

�« : The khabar, sift, zameer and fayl of a plural of a

É�¯�A�« Q�

�« will always appear in the singular feminine form.

E.g. The ismiya-khabariya sentence��è�

Pñ�«

��

Hñ�J

�K. (meaning “Our houses are

not safe”) uses the singular, feminine form of the khabar �è�

Pñ�« although

the mubtida �Hñ

�J

�K.6 is a plural noun.

2. Qå

��

�º

�Ó © Ô

�g.: When a word “breaks” in changing to the plural form, its

6plural of �I�

�K.

6

Lecture 4

khabar, sift, zameer and fayl will use the singular, feminine form.

E.g. The singular noun ÕË�A�« “breaks” when changing to the plural A

�Ò

�Ê

�«.

Therefore the khabar, sift, zameer and fayl for A�Ò

�Ê�« will always appear in

the singular, feminine form.

3.3 Formation of Nouns

The verb�Õ�Î

�« (meaning “to know”) changes to the nouns

�ÕË�A�« (É«

�A�¯ Õ

�æ� @

�) or to

�Ðñ

�Êª

�Ó (Èñ

�ª

®

�Ó Õ

�æ� @

�) or to

�ÕÎ«

�(P

�Y�

�Ó). The table below shows some other examples.

Õæ�� @�

P�Y�

�Ó Èñ

�ª

®

�Ó Õ

�æ� @

�É«

�A�¯ Õ

�æ� @

�Éª

�¯

�ÕÎ«

�

�Ðñ

�Êª

�Ó

�ÕË�A�«

�Õ�Î

�«

�ÕÎ

�£

�Ðñ

�Ê

¢

�Ó

�ÕË�A

�

£�Õ�Î

�£

�Qå�

��

�Pñ

��

J�Ó

�Qå�

�A�K

�Qå

��

��

7

Õæ�k

�

��Q�Ë @ á

�

�Ò�k

��Q�Ë @ é

��

��Ê�Ë @ Ñ

��.�

Lecture 5

Éª�¯ (Verb)

In this lecture we start learning about ÈA�ª

¯�@1 or verbs. Arabic, unlike most other

languages, has only two different tenses for verbs. These are

1. úæ��

A�Ó (maazi): This is the normal past tense used in most languages.

2. ¨PA�

��Ó (mazaaray): This caters for both the present and the future tenses.

We will also cover Q�Ó@ É

�ª

¯, which is a verb used to give an order or to request

something.

1 úæ��

A�Ó (Past tense)

The maazi form of the verb represents the past tense of the verb. Arabic usesdifferent forms of the verb for the active and passive forms of the past tense.

1.1

¬ðQªÓ É�ª

¯ (Active verb)

Like the H. @�Q«

�@ and the Q

K�A�ÖÞ

��, Arabic uses different forms of the (active voice,

past tense) verb for the ghayib, hazir and mutakalam. In addition to this, Arabicalso uses different forms of the verb for the muzakar and muannas (as well asthe wahid, tasnia and jama).

Table 1a shows the different forms of the verb�

H.

�Qå

�� (meaning “(He) hit”) for

the different cases. The (maazi, maroof,) ghayib, wahid, muzakar form of averb (

�H.

�Qå

�� in this case) is the simplest form of the verb with (usually) just 3

1Singular: Éª�¯


Lecture 5

©�Ô

�g.

éJJ�

��K Yg

�@�ð

@ñ�K.

�Qå

�� A

�K.

�Qå

��

�H.

�Qå

�� Q

��»

�Y

�Ó

I. K�A�«

�áK.

�Qå

�� A

��J�K.

�Qå

��

�I

�K.

�Qå

��

�I

��K�

ñ�Ó

Õ��æK.

�Qå

�� A

�Ò

��JK.

�Qå

��

��

IK.

�Qå

�� Q

��»

�Y

�Ó

Qå��

A�

g

��á��K.

�Qå

�� A

�Ò

��JK.

�Qå

��

�I�

K.

�Qå

��

�I

��K�

ñ�Ó

A�JK.

�Qå

��

��

IK.

�Qå

�� ÕÎ¾

�J�Ó

(a) Example 1

©�Ô

�g.

éJJ�

��K Yg

�@�ð

@ñ�ªÖ

�Þ�� A

�ªÖ

�Þ��

�©Ö

�Þ�� Q

��»

�Y

�Ó

I. K�A�«

�áªÖ

�Þ�� A

��J�ªÖ

�Þ��

I�ªÖ

�Þ��

I

��K�

ñ�Ó

Õ��æªÖ

�Þ�� A

�Ò

��JªÖ

�Þ��

��

IªÖ�Þ�� Q

��»

�Y

�Ó

Qå��

A�

g

��á��ªÖ

�Þ�� A

�Ò

��JªÖ

�Þ��

I�

ªÖ�Þ��

I

��K�

ñ�Ó

A�JªÖ

�Þ��

��

IªÖ�Þ�� ÕÎ¾

�J�Ó

(b) Example 2

Table 1: (

¬ð�Qª

�Ó) úæ

��

A�Ó

2

Lecture 5

characters ( �,P and H. in this case).

So�

H.

�Qå

�� means “He hit.”, A

��J�K.

�Qå

�� means “Those two females hit.” and Õ

��æK.

�Qå

��

means “They (more than two males) hit.2”.

E.g. Other verbs that would follow an identical pattern include�Qå

��

�� (meaning

“(He) helped”),��

��Ê

�g (meaning “(He) created”),

�É

��J��¯ (meaning “(He) killed”)

and�Q

�º

��

� (meaning “(He) thanked”).

E.g. The verb�

©Ö�Þ�� (meaning “(He) heard”) has a QK

P�

on the second characterand the forms it takes are shown in Table 1b.

1.2 Èñ�îfm.× É

�ª

¯ (Passive verb)

The fayl-e-maaroof (or active voice) and the fayl-e-majhool (or passive voice)

forms of a verb differ only in the harkat. So the active verb�

H.

�Qå

�� changes to

the passive verb�

H. Q�å��. However, unlike fayl-e-maaroof where we can have

�Qå

��

��

and�

©Ö�Þ��, the fayl-e-majhool will always be of the form

�H. Q

�å��. So the active voice

�Qå

��

�� and

�©Ö

�Þ�� change to the passive voice

�Qå�

�

�� and

�©Ö

�Þ�� respectively.

Table 2 shows the different forms the passive verb�

H. Q�å�� takes. Notice that the

table is identical to Table 1a with the verb�

H.

�Qå

�� replaced with the passive form

�H. Q

�å��.

2 ¨PA�

��Ó (Present and Future tense)

In addition to the maazi, Arabic only has one other tense for verbs – themazaaray. The mazaaray incorporates both the present and the future tenses

2This form will also be used if the fail is (a group of) more than two people containingboth males and females.

3

Lecture 5

©�Ô

�g.

éJJ�

��K Yg

�@�ð

@ñ�K. Q�

å�� A

�K. Q�

å��

�H. Q

�å�� Q

��»

�Y

�Ó

I. K�A�«

�áK. Q�

å�� A

��J�K. Q�

å��

�I

�K. Q�

å��

�I

��K�

ñ�Ó

Õ��æK. Q�

å�� A

�Ò

��JK. Q�

å��

��

IK. Q�å�� Q

��»

�Y

�Ó

Qå��

A�

g

��á��K. Q�

å�� A

�Ò

��JK. Q�

å��

�I�

K. Q�å��

�I

��K�

ñ�Ó

A�JK. Q�

å��

��

IK. Q�å�� ÕÎ¾

�J�Ó

Table 2: (Èñîfm.×) úæ

��

A�Ó

used in other languages. Again, Arabic uses different forms of the verb for theactive and passive forms for the mazaaray tense.

2.1

¬ðQªÓ É�ª

¯ (Active verb)

The mazaaray form for (the maazi verb)�

H.

�Qå

�� is

�H. Q

�å�

��3. This can mean “(He)

hits”, “(He) is hitting” or “(He) will hit”. The actual meaning is usually clearfrom the context of the sentence it is used in.

Table 3a shows the different forms the verb�

H. Q�å�

�� takes.

E.g. The mazaaray form for�

©Ö�Þ�� is

�©

�Ò�

�� (see Section 3). Table 3b shows the

different forms the verb�

©�Ò�

�� takes.

2.2 Èñ�îfm.× É

�ª

¯ (Passive verb)

As with the maazi, the fayl-e-maaroof (or active voice) and the fayl-e-majhool(or passive voice) forms of a mazaaray verb differ only in the harkat. So the

4

Lecture 5

©�Ô

�g.

éJJ�

��K Yg

�@�ð

�àñ

�K. Q�

å�

��

à�

A�K. Q�

å�

��

�H. Q

�å�

�� Q

��»

�Y

�Ó

I. K�A�«

�áK. Q�

å�

��

à�

A�K. Q�

å�

��

�H. Q

�å�

��

�I

��K�

ñ�Ó

�àñ

�K. Q�

å�

��

à�

A�K. Q�

å�

��

�H. Q

�å�

�� Q

��»

�Y

�Ó

Qå��

A�

g

�áK. Q�

å�

��

à�

A�K. Q�

å�

��

�á�K.�

Q�å�

��

�I

��K�

ñ�Ó

�H. Q

�å�

��

�H. Q

�å�

�@ ÕÎ¾

�J�Ó

(a) Example 1

©�Ô

�g.

éJJ�

��K Yg

�@�ð

�àñ

�ª

�Ò�

��

à�

A�ª

�Ò�

��

�©

�Ò�

�� Q

��»

�Y

�Ó

I. K�A�«

�áª

�Ò�

��

à�

A�ª

�Ò�

��

�©

�Ò�

��

�I

��K�

ñ�Ó

�àñ

�ª

�Ò�

��

à�

A�ª

�Ò�

��

�©

�Ò�

�� Q

��»

�Y

�Ó

Qå��

A�

g

�áª

�Ò�

��

à�

A�ª

�Ò�

��

�á�ª�

�Ò�

��

�I

��K�

ñ�Ó

�©

�Ò�

��

�©

�ÖÞ�

�@ ÕÎ¾

�J�Ó

(b) Example 2

Table 3: (

¬ð�Qª

�Ó) ¨PA

�

��Ó

5

Lecture 5

©�Ô

�g.

éJJ�

��K Yg

�@�ð

�àñ

�K.

�Qå

�

��

à�

A�K.

�Qå

�

��

�H.

�Qå

�

�� Q

��»

�Y

�Ó

I. K�A�«

�áK.

�Qå

�

��

à�

A�K.

�Qå

�

��

�H.

�Qå

�

��

�I

��K�

ñ�Ó

�àñ

�K.

�Qå

�

��

à�

A�K.

�Qå

�

��

�H.

�Qå

�

�� Q

��»

�Y

�Ó

Qå��

A�

g

�áK.

�Qå

�

��

à�

A�K.

�Qå

�

��

�á�K.�

�Qå

�

��

�I

��K�

ñ�Ó

�H.

�Qå

�

��

�H.

�Qå

�

�@ ÕÎ¾

�J�Ó

Table 4: (Èñîfm.×) ¨PA

�

��Ó

active (mazaaray) verb�

H. Q�å�

�� changes to the passive (mazaaray) verb

�H.

�Qå

�

��.

Table 4 shows the different forms the passive verb�

H.

�Qå

�

�� takes. Notice that the

table is identical to Table 3a with the verb�

H. Q�å�

�� replaced with the passive

form�

H.

�Qå

�

��.

3 Converting úæ��

A�Ó to ¨PA

�

��Ó

There is no fixed rule for converting a verb from the maazi to the mazaarayform. Table 5 shows six different verbs in their maazi and mazaaray forms.

Notice that even though the (maazi) verbs�

H.

�Qå

��,

�i

��J�¯ and

�Qå

��

�� have identical

harkat, yet their mazaaray forms are very different. The reason for this is simply

3This is NOT a general rule. E.g. The ¨PA�

��Ó form for

��

�Ê

�g is

��

�Êm�

�' and not

��Ê

�

m�

�'. See

Section 3 for the different ways the úæ��

A�Ó form of a verb can be converted to the ¨PA

�

��Ó form.

6

Lecture 5

Family ¨PA�

��Ó úæ

��

A�Ó

(h)�

I. ��m�

�'

�I. �

�

�k

(�)�

©�Ò�

��

�©Ö

�Þ��

(

�)�

H. Q�å�

��

�H.

�Qå

��

(

¬)�

i��J®

�K

�i

��J�¯

(

à)�Qå

��

J�K

�Qå

��

��

(¼)�Ð

�Qº

�K

�Ð

�Q

�»

Table 5: Converting úæ��

A�Ó to ¨PA

�

��Ó

that this is how the native Arabic speakers use these words.

The six options in Table 5 list all possible transformations of a maazi verb toits mazaaray form. So e.g. Arabic does not have any verb where the secondcharacter has a pesh but its mazaaray form has a zair or a zabar on the secondcharacter.

The entry of each verb in the dictionary has one of the six letters from the “Fam-ily” column against it. This letter decides which of these six transformations isused to convert the particular verb from the maazi to the mazaaray form.

4 Q�Ó@ É

�ª

¯ (Request/Order)

In Arabic, the fayl-e-amar is a verb representing an order or a request to do

something. So e.g. the fayl-e-amar for the verb�Qå

��

�� (meaning ”(He) helped”) is

Qå��

� @�(meaning “Help ! (order/request given to one male)”).

The fayl-e-amar can be formed only from a verb in the mazaaray, hazir form.The steps for converting a mazaaray, hazir verb to fayl-e-amar are as follows.

7

Lecture 5

1. Remove the �H before the mazaaray form.

2. If the first character (of the remaining word) contains a Ð Q�

k. , we add an

Ë�

�@ before the word so that it can be pronounced. If the harkat on the

íÒÊ¿ ¨ is a zair or a zabar, then the harkat for the Ë

�

�@ is a zair. Otherwise

the harkat on the Ë

�

�@ is a pesh.

3. If the word ends in a à, remove it. Otherwise, remove the harkat on the

last character and replace it with a Ð Q�

k. . This applies to all cases except

the jama, muannas form. In that particular case we leave the à at the

end when forming the fayl-e-amar.

E.g. The mazaaray, active verb�

H. Q�å�

�� changes to the fayl-e-amar H. Q

�å�@

�.

8

Õæ�k

�

��Q�Ë @ á

�

�Ò�k

��Q�Ë @ é

��

��Ê�Ë @ Ñ

��.�

Lectures 6 & 7a

1 X

��Q�

�m.

�× ú

�G�C��K

Till now we have looked at verbs whose simplest form (the maazi, wahid, ghayib,muzakar form in the active voice) is composed of exactly three characters fromthe Arabic alphabet. These are called X

��Q�

�m.

�× ú

�G�C��K (meaning “three and no more”).

2 éJ¯�

YKQ�

�Ó ú

�G�C��K

The second type of verbs (as far as number of characters are concerned) is thesalasi-mazıd-fih. This literally translates to “three and more”, meaning that thesimplest form (the maazi, wahid, ghayib, muzakar form in the active voice) ofthese verbs is composed of three root letters plus one or more letters.

There are many different categories within salasi-mazıd-fih, but only eight ofthese are commonly used in the Quran. We will be looking at only these eightcategories.

Table 1 lists the first four of these categories, each with two examples.


Lectures 6 & 7a

P�Y�

�Ó Èñ

�ª

®

�Ó Õæ� @

�É«

�A�¯ Õæ� @

�¨PA

�

��Ó úæ

��

A�Ó H. A

�K. #

�È@

�QK @�

�È

�Q ��Ó

�È

Q�

��Ó

�È

Q�

��K

�È

�QK�@ �

ÈA�ª

¯ @ �

H. A�K.

1

�ÐC

��@

�

�Õ�Î�

�Ó

�ÕÎ��

�Ó

�ÕÎ��

��

�Õ�Î�

�@

�Q�»�

Y

��K

�Q

��»

�Y

�Ó

�Q

��»

�Y

�Ó

�Q

��»

�Y

�K

�Q

��»

�X �

ÉJª�

®

��K H. A

�K.

2

�ÕæÊ�ª

��K

�Õ

��Î

�ª

�Ó

�Õ

��Î

�ª

�Ó

�Õ

��Î

�ª

�K

�Õ

��Î

�«

�P@

�Y

�J�

�¯ @�

�P

�Y

��J�®

�Ó

�PY

�

��J�®

�Ó

�PY

�

��J�®

�K

�P

�Y

��J�¯@�

�ÈA

�ª

�J�

¯ @ �

H. A�K.

3

�PA

�

¢�J�K @�

�Q

�

¢��JJ�Ó

�Q

¢�

��JJ�Ó

�Q

¢�

��J��K

�Q

�

¢��JK @�

�Q

��K.

�Y

��K

�Q

��K.

�Y

��J�Ó

�Q

��K.

�Y

��J�Ó

�Q

��K.

�Y

��J�K

�Q

��K.

�Y

��K �

É

��ª

�®

��K H. A

�K.

4

�É�

��»

�ñ

��K

�É�

��»

�ñ

��J�Ó

�É�

��»

�ñ

��J�Ó

�É�

��»

�ñ

��J�K

�É�

��»

�ñ

��K

�PA

��º

�K @�

–N/A–�Qå�

�

�º

J�Ó

�Qå�

�

�º

J�K

�Qå

��º

K @�

�ÈA

�ª

®�K @ �

H. A�K.

5

–N/A–

�ÈA

�J.�®�J��@

�

�É

�J.�®

��J�

�Ó

�ÉJ.�

�®

��J�

�Ó

�ÉJ.�

�®

��J�

��

�É

�J.�®

��J�@

��

ÈA�ª

®�J��@

�H. A

�K.

6

�È@

�YJ.

��@

�

�È

�YJ.

��

�Ó

�ÈY

�J.

��

�Ó

�ÈY

�J.

��

��

�È

�YJ.

��@

�

��é�

�Ê�K. A

��®

�Ó

�É

�K. A

��®

�Ó

�ÉK.�

A��®

�Ó

�ÉK.�

A��®

�K

�É

�K. A

��¯ ��

é��Ê�«A

�®

�Ó H. A

�K.

7

��é�

��J

�kA

�J.

�Ó

��

I�

kA�J.

�Ó

��

Ik�A�J.

�Ó

��

Ik�A�J.

�K

��

I�

kA�K.

�É

�K. A

��®

��K

�É

�K. A

��®

��J�Ó

�ÉK.�

A��®

��J�Ó

�É

�K. A

��®

��J�K

�É

�K. A

��®

��K �

É

��«A

�®

��K H. A

�K.

8

�Q

�

£A�J��K

�Q

�

£A�J��J�Ó

�Q

£�A�J��J�Ó

�Q

�

£A�J��K

�Q

�

£A�J��K

Table 1: Categories of éJ¯�

YKQ�

�Ó ú

�G�C��K

2

Õæ�k

�

��Q�Ë @ á

�

�Ò�k

��Q�Ë @ é

��

��Ê�Ë @ Ñ

��.�

Lectures 7b & 8

Miscellaneous

1 �I

��Ê«�

¬ðQ

�k

The Arabic characters @, ð and ø are called haroof-e-illat These sound like theharkat zabar, pesh and zair respectively. Because of this they sometimes effectthe characters that follow them. We will not go into the details on how theyeffect the word they occur in, but will just cover a few examples.

E.g. The (maazi, wahid, muzakar, ghayib) verb�

È�

ñ��¯ is written (and pronounced)

as�

ÈA��¯ (meaning “(He) spoke”) because of the harf-e-illat ð. The mazaaray form

of�

ÈA��¯ is

�Èñ

��®

�K.

E.g. The (maazi, wahid, muzakar, ghayib) verb� A�J

�k. is written (and pronounced)

as�ZA

�g. (meaning “(He) came”).

2 @�X @�and

à@�

When @�X @�

and à@

�(among others) are used before a verb in its maazi form, the

meaning of the verb changes to its mazaaray form. In addition to this, the

sentence starting with @�X @�or

à@�is composed of a Qå

�� and a Qå

�� H.�

@�

ñ�

k. .

E.g. Whereas the sentence é�

��<Ë @

�Qå�

��

�Z�A

�g. means “Allah’s help came” (in the

Why do we have

the words (i) Qå��

in its ©�¯

�P and

(ii) é

��Ê�Ë

�@ in its Q

�k.

forms?

maazi tense), the phrase é�

��<Ë @

�Qå�

��

�Z�A

�g. @

�X @�means “When Allah’s help comes” (in

the mazaaray form).

Also notice that the use of the word @�X @�now makes this an incomplete sentence

(with only the Qå��). It now needs a phrase (the Qå

�� H.�

@�

ñ�

k. ) to complete it.


Lectures 7b & 8

This Qå�� H.�

@�

ñ�

k. starts with a

¬. So the complete sentence is

. . .�½

��K.

�P Y

�Ò

�m�'

.�i

��J.

��

�¯ . . . é

�

��<Ë @

�Qå�

��

�Z�A

�g. @

�X @�

meaning “When Allah’s help comes . . . extol your Rabb’s limitless glory . . . ”.

3 ñ��Ë

Compared to @�X @�and

à@�, the use of ñ

�Ë has the completely opposite effect. When

ñ�Ë is used before a verb in its mazaaray form, it changes the meaning of the

verb to its maazi form. Also, the sentence starting with ñ�Ë is composed of a

Qå�� and a Qå

�� H.�

@�

ñ�

k. , but the Qå�� H.�

@�

ñ�

k. does not necessarily begin with a

¬.

E.g. . . .�¼

�Q

��K A

�Ó . . . Õ

�»

�Y

g�

@ñ�K ñ

�Ë

4 Ñ��Ë

When Õ�Ë is used before a verb in its mazaaray form, it will

1. remove the harkat on the last character, replacing it with a jazam, unless

the last character is a à in which case it is removed except in the case of

the jama, muannas form

2. change the meaning of the ¨PA�

��Ó verb to the ù

®�J�Ó úæ

��

A�Ó (or the “negated

past tense”).

So the mazaaray verb�

H. Q�å�

�� (meaning “(He) is hitting/will hit”) changes to

the maazi-manfi H. Q�å�

�� Õ

�Ë (meaning “He did not hit”).

5 à

�@, á

�Ë, ú

��æ

�k etc.

When à

�@, á

�Ë or ú

��æ

�k precede a verb in the mazaaray tense, they change the

harkat on the last character of the verb to a zabar. If, however, the last character

2

Lectures 7b & 8

of the mazaaray form is a à, they will result in the removal of the

à from theend except in the case of the jama, muannas case.

So the (jama, ghayib, muzakar) mazaaray verb�àñ

�K. Q�

å�

�� (meaning “(They) are

hitting/will hit”) changes to @ñ�K. Q�

å�

��

à

�@ or @ñ

�K. Q�

å�

��

á�Ë.

E.g. In�è�Q�

�«

�Ag. ð

�P

�iº

�J��K ú

��æ

�k the mazaaray verb

�iº

�J��K changed to

�iº

�J��K because

of the use of ú

��æ

�k.

Note: Sometimes there is a zabar on the last character of a mazaaray verb

even if it is not (explicitly) preceded by any of à

�@, á

�Ë or ú

��æ

�k. In such cases the

à

�@ before the verb is implied.

6 Adding certainty to an action

Sometimes the Arabs want to emphasize the certainty of something happening.

This is done by adding a�

È1 and

à2 (respectively) before and after the mazaaray

form of the verb.

So��á�K. Q�

å�

�J�

�Ë means “He will definitely hit”.

��àA

�K. Q�

å�

�J�

�Ë means “Those (two) men

will definitely hit”.��á�K. Q�

å�

�J�Ë means “Those (more than two) men will definitely

hit”.

E.g. The (mazaaray) verb ø�Q

��K means “(You) will see”,

�

àð�Q

��K means “(You all)

will see”. The phrase�Õæj�

�m.Ì'@

��à

�ð

�Q

��Ë means “(You) will certainly see al-jaheem”.

This also applies to the majhool form of a verb.

1YJ»�A��K ÐB

�

2 X

��Y

��

��Ó

àñ

�K

3

Lectures 7b & 8

7 B�

Adding B�

before a verb in its mazaaray form changes it to the úæî�

�E. This is the

opposite of Q�Ó@ É

�ª

¯ and is used to order/request/advice NOT to do something.

8 “Q�Ó@ É

�ª

¯” for I.

K�A�« and ÕÎ¾

�J�Ó

In the previous lectures we discussed that the Q�Ó@ É

�ª

¯ can only be made from a

(mazaaray) verb in the hazir form. There is a variation of the Q�Ó@ É

�ª

¯ that is

applicable to the ghayib and the mutakalam forms. In English, an approximatetranslation of this would be “He (third person) should come today” or “I shoulddo that”.

In Arabic, this is done by adding a È�before the mazaaray form of the verb. Also

the harkat on the last character is replaced by a jazam unless the last character

is a à, in which case it is removed except for the jama, muannas case.

So H. Q�å�

�JË�

means “He should hit” where the ‘he’ refers to a ghayib muzakar.

Note: When a�ð (meaning ‘and’) is present before such a verb, the zair on

the È is removed and a jazam is added. The same applies to the presence of A�¯

(meaning ‘therefore’) before the verb. So e.g. H. Q�å�

�JË�

changes to H. Q�å�

�J

�Ë�ð and

H. Q�å�

�J

�Ë A

�¯ in the two cases respectively.

4

arabic lectures notes from khalid zaheer.pdf

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