arab chieftains - stole semen to breed mares ivanov (russia) 1900 - - developed methods as we know...
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•Arab Chieftains - Stole semen to breed mares
Ivanov (Russia) 1900 -
- Developed methods as we know today
- Most work was with horses but did some cattle and
pig work
First US AI Cooperative - 1937
Dairy cooperatives merge and form large companies that dominate cattle AI industry - 1960’s to present
All turkey’s bred AI - 1960’s to present
Expansion of swine and horse AI - 1990’s
Genetic improvement of livestock
Disease control mechanism
Possible to increase fertility
Decrease breeding expense
Current Status of US Industry
Dairy Cattle - 7 million (50%)
Beef Cattle - 1.3 million (3%)
Swine - 20 - 30%
Turkey - 100%
Horses - Increasing rapidly
Genetic Improvement
Wide spread availability of genetically superior sires
Disease Control
Injured studs available
More valid stud proofs
Reduced danger from studs
Cost - relatively cheap
Estrus detection must be good
Handle and care for semen
Record Keeping
Time involved - Restraining and inseminating cow
Training required to handle semen and breed cow
Semen Collection•Sexual arousal using Sight, sound, smell, touch
•Best mount - Live
•Alternative mount - dummies available for:
Stallions
Boars
Bulls
Electro-ejaculation
Useful if male won’t or can’t mount
Get urine often
Poorer quality ejaculate
Used in rams and beef bulls
Massage Method
Stimulate by rectal massage
Seminal vesicles
Vas deferens
Artificial Vagina
•Temperature
•Bull, stallion, ram at 45°C
•Pressure
•Friction
•Lubrication essential
Extenders include:
Nutrients Glucose, fructose
Cold shock prevention Buffer
Milk, skim-milk, egg yolk Citrate, Tris
The buffer component Antibiotics
Inhibit bacterial growth Increase volume
Cryoprotectant glycerol
•After collected and extended, semen is put into a semen straw.
•That straw is placed into a Liquid Nitrogen Tank.
•Each tank contains a Cane, which consists of Goblets containing the semen straws themselves.
•Make sure that the correct procedure forfreezing semen in a liquidnitrogen is followed.
Use the procedures recommended by the semen supplier!!!
35°C water for 30 - 60 seconds
Ice water for 3 minutes
Pocket thaw
Be very careful when removing straw from Nitrogen Tank
Thawing
Time of insemination
Cow - 12 hours after observed in standing heat (AM - PM rule)
Sow - 24 and 36 hours after first seen in estrus
Gilt - 12 and 24 hours after first seen in estrus
Sheep -12 to 18 hours after first seen in estrus
Horses -Every second day beginning on day 3 of heat
Insemination Protocol•Rectal/ Vaginal
•Vaginal
Once you have collected the semen and detected estrus of the female, you can begin to inseminate.
• Begin by restraining the animal. This will protect the animal and the technician during the procedure.
STEP 1:
•The inseminator places their arm into the females rectum, using plenty of lubrication, and removes all feces. This will allow the inseminator to palpate for the cervix more easily.
STEP 2:
•Once the inseminator has located the cervix they will hold it in their hand.•Using their free hand the inseminator will obtain the syringe with a plastic sheath (pipette) already prepared with a straw of semen.
STEP 3 & 4:
Carefully inserting the syringe with semen, being sure not to contaminate it with feces or other contaminates, the inseminator will insert the syringe into the females vagina. They will continue to pass the syringe until they can pass it through to the end of the cervix.
STEP 5:
Once the end of the cervix is reached, the plunger on the syringe can be depressed allowing the semen to be deposited directly into the uterus of the female. The Sperm will then hopefully reach and fertilize the egg resulting in conception, and eventually a fetus.
STEP 6:
The procedure in sows is slightly different from that used in Cows and Mares. There is no rectal palpation necessary in sows, only passing a pipette into the vagina. Once passed, a bottle of extended semen is placed at the end of the pipette. No pressure is needed on the bottle, the sows reproductive track will complete the procedure. The bottle of extended semen does need to be protected from the light and temperature changes to protect the sperm.
What about Pigs?
Factors Effecting Conception Rate
Time of insemination
# of sperm inseminated
Fertility of males
Skill of inseminator