Aqueous Solutions

A. Solution – mixture that is evenly distributed. Homogenous.

1. Solute – (chunky stuff) Material getting dissolved. (sugar)

2. Solvent – Material doing the dissolving. (water)

B. pH1. Acids – Substance that forms H+ when

dissolved in water.

2. Base – Substance that reacts with the H+ thus reducing the free concentration of the hydrogen ion

Aqueous Solutions

AcidspH lower than 7Forms H+ Turns lithmus pinkTends to taste sourCorrosive to metalsExamples: HCl

HNO3

H2SO4

HC2H3O2

BasespH higher than 7Reduces H+, form OH-

Turns lithmus blueTends to taste bitterTents to feel slipperyCorrosiveExamples: NaOH

Ca(OH)2

Mg(OH)2

3. pH Scale

Chart that measures

the amount of H+

4. Buffers – Substances that can act as either an acid or base. Very important in living things by maintaining a stable pH environment close to 7.Ex: Sodium Bicarbonate

Biomolecules: Carbohydrates

CarbohydratesEnd in the suffix “ose”Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen ratio 1:2:1Used as a short-term energy source and

the main component of the cell wall of plants

Monosaccharide – single, simple sugarGeneral formula – (CH2O)

Most Common – Glucose (C6H12O6)

Fructose (C6H12O6)

Galactose(C6H12O6)

Carbon

Disaccharide (two monomers)

Most common: Sucrose (glucose/fructose)

Maltose (glucose/glucose)

Lactose (glucose/galactose)

Polysaccaride (three or more monomers)

Most common: Starch (glucose in straight chains)

Glycogen (glucose in branches)

Cellulose (glucose in linked chains)

Chitin

Biomolecules: Lipids

Lipids: Fats, oils and waxesLarge, water-hating moleculesCarbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen. Made of many carbons

(12 to 28) and hydrogens and only 1-2 oxygens.Play many roles in the cell:

Long term storage for animal cellsWater barrier for plants, water-fowlMain component in membranesHormones and chemical messenger

Fatty Acid is the single, starting unitHydrophilic: “water-loving”Hydrophobic: “water-hating”

Biomolecules : Lipids

3. Types of Lipids:a. Triglyceride – animal fat

b. Phospholipids – membranes

c. Waxes – repels water

d. Steroids - Hormones

Biomolecules: Proteins

Protein or polypeptide:Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

and NitrogenProteins are the workers of the cell:

Carry materials across the membrane.Move organelles and materials within the cell.Help reactions occur through enxymeHold cells together in multicellular organismsAlmost anything that needs to be done, will

be done with a protein.

Biomolecules: Proteins

The Amino Acid is the monomer in the polypeptide chain.

There are 20 different amino acidsDNA determines the sequence of amino

acids

Biomolecules: ProteinsProteins have to fold in a certain

way so that it functions correctly.

Biomolecules: Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids:Biomolecules made of Carbon,

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus

Function:

Information storageCell’s energy currency

Monomer is called a Nucleotide.

Biomolecules: Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids: Bases DNA RNA ATP

Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine

AdenineUracilCytosineGuanine

Adenine