aquatic life - vertebrate animals
DESCRIPTION
Aquatic Life - Vertebrate Animals. In this unit we will discuss characteristics of aquatic animals categorized as vertebrates (animals with backbones) beginning with fish. Summaries = Purple Underlined = Vocabulary. Photo Credit: Ken Knezick - Island Dreams Image. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Aquatic Life - Vertebrate Animals Aquatic Life - Vertebrate Animals
In this unit we will discuss characteristics of aquatic animals categorized as vertebrates (animals with backbones) beginning with fish.
Summaries = Purple Underlined = Vocabulary
Photo Credit: Ken Knezick - Island Dreams Image
Chordate CharacteristicsChordate Characteristics At some stage in their
development, all chordates share four main characteristics…
1. A dorsal, hollow nerve cord will later connect the brain to the rest of the body (internal organs, muscles, and sense organs in advanced organisms).
2. The notochord is a long supporting rod that runs through the body just below the nerve cord (it will be replaced by the backbone in advanced vertebrates).
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18559/18559-h/images/figure30.jpg
Nerve Cord/NotochordNerve Cord/Notochord
The nerve cord becomes the spinal cord.
The notocord becomes your backbone.
Think about how your brain communicates to the body; through the nerve cord.
If that is cut, then an organism is paralyzed!
(Your spinal cord runs here)
http://www.theamericanchiropractor.com/images/block-vertebra.jpg
http://www.umm.edu/spinecenter/education/images/vertebra.jpg
Chordate Characteristics Cont. Chordate Characteristics Cont.
3. Pharyngeal pouches are found in the throat region and will develop into gills or other structures such as jaws or inner ear in some organisms.
4. A tail is retained (kept) by most chordates throughout their lives.
Humans go through a stage in as a fetus where we have a tail for about two weeks.
http://www.biologycorner.com/bio2/notes33.html
Human fetus early in gestation (after sperm and egg unite) at about 2 – 4 weeks.
Sometimes the human is born with the tail and doctors will just remove it with a laser and cut it off.
http://www.chanceandchoice.com/ChanceandChoice/38daysheart.jpg
Traits of All ChordatesTraits of All Chordates
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/physiol/c34x2chordates.jpg
Sketch & Label
Introduction to VertebratesIntroduction to Vertebrates Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata (animals that have
backbones) 2 subphylums of non-vertebrate chordates that
do not have backbones ()1. Subphylum Urochordates - Tunicates (sea squirts)2. Subphylum Cephalochordata (lancelets)
TunicatesTunicates Scientists believe that
vertebrates evolved from ancient marine organisms like tunicates and lancelets.
These chordates are soft bodied marine organisms; they have a nerve cord but NOT a backbone.
Tunicates are filter feeding; go through a youth larval stage before their adult stage (below).
http://www.aboututila.com/Reviews/Charlie-Johnson/Photos/Bluebell-Tunicates.jpg
LanceletsLancelets Lancelets are small, fish
like creatures that live on the ocean floor.
They have a closed circulatory system (blood vessels), but no true heart and are thin enough that they filter oxygen straight through their skin. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/a/a0/Branchiostoma_lanceolatum.png/180px-Branchiostoma_lanceolatum.png
Subphylum Vertebrata Subphylum Vertebrata Members of subphylum vertebrata have an
endoskeleton (an internal skeleton) which can support large body and grows as the animal grows.
The skeleton includes a backbone which is a series of bones known as vertebrae that surround and protect the spinal (nerve) cord
Vertebrates have a distinct skull attached to the end of the backbone.
Vertebrates also have a well developed brain and sensory organs located in the skull (Cephalization).
http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week10/brainevolution.gif
Timeline - Vertebrate EvolutionTimeline - Vertebrate EvolutionAbout Age Animals
550 million years ago Ordovician Period First vertebratesjawless fishes
400 million years ago Devonian Period"Age of Fishes"
Acanthodiansjawed fish
350 million years ago Carboniferous Period (and Permian)"Age of Amphibians"
Amphibians
240 million years ago Triassic PeriodJurassic Period"Age of Dinosaurs"
reptiles appeareddinosaurs dominated the land for 150 million years - sauropods, theropods, etc..
60 million years ago Tertiary Period"Age of Mammals"
Dinosaurs extinctMammals appeared
340,000 years ago Quaternary period Humans appeared
Vertebrates adapted into 2 different ways to regulate body temperature.
Ectotherms have a body temperature that matches the external environment.
ecto = outside and therm = heat
EX fish, amphibians and reptiles
Endotherms can maintain a constant internal body temperature (using energy and adaptations such as hair and fat layers).
Endotherms, therefore require more food than an ectotherm.
endo = inside birds and mammals
Characteristics: Temperature Characteristics: Temperature
http://www.zum.de/Faecher/Materialien/beck/bilder/wechsel.jpg
Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system.
This means that all blood flow is contained within blood vessels.
They also have a multi-chambered heart pumps oxygen and nutrients to the body.
Characteristics: Circulation Characteristics: Circulation
Oviparous – eggs hatch outside the mother’s body and the yolk provides nourishment EX chickens, turtles
Ovoviviparous – eggs are held inside and hatch in the mother’s body and then young are born alive; yolk = nourishment EX sharks
Viviparous – young develop inside mother’s body and gets nourishment from the mother EX humans, dolphins
Characteristics: Reproduction Characteristics: Reproduction
http://courses.washington.edu/vertebra/451/photos/dogfish_embryo_ventral.jpg
Fish - ReproductionFish - Reproduction
Fish can have internal or external fertilization to reproduce.
Fish produce many more eggs (oviparous) than the environment can support.
Only the fastest, strongest and best are adapted survive.
http://www.ufz.de/data/5460
Fish get rid of waste products in the form of ammonia. Fish use a stomach, intestines, and kidneys to filter the wastes
from the blood which then is excreted through the anus.
Fish - ExcretionFish - Excretion
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Introduction to FishIntroduction to Fish Our first group of vertebrates that we will discuss
will be fish - covered by more than two-thirds of water, Earth displays a huge variety of fish.
Fish (not “fishes”) are aquatic organisms that can survive only in water.
http://www.mikelevin.com/ColorfulFishBig.jpghttp://www.noeticart.com/clipart/GreenAngler.jpg
Jawless FishJawless Fish Class Agnathans As their name implies, these fish
have no true teeth or jaws. Lack paired fins and are shaped
more like worms than other fish. These are the only vertebrates to
retain (keep) a notochord throughout their life.
Lampreys – parasites that feed on host’s body fluids; have no paired fins
Hagfish – scavengers
http://www.zoo.ufl.edu/courses/vertzoo/Images/Bonyfishlab2/Lamprey.jpg
http://img.alibaba.com/photo/11415707/Hagfish.jpg
Class Chondrichthyes This group of fish includes sharks
and their relatives sting rays. Their skeletons made of flexible
cartilage (like our noses) with tooth-like scales covering skin that feel like sandpaper.
They have stiff fins and their gills do not have covers.
These fish are adapted to deep-sea life.
Some are carnivores while others are filter feeders.
Internal fertilization with live birth. (ovoviviparous ).
Sharks & RaysSharks & Rays
http://www.tahiti.pictures-pacific.com/bora-bora/shark.jpg
http://www.globaljourneysmusic.com/club
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Class Osteichthyes These fish have skeletons
made of a calcified tissue called bone.
In many fish, the female lays the eggs and the embryos in the eggs develop and hatch outside her body (oviparous).
These eggs are soft-shelled eggs.
Flexible fins are used for movement.
Bony FishBony Fish
http://www.emill.com/emill_dynamic/image6in/puffer_fish.jpg
Ray-finned fish (the largest, most diverse group) are so called because of the thin bony spines, or rays, that help to form the fins.
Ray-finned fish have adapted to every kind of aquatic environment and evolved into thousands of species.
Bony Fish Subclasses – Ray-finnedBony Fish Subclasses – Ray-finned
http://www.goals.com/WorldDiveQuest/Pics/Maldives/lionfish.jpg
http://www.horsehomeopathy.com/images/beta-fish.jpg
Fish - Adaptations for WaterFish - Adaptations for Water Fish are characterized by overlapping scales
that cover the skin to provide protection. These scales are coated in a slippery mucus to
reduce friction in the water and help them to swim faster.
Fish have paired fins to help steer and provide stability in the water (movement).
Fish have an internal swim bladder to allow them to move up or down in the water or remain at a given depth. Think of it as a thin balloon-like sac; with air the fish goes
up in the water, without air the fish sinks (not found in sharks).
http://www3.telus.net/kerryw/creature/fish.jpg
http://www.kentuckylake.com/fishing/fishfacts/pics/ext-anat.jpg
The lateral line system is a sense organ that detects vibrations and changes in the water pressure and alerts fish to movement of other organisms in the water.
Fusiform shape allows a fish to move through the water effectively; fish are tapered at both ends to increase speed through the water.
Cont. Adaptations for WaterCont. Adaptations for Water
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