aquatic habitats, speciation, and zoogeography. habitat suitability ontogeneticcyclic...
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Aquatic habitats, speciation, and zoogeography
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Habitat suitability
Ontogenetic CyclicResident migrant migrant
Adapted from Able and Fahey 2010
High for all functions all of the time
Varies with size, age, or development
High for one function, low for another function
seasonal tidal diel
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Freshwater habitats- lotic -
small streams
mature rivers
wetlands
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Freshwater to marine Habitats - lentic
Ponds, small lakes
large lakes oceans
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Profundalzone
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Profundalzone
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Estuarine environments
- challenging
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Estuarine environment
1. Freshwater; usually temporary residents
2. Diadromous a. Found in large numbers as they travel through estuary b. Staging area (before moving upstream) e.g. salmon c. Nursery (e.g. shad)
3. True residents (entire life cycle in estuary)Few species in this category, e.g. white perch
4. Non-dependent marineCommonly found in lower reaches of estuary e.g. sculpins, flounders, surfperch
5. Dependent marine (a least 1 life-cycle stage)Spawning grounds or nurseries or feeding grounds for adults
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Intertidal environment – very harsh crashing surf strong currents/tides daily exposure to air but, great spatial heterogeneity, abundance of food
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Intertidal (littoral) environment 1. True residents: (dominant)
e.g. sculpins, blennies, clingfishes, gobies, gunnels
2. Partial residents (juveniles): (dominant)e.g. blennies, surfperches, labrids, some cottids, pholids
3. Tidal (= feeders) many species
4. Seasonal (= spawners) few species
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Neritic zone (to ~200 m)Neritic zone(sub-littoral)
teratogenic sources of nutrientswithin the photic zone, highly productiveenergy from waves, tides, for mixing
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Neritic zone
coral reefs, kelp forestshighly complex physical habitat, diverse physical nicheshighly speciose - about 40% of fish fauna – 6,000-8,000 spp
many species, few members, mostly smallmany specialized adaptations, particularly for feeding
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Neritic zone
continental shelfarea out to 200 m deep - average 700 km widemud/silt substrate, not complex, little structural complexitymostly ground feeders - gadids, pleuronectidsfew species, very abundant, mostly large (up to 1m)
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(euphotic)
(disphotic)
(aphotic)
Depth (m)
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(euphotic)
(disphotic)
(aphotic)
Depth (m)
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But what causes speciation??
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Barriers to marine dispersal
continental drift – separated continental shelf areas
continents – absolute barriersisthmus of Panama, Suez, closed ~ 3.7mya
submerged geographic features – mountains, sills
temperature – tropics vs. temperate, currents
salinity barriers – polar regions
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closed ~ 3.7 mya
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closed ~ 3.7 mya
saline, cold
saline, cold
hot
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23°C
2.5°C
14°C
2.5°C
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225 MYA180 MYA
130 MYA 70 MYA
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Freshwater fishes
Paleozoic MYACambrian 570Ordovician 505 first fishesSilurian 38Devonian 408 placoderms; “age of fishes”Carboniferous 360 hagfishes and lampreysPermian 286
MesozoicTriassic 245 Pangea convergence – paddlefish, sturgeonJurassic 208 Pangea split bowfins, gars, lungfishes Cretaceous 144 Esocidae, Umbridae, Salmonidae
Cenozoic Tertiary
Paleocene 65 Cyprinidae, Percidae, CatasomidaeEocene 58 Centrarchidae, IctaluridaeOligocene 38Miocene 24Pliocene 5
QuaternaryPleistocene 1.8 period of glaciationRecent
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225 MYA180 MYA
130 MYA 70 MYA
Freshwater fishes
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early Tertiary
early Tertiary
Pleistocene
Pleistocene
Mesozoic
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Native ichthyofauna: Atlantic salmon European eel Sea lamprey Brown trout Sturgeon Arctic char
Current ichthyofauna European river lamprey European brook lamprey Allis shad Twait shad Common Dace Common minnow Gobio gobio Common roach Common rudd European chub Carp bream Stone Loach Tench Northern pike European smelt Irish pollan Three-spined stickleback Nine-spined stickleback European bullhead Norway bullhead