apush chapter 30 power point 1
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THE CRISIS OF AUTHORITY
Kristin Rivas, Isai Argueta, Chris Manners, Ian Kytlica
CHAPTER 30
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The Youth CultureProtest focuses: 1. Political Left- strived to create a community of "the people" who would:
- break up powers that elites had- end the war -pursue racial and economic justice -WANTED TO CHANGE POLITICAL LIFE
2. Liberation- spoke for and through groups, so that these particular groups would gain recognition from society.
-African Americans-Native Americans-Hispanics- Women- Gays and lesbians
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The New Left The largest generation of youth in American history dominates more than half of the population. New Left: was formed by college and university students in the 1960s. -Students for Democratic Society (SDS) in 1962. Free Speech Movement:
- University of California Berkeley, Columbia University, Harvard University -1969 People's Park at UC Berkeley-The Weathermen- bombed school campuses and killed people in the process.-Students did everything possible to make war efforts difficult.
ex. March on the Pentagon, attack corporations that made weapons.
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The Counterculture A group of young people who openly expressed their disposition to middle class values and lifestyles.
HIPPIES- Sexual Revolution: contraceptive, birth control pill, abortion legalized in '73-Haight-Ashbury- Rock 'n' Roll: became famous in the the 1950s but began transitioning to mimic the lifestyles displayed by the rebellious generation. ex. Woodstock in 1969
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The Mobilization of MinoritiesMany of the protests displayed by African Americans inspired other groups and minorities to protest for their recognition and rights as well.
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The IndiansJohn Collier, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs retired in 1946.- 1953 "termination".
1. Removes all federal recognition of tribes.
2. Encouraged Indians to assimilate themselves to American ways so that they will lose their cultural distinctiveness. - 1958, the Eisenhower administration halts the termination policies.- 1961 The Indian Civil Rights Movement begins after the Declaration of Indian Purpose is signed.
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The Indians Continued
-1968, the American Indian Movement (AIM) was formed by young Indian militants. -1968, Indian Civilian Rights Act is passed by Congress-1970, President Nixon promised increased tribal self-determination and an increase in federal aid.-1972, Indian demonstrators occupied the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington D.C. for six days.-1973, Wounded Knee, South Dakota-1978, United States v. Wheeler- 1985, County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation
"right to choose our own way of life"
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Latino Activism - 1952, Operation Wetback
- AFL-CIO American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations.
- Chicanos: Mexican American activists
- United Farm Workers (UFW)
- 1974, right of non-English speaking students to schooling in their native language.
- Muliculturalism
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Gay Liberation
- Homosexuals tried to gain equality and social acceptance
-Stonewall Riot June 27, 1969
-liberation movement helped homosexuals "come out" openly
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The Rebirth of Feminism
-Equal Pay Act- pay women the same amount of money as men- 1966, National Organization for Women created; helped women gain equality- NOW denounced exclusion of women from professions, politics, etc.
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Achievements of Women
-all male schools began to enroll women; "two-career" family became normal- women began serving in Congress; competing against men
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The Abortion Controversy
- Abortion had once been legal in the U.S., but was banned until the 1960's- In 1973, the Supreme Court invalidated all laws prohibiting abortion during the first trimester
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The New Science of Ecology
- Ecology is the Science of the interrelatedness of the natural world. - widespread belief of "land ethic"- the findings of ecology including things like ecosystems, food chains, etc.
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Environmentalism
- Many organizations predated the rise of modern ecological science, including agencies not related to environmentalism- American Civil Liberties Union, The League of Women's Voters, AFL-CIO, etc. - pollution was a huge problem; water, air, acid rain
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Environmental Degradation
● Water Pollution ex. Cuyahoga River
would catch on fire because of the petroleum that was dumped into it.● Air Pollution from
factories and cars.● Smog levels● Acid rain● Global Warming
Cuyahoga River, Cleveland, Ohio 1969
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Earth Day and Beyond
● Earth day was originally supposed to be a series of teach-ins on college campuses. ○ earth day however grew to more than
that
● Earth day popularized environmentalism and helped create movements with more controversial topics.
● 1970 congress passed and Nixon signed the National Environmental Protection Act-- created the Environmental Protection Agency
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Vietnamization
● Henry Kissinger: national security advisor.
● Lottery system- destroys Selective Service
System.
● Vietnamization-train South Vietnamese
military.
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Escalation
- Nixon orders bombing of Cambodia territory.- Establish a pro-American regime under General Lon Nol.-May 4, Kent State University, Ohio -Pentagon Papers-My Lai Massacre-Black Mail-Easter Offensive
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"Peace and Honor"
- Kissinger discusses peace with Le Duc Tho: North Vietnamese foreign secretary.- December 16, talk of peace ends- December 17, American B-52's began air raids.- December 30, Nixon terminates Christmas bombing-January 27, 1973 a peace agreement is signed
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Defeat in Indochina
● March 1975, the North Vietnamese launched a full-scale offensive against the forces of the south.
● April 1975, communist forces marched into Saigon.
● Thieu regime and the staff of the American embassy had fled the country
● Communist forces occupied the capital. Renamed it Ho Chi Minh City
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Defeat in Indochina cont. ● The Lon Noi Regime in
Cambodia fell to communists at the same time.
● This was the end of American involvement in Vietnam.
● 1.2 million Vietnamese soldiers had died.
● The war cost the nation $150 billion in direct costs.
● 55,000 deaths and 300,000 injured.
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China and the Soviet Union
● 1949 Current U.S. Relations with China
● Nixon's visit to China○ July 1971-Henry
Kissinger○ February 1972-Nixon
himself● SALT 1 (1972)
○ ICBMs
Chinese Relations With Soviets
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The Problems of Multipolarity
● Nixon Doctrine○ "Participate in the defense and development of
allies and friends," but leave the "basic responsibility."
○ Military Junta-Gov't run by military officers● "Six-Day War"
○ Middle East (1967)○ King Hussein threatened by influx of Palestinians
● Arab Oil Embargo○ Yom Kippur War○ Embargo (1973)-Arab Gov't to supp. of Israel
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Domestic Initiatives
● Nixon's Domestic Policies○ Dismantled the
programs of the Great Society and the New Frontier
○ EX: The Office of Economic Opportunity
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From the Warren Court to the Nixon Court
● Supreme Court Rulings disrupted traditional social patterns and, in the opinion of many Americans, contributed to an increase in crime, disorder, and moral decay.
● Baker v. Carr○ Warren Court (1962)○ All citizen's votes would have equal weight
● Bakke v. Board of Regents of California○ 1978○ Affirmative Action (Nixon court)
● New Court Fell Short of many conservatives expectations!
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The Election of 1972
- Nixon entered reelection with a strong political campaign- Democrats nominated George McGovern, but his campaign was unappealing to the public-Nixon won by a landslide: 60.7% of the popular vote
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The Troubled Economy
● Inflation began to take off at an alarming rate○ Disturbing economic problem of the 1970s○ Most likely caused by federal deficit spending
(1960s)○ No longer able to get cheap raw minerals
■ Cost of energy went up (Dependency of automobiles and fossil fuels)
● OPEC○ Arab members stating the closure of oil imports to
nations that supported Israel○ Nations agreed to rais oil prices by 400%!
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The Troubles Economy (CONT.)
● Deindustrialization○ Factories closed across the country
■ Workers lost jobs● Many more knowledge based jobs (i.e.
technology, information systems)● Industrial workers could not get work at the
"knowledge based" jobs● Result: Growing pool of unemployed and
underemployed workers○ Industry never went back to the way it was in the
1950s and 1960s
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The Nixon Response
● Nixon decided to focus on inflation in response to the economic decline○ Cost of living rose to 15 percent (First 2 1/2 years)
● "Stagflation"-(Slow economic growth)○ Summer of 1971 Freeze!○ November-Phase II of Nixon economic plan○ Afraid of recession being more damaging during
election year, the administration reversed itself○ Largest budget deficit since WWII
● Substantial increase in inflation throughout these events