apush 1870-1900: cities, immigration, and labor unions
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 19: cities 1870-1900, immigration, unions,
etc.
Chapter 19: cities 1870-1900, immigration, unions,
etc.
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Economic and Social Forces that Changed the
Cities
Economic and Social Forces that Changed the
CitiesIndustrializationRailroadsImmigrationRural to urban migration
IndustrializationRailroadsImmigrationRural to urban migration
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Industrialization changes the cities…
Industrialization changes the cities…
By attracting large numbers of immigrants of migrants from rural regions
By attracting large numbers of immigrants of migrants from rural regions
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Population ShiftsPopulation Shifts
1860 1 in 6 Americans lived in cities of 8,000 or more OR nearly 20 percent lived in cities
1890 3 in 10 lived in cities OR 33.3 percent lived in cities
1900 40 percent lived in cities 1920 50 percent lived in cities
Urban population increased 700 percent between 1865 and 1905
1860 1 in 6 Americans lived in cities of 8,000 or more OR nearly 20 percent lived in cities
1890 3 in 10 lived in cities OR 33.3 percent lived in cities
1900 40 percent lived in cities 1920 50 percent lived in cities
Urban population increased 700 percent between 1865 and 1905
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1870-1900 New Immigration1870-1900 New Immigration
80% immigrants Eastern / Southern European
75% single men, $1.00 room Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 Literacy tests Cities and social geography
80% immigrants Eastern / Southern European
75% single men, $1.00 room Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 Literacy tests Cities and social geography
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400000320000240000160000800000
Eastern European
Southern European
Western European
Chinese
Latin America
1900 Immigration
What is the push pull relationship In 1870-1900 to immigrate to America? How many stay in USA?
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Literacy Test HistoryLiteracy Test History
Why have literacy tests? IQ tests 1904 by Alfred Binet Wealthiest 1% own 50% of property Who to be educated and what
immigrants can come into USA.
SAT by James B. Conant Select by merit not connections
Why have literacy tests? IQ tests 1904 by Alfred Binet Wealthiest 1% own 50% of property Who to be educated and what
immigrants can come into USA.
SAT by James B. Conant Select by merit not connections
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Diagram of a dumbbell tenement, c. 1879
Illegal by 1901
Diagram of a dumbbell tenement, c. 1879
Illegal by 1901
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New York tenements at the turn of the century
New York tenements at the turn of the century
500,000 people per square mile in the Lower East Side. One person per square foot.
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Jacob Riis (1849-1914)Photographer and author of
How the Other Half Lives (1890)
Jacob Riis (1849-1914)Photographer and author of
How the Other Half Lives (1890)
Children sleepingin Mulberry Street (1890)
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Jacob Riis photos, How the Other Half Lives
Jacob Riis photos, How the Other Half Lives
NY 1889 and an8 Hour apartmentrental
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Jacob Riis photos, How the Other Half Lives
Jacob Riis photos, How the Other Half Lives
1892 NY
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Jacob Riis photos, How the Other Half Lives
Jacob Riis photos, How the Other Half Lives
1892 NY
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Showing Their Tricks: Hell’s Kitchen Boys, 1888-1889
Showing Their Tricks: Hell’s Kitchen Boys, 1888-1889
Jacob Riis
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Jacob Riis photos, How the Other Half Lives
Jacob Riis photos, How the Other Half Lives
Pedlar in NY 1892
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Jacob Riis photos, How the Other Half Lives
Jacob Riis photos, How the Other Half Lives
Mulberry Bend, NY 1888
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Jacob Riis photos, How the Other Half Lives
Jacob Riis photos, How the Other Half Lives
Mullen’s Alley 1888
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Chicago Slums c. 1900Children playing near a dead horse
Chicago Slums c. 1900Children playing near a dead horse
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Room in a Tenement Flat, 1910
Room in a Tenement Flat, 1910
Jessie Tarbox BealsMuseum of the City of New York
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Child Labor’s continual increase…
Child Labor’s continual increase… Why would the
federal government wait until 1916 (and then the Supreme Court over turns in in 1923!) to pass child labor legislation?
Why would the federal government wait until 1916 (and then the Supreme Court over turns in in 1923!) to pass child labor legislation?
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Rural to Urban MigrationRural to Urban Migration
Why are farmers moving from the country to the cities in the late 1800’s?
Why is there an increase in African-American migration from the South to the North?
Why are farmers moving from the country to the cities in the late 1800’s?
Why is there an increase in African-American migration from the South to the North?
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Urban Reformers by 1900…
Urban Reformers by 1900…
Wanted the federal government to ensure safety and education
Until federal government became involved, middle and upper class women took on reform Settlement houses
Wanted the federal government to ensure safety and education
Until federal government became involved, middle and upper class women took on reform Settlement houses
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Jane Addams, founder of Hull House
(1860-1935)
Jane Addams, founder of Hull House
(1860-1935)
In 1931, Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace
Prize
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Hull House, Chicago1889
Hull House, Chicago1889
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Lillian Wald (1867-1940), nurse, social worker
Lillian Wald (1867-1940), nurse, social worker
Wald introducedthe pioneering
concept ofpublic health
nursing
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Lillian Wald founded Henry Street Settlement
in New York in 1895
Lillian Wald founded Henry Street Settlement
in New York in 1895
Lillian Wald in her office
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Cities and Social GeographyCities and Social Geography Slums - area by the factory, back
of the yards Ghetto - dense immigrants split
by ethnicity Suburban Sprawl and the wealthy
Trolley cars, street cars
Slums - area by the factory, back of the yards
Ghetto - dense immigrants split by ethnicity
Suburban Sprawl and the wealthy Trolley cars, street cars
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Horses were replaced by electric or gas trolley’s later replaced by
buses
Horses were replaced by electric or gas trolley’s later replaced by
buses
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Transportation RevolutionTransportation Revolution,,
Horse railways,1880s
Subways, elevated trains and electric trolleys,1890s
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Hester Street, New York Cityc. 1902
Hester Street, New York Cityc. 1902
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Fifth Avenue in New York City on Easter Sunday in
1900
Fifth Avenue in New York City on Easter Sunday in
1900
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Chicago and Ethnicity Chicago and Ethnicity
http://www.dreamtown.com/neighborhoods/edgewater.html
Public Transportation made it possible for middle/upper class families to move away from industrial core/city centers, away from immigrants-Cities become divided by class, ethnicity, and race
-ie: Chicago!
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Labor Movement and Labor Unions Great RR Strike of 1877 Knights of Labor 1869 American Federation of Labor 1886 Haymarket Riot 1886
Labor Movement and Labor Unions Great RR Strike of 1877 Knights of Labor 1869 American Federation of Labor 1886 Haymarket Riot 1886
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The Great RR Strike of 1877The Great RR Strike of 1877
This July 25th marks the 132th anniversary of the Shamokin Uprising, when desperation and starvation drove railroad workers and miners to join the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, America’s first nationwide strike.
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Knights of Labor 1869Knights of Labor 1869
Uriah Stephens
What makes the Knighs of LaborSo democratic?
What is the downfall of the Knights of Labor, why will ithave trouble being the lead union?
Terence Powderly
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American federation of Labor 1886American federation of Labor 1886
Samuel Gompers
Who joined theAFL comparedTo the KnightsOf Labor?
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August Spies and Albert ParsonsAugust Spies and Albert Parsons
Unions and Anarchy, a socialist movementGrows in America.
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Haymarket Square Riot 1886Haymarket Square Riot 1886
What was the goal of the May 1st rally in Chicago?
What role did Police Chief John “BlackJack” Bonfield play in the riot?
How are Spies and Parsons like John Brown?
What was the goal of the May 1st rally in Chicago?
What role did Police Chief John “BlackJack” Bonfield play in the riot?
How are Spies and Parsons like John Brown?
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On November 11, 1887 four men, Albert Parsons, August Spies, Adolph Fischer, and George Engel were hanged. Louis Lingg committed suicide in prison awaiting the death sentence. Oscar Neebe, Mike Schwab, and Samuel Fielden pardoned.
On November 11, 1887 four men, Albert Parsons, August Spies, Adolph Fischer, and George Engel were hanged. Louis Lingg committed suicide in prison awaiting the death sentence. Oscar Neebe, Mike Schwab, and Samuel Fielden pardoned.
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Unit 6: Chapter 19, lecture 8Unit 6: Chapter 19, lecture 8
Big City Bosses, Tammany Hall Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives Lincoln Steffens The Shame of The Cities
Thomas Nast Culture and leisure time develops in the
cities Luis Sullivan John and Washington Roebling Elisha Otis Frederick Olmstead Rudolph Hering
Big City Bosses, Tammany Hall Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives Lincoln Steffens The Shame of The Cities
Thomas Nast Culture and leisure time develops in the
cities Luis Sullivan John and Washington Roebling Elisha Otis Frederick Olmstead Rudolph Hering
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Tammany Hall and Machine Politics
Tammany Hall and Machine Politics
1st
Ward
3rd
Ward4th
Ward2nd
Ward
City HallMayor
Bd. of Aldermen
TammanyHallBoss
VOTES MONEY
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Political MachinePolitical Machine Organized group that controlled the activities of a
political party in a city. Offered services to voters and businesses in
exchange for political and financial support. Pyramid with local precinct workers at bottom and
political boss at top. Immigrants fueled the machine as voters.
They Received: Naturalization Housing Jobs
Organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city.
Offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political and financial support.
Pyramid with local precinct workers at bottom and political boss at top.
Immigrants fueled the machine as voters. They Received: Naturalization Housing Jobs
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Big City BossesBig City Bosses
“Hinky Dink” Kenna & “Bathhouse” John Coughlin
Chicago
William M. TweedNew York
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Thomas Nast, political cartoonistThomas Nast, political cartoonist
Why were the political cartoons so effective?
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Lincoln Steffens , The Shame of the Cities
Lincoln Steffens , The Shame of the Cities Exposed corruption
within muncipial government
Connects/favorable contracts for big business
Graft
Exposed corruption within muncipial government
Connects/favorable contracts for big business
Graft
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Chicago School of Architecture
Chicago School of Architecture
William Le Baron Jenney Home Insurance Building,
1884 Louis Sullivan: “Form
follows function” Chicago Board of Trade,
1894
William Le Baron Jenney Home Insurance Building,
1884 Louis Sullivan: “Form
follows function” Chicago Board of Trade,
1894
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John Roebling and the Brooklyn Bridge
Opened May 24, 1883
John Roebling and the Brooklyn Bridge
Opened May 24, 1883
1890
1881
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Elisha Otis and ElevatorElisha Otis and Elevator
Elisha Graves Otis
It was not until 1857 that the first passenger elevator began operation, in the New York City Haugwout department store. At that time, the steam-powered elevator traveled at a leisurely
40 feet per minute (4.8 miles per hour) Between 1880 and 1900, all major 10-or 12-story buildings in New York City used hydraulic elevators
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Frederick Olmstead and NY Central Park
Frederick Olmstead and NY Central Park
Situated between 59th street and 110 streets in the heart of New York City
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Rudolph Hering, the dean of sanitary
Rudolph Hering, the dean of sanitary
Reversed the Chicago River. It carried waste water away from the lake, through the Des Plaines and Illinois rivers, to the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico.
Reversed the Chicago River. It carried waste water away from the lake, through the Des Plaines and Illinois rivers, to the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico.
Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, finished in 1900