AP European HistoryAugust 27 – 31 2018

Hopefully you were able to complete the Quia Test Assignment okay We have a nice three day weekend (Labor Day is Monday Sept 3). See ya on Tuesday

September 4th

MONDAY and TUESDAY (new unit) Analyze the theories of Martin Luther. (OS-3,11)(SP-2,3,11) Explain why Luther's religious ideas became so political. (OS-3,11)(SP-2,3,11)

Materials Strategy/FormatPPT/video Lecture-discussion

Student SkillsContextPeriodizationCausation

Introduction As we have discussed the Reformation was not a sudden event. There had been events and criticisms from

within the Church for a very long time. We know the basics of the Reformation probably already. (Review Points) Can it be argued that the Reformation had a start date? How about an end date or can it be argued that the process has never stopped? Do you think that it strengthened or weakened organized religion? What impact did it have upon American History?

As we start this new and rather long unit be aware that this is an all-encompassing movement. We will examine political results (wars and results), economics (the strengthening of middle class and early capitalist developments), social (a new wave of religious thought, expanded education, middle class development, impact upon women…..), and culture (the development of art, literature, music, and philosophic movements)

Another key aspect of how we will examine the reformation is how impacted various nation-states.France and religious civil wars, England and the development of Anglicanism, the Low Countries and their rebellion from Spain, the Holy Roman Empire and its growing weaknesses.

Today we are going to start a deeper look at the Reformation and the sweeping social, political, economic, and cultural impact that this event across Europe and perhaps the world. Furthermore we will examine the Counter-Reformation launched by the Church.

The Protestant Reformation was perhaps the most important historical period of the early modern period. It had deep socio-political and economic impact as well as a subsequent cultural effect. Like most major events the Reformation was a global phenomenon. The period of religious tensions would not only cause terrible wars in Europe but it would also help spawn a series of migrations to the recently discovered New World. Ultimately the foundations of America were laid in the early 17th century efforts by Puritans (Calvinists) in both America and Canada.

Why Catholicism was Important in Europe1. Obviously the root word is to reform. So, our first step is to see what needed to be reformed but before that

step we have to lay a little ground work about the Church itself2. The Catholic Church (We will stay with Roman Catholic at this point)

a. It was the only government with international rootsb. It was the only welfare system availablec. It served as a sanctuary for those oppressed by political leadersd. It served as a repository of knowledge and the only formal educatione. And finally but of course not unimportantly it was the pathway to salvation for millions of

Christians3. So in effect Catholicism was similar to the UN in its organization. There were several organizational

missions of the church beyond its religious mission.

The Church Hierarchy1. The term “catholic” means universal and the Church itself represented this idea (though of course much

more now than at that time2. The Pope, Archbishops, Cardinals, Bishops, parish Priests3. The Cardinals choose new popes (college of cardinals) and the Popes choose the rest basically except

parish priests

Popular Movements and Criticism Before Luther

What had been some problems plaguing the Church back to the LMA?

1. Scholasticism vs. Emotion (a common trend for much of Euro/American History)a. The scholastic method was a form of inquiry that combined the teachings of the Greeks

particularly Aristotle with early Church leaders like St. Thomas Aquinas. There was no problem with the philosophy itself. IN fact, the scientific method is based upon it. But there were some who accepted the teachings as the ONLY method to explain anything. Now, the main problem came because it developed into a logical and reasoned explanation for all things. Some early Protestants argued that it made for boring theology. They preferred a more emotional and spiritual theology.

b. This would create the foundation of an old argument: strict teachings and fundamentalism against emotional interpretation. This still exists and a sense of neo-scholasticism is prevalent among some fundamentalist faiths.

2. The expansion of education and the growth of cities a. This was not in itself a problem. The crux of the matter was really a growing unwillingness to use

Latin. The Church could no longer extol its own orthodox ideas transmitted though the clergy. As literacy spread (largely due to the printing press) people began to question more openly.

b. Of course the spread of liberal education also introduced a higher degree of humanism and Neo-Platonism. This also had the effect of minimizing the message of sin and maximizing the concept of freewill.

3. Clerical critics (Erasmus for example) called for a return to “Philosophia Christi” or a reliance upon the basic teachings of Christ. As you saw from your documents, Petrarch expressed the same feelings.

The Modern Devotion

1. A lay order started in Holland (community between laymen and clergy)2. No distinction between the two and no special vows (how does this resemble protestant faiths today?)3. Thomas a Kempis Imitation of Christ (Erasmus was his student)4. The Christian Brothers is a similar movement dedicated to education5. The sermons and teachings were NOT in Latin. Why is this critical?

Problems That the Church Faced1. Benefices and Indulgences2. Incompetent priests and a worldly attitude3. Absentee bishops4. A growing sense of regional control and the seeds of nationalism

Political and secularism vs. Church control1. Tithes and church control of lands2. Clerical vs. secular courts3. Who should name a priest, church or state?

The Teachings of Martin LutherIntroduction Though as we have seen Martin Luther is credited w/starting the Reformation, it was already beginning to take shape. Why is this when already there were criticism? Whatever the case his vehement defense of his beliefs coupled w/ his resistance to the Pope himself was quite powerful. Perhaps this is the reason why he is credited.

Procedure1. Luther’s early days (his conversion)2. Luther the angry monk in Wittenberg Germany

Basic Teachings1. Indulgences (The spark and what was the true story?)2. Good deeds version Salvation: Sola fide (By Faith Alone are we saved)3. The Clergy: Sola Gratia (There is no need of a clergy to guide salvation)4. The Bible: Sola Scriptura (and subsequent use of vernacular to instruct)5. The Sacraments (7 whittled down to 2 Baptism and the meaning of the Eucharist/communion)

This is known as transubstantiation.

The Papacy Acts1. Leo X predicament: silencing Luther will martyr him but doing nothing is a sign of weakness.2. The Diet of Worms (Luther’s trial and excommunication)

The Reformation Turns Political1. Princes vs. the Church vs. the HRE Charles V2. The Schmalkaldic League was an alliance of Lutheran princes and nobles who were preparing for war

against Emperor Charles V knowing that he would likely fight.3. The most important result of the war was a decision by Charles V to allow the German princes to choose

the religion of their realm. This was known as the Peace of Augsburg

HomeworkNo Homework for Monday

Homework for TuesdayIn the textbook read pp: 453 - 466 Be Prepared Quiz from this reading, class notes and web-notes. We have talked about much of it so hopefully it looks familiar.

WEDNESDAY Quiz on the origins of the Reformation and the teachings of Martin Luther

Materials Strategy/ FormatSA quiz form Assessment

Student SkillsContextCausation

Homework Due FridayUsing your textbook complete the following doc sets 13.1 page 396-397 Q1,2Living in the Past pp: 398 – 399 Q1,2,3Primary Source 13.2 page 403 Q1,2

THURSDAY Examine factors leading to the splintering of the Protestant Movement. (OS-3,11) (SP-2,3,11) Outline the theories of Ulrich Zwingli the Swiss Reformation. (OS-3,11) (SP-2,3,11)

Materials Strategy/Format PPT Lecture/Discussion

IntroductionAs we have discussed, the Reformation was now a political event as rebellious North German prices used Lutheranism as a rallying point against the power of the Papacy and Holy Roman Church. Soon the Reformation turned violent. Not only did it lead to war in Germany but the Protestants themselves would soon splinter of doctrinal differences.

The Schmalkaldic War refers to the period of violence from 1546 until 1547 between the armies of Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League within the realms of the Holy Roman Empire. The Schmalkaldic League was a defensive alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century. starting for religious reasons at the Protestant Reformation, its members eventually wanted to substitute the Holy Roman Empire as a political allegiance. It was a militarily powerful alliance to confront Charles V and defend their political and religious interests.

Though Charles V was technically won the war he had bigger problems to the South: an invasion by the Ottoman Empire. Soon he abdicated his throne and named his brother Ferdinand as his successor. So, he called for a negotiation in his realm to be held.

The Diet of Augsburg (1555) is widely viewed as the turning point between the tumultuous age of the Protestant Reformation in the German lands and the subsequent era of confessional formation and negotiation. In what came to be known as the "Peace of Augsburg" In the wake of two wars – the Smalkaldic War of 1546-47 and the Princes' War of 1552 – the new Holy Roman Emperor. King Ferdinand and the leading princes decided to move toward a negotiated, provisional arrangement of the religious question. The Diet of Augsburg was important in many respects, but its central achievement was its provisions on religion, “the Religious Peace.” Briefly stated, the Religious Peace made political restoration possible by accepting what had previously been regarded as an impossibility – namely, religious diversity. But, in fact, it actually decreed the toleration only of those who accepted the Confession of Augsburg (1530), the definitive Lutheran doctrinal statement. Officially, the Empire remained a Catholic polity in

communion with Rome. We often see the famous statement " Cuius regio, eius religio" is a Latin phrase which literally means "Whose realm, his religion", meaning that the religion of the ruler was to dictate the religion of those ruled.

The Swiss Reformation and Peter Zwingli 1. The background of Swiss Reformation was two basic things: reform of church practices and nationalism. 2. Like Luther Zwingli hated indulgences and felt that some aspects of religion were superstitious. But

Zwingli claimed his inspiration was Erasmus and not Luther!!!3. The People’s Priest was a politico-religious position in Zurich that was elected. Zwingli was denied this

because he had an affair. Therefore he was not celibate.4. So one of his big ideas was celibacy of the clergy5. Soon Zwingli called for a literal interpretation of the Bible. Many evangelicals can trace their beliefs here.6. Soon he came out against saints, pilgrimages, purgatory, most holy days, and sacraments

The idea of TransubstantiationAt this point, Luther and Zwingli split. What happens at communion?Luther: Christ is actually there and you can experience his human sideZwingli: It is only symbolic though perhaps an important ceremony

The Marburg Colloquy 1529Landgrave Philip of Hesse in an attempt to forestall a division in Protestantism called the two together. They could not agree. Though they continued some cooperation. This was the beginning of the separation that continues to this day. Once again, who seems more radical?

Why did Philip of Hesse care? The HRE was still Catholic and still a potential threat to non-Catholics.The Schmalkaldic League was formed as a mutual defense force and would later square off against the so-called Catholic League.

ConclusionA civil war erupted in Swiss cantons and Zwingli will be killed and his body hacked to pieces. However the movement itself continued to inspire other reformers including the subject of tomorrow’s discussion: John Calvin. Two currents in Protestantism can be detected. Lutheran ideology will eventually be rooted in Anglicanism and Episcopal faiths whereas Zwingli’s ideology will be visible in Methodist and Baptists.

HomeworkRead the following links and be prepared for bell work questions in class tomorrowThe ideas of Anabaptismhttp://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/anabapt.htm

The Anabaptist Rebellionhttp://www.executedtoday.com/2012/01/22/1536-the-munster-rebellion-leaders/

FRIDAY

Discuss the nature and beliefs of Anabaptism.(OS-3,11)(SP-2,3,11) Examine the teachings and influence of John Calvin.(OS-3,11)(SP-2,3,11)

Materialsppt and docs

Student SkillsContextPeriodizationCausation

By the time that we move into the later part of the 16th century, a new force had overtaken Lutheranism as the leader of Protestantism.

1. Calvinism is an important religious movement and one that impacted the early history of the U.S.

ProcedureThe Reformation in Geneva and John Calvin

1. Predestination was a new and powerful theology that will have great influence across Europe and eventually colonial America (Puritans). Because Calvin taught that we do not know who is the “elect,” we must look for signs of God’s grace in people. This could be a woman who is a good wife and mother. A man who actually has attained a state of wealth could be a sign of God’s favor and the idea is that he should share that wealth. A 19th century historian Max Weber believed that Calvinism and other similar beliefs helped inspire capitalism. Why? Now money was not the root of all evil but could be a positive. Some of you might recall the book by Andrew Carnegie The Gospels of Wealth where he essentially was saying the same idea as John Calvin.

2. The Institutes of the Christian Religion was Calvin’s book and it will become very influential as Calvinism will supplant Lutheranism as the main protestant denomination. Soon Calvinism will also be a political force across Europe.

Geneva and the Strasbourg Model1. In modern day Geneva Switzerland and Strasbourg France Calvin created a theocratic system of

government. In this arrangement, the political leaders were as follows: Pastors, teachers, Elders, and Deacons. Each congregation ran its own affairs. Later on, this will be a major political issue in France, England, and Holland because they will not believe in the authority of civil governments

2. There was a court of morality called the consistory. It handled moral offenses meting out punishments for drunkenness, singing, and even dancing.

3. It was also not unheard of that some would be sentenced to death. One famous case was of Michel Severtus who taught an alternative view Christ was only a divinely inspired man and that the trinity was a man made concept. He was burned at the stake.

ConclusionAs we see the Calvinist faith was in a way quite radical compared to Lutheran ideology. Geneva became a haven for many oppressed Protestants and the mixture of cultures and ideas had a profound impact on the spread of the faith into places like Holland and France.

HomeworkEnjoy Labor Day not doing any Labor at all for AP European