apt-17 2017 south carolina pest management handbook...1 tsp = 0.17 fl oz 1 tbs = 3 tsp 1 fl oz = 2...
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APT-17
2017SouthCarolinaPestManagementHandbook
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Table of Measurements and Conversions
Standard Measure Metric Conversion Length: 1 ft = 12 in 1 yd = 3 ft 1 mi = 5,280 ft 1 mph = 88 ft/1 min
Length: 1 in = 25.4 mm = 2.54 cm 1 ft = 304.8 mm = 30.48 cm 1 yd = 914.4 mm = 91.44 cm = 0.914 m 1 mi = 1,609 m = 1.61 km 1 mm = 0.03937 in 1cm = 0.394 in = 0.0328 ft 1 m = 39.37 in = 3,281 ft 1 km = 3,281 ft = 0.621 mi
Area: 1 sq in = 0.007 sq ft 1 sq ft = 144 sq in 1 sq yd = 1,296 sq in = 9 sq ft 1 ac = 43,560 sq ft = 4,840 sq yd
Area: 1 sq in = 6.45 sq cm 1 sq ft = 929 sq cm 1 sq yd = 8,361 sq cm = 0.8361 sq m 1 ac = 4,050 sq m = 0.405 h 1 sq m = 1,550 sq in = 10.76 sq ft 1 h = 107,600 sq ft = 2.47 ac
Volume: 1 tsp = 0.17 fl oz 1 tbs = 3 tsp 1 fl oz = 2 tbs = 6 tsp 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 16 tbs 1 pt = 2 cups = 16 fl oz 1 qt = 2 pt = 32 fl oz 1 gal = 4 qt = 8 pt = 128 fl oz = 231 cu in Note: To convert liquid ounces to gallons, multiply by 0.0078125(.008)
Volume: 1 fl oz = 29.5 ml = 0.0295 L 1 pt = 437 ml = 0.437 L 1 qt = 945 ml = 0.945 L 1 gal = 3,785 ml = 3.785 L 1 ml = 0.033 fl oz 1 L = 33.8 fl oz = 2.112 pt = 1.057 qt = 0.264 gal
Weight: 1 oz = 0.0625 lb 1 lb = 16 oz 1 ton = 2,000 lb 1 gal of water = 8.34 lb
Weight: 1 oz = 28.35 g 1 lb = 454 g = 0.4536 kg 1 ton = 907 kg 1 gal of water = 3.786 kg 1 g = 0.035 oz 1 kg = 35.27 oz = 2.205 Lb
Concentration: 1 part per million (ppm)= 0.00001 percent = 0.013 oz in 100 gal of water 1 percent = 10,000 ppm 0.1 percent = 1,000 ppm 0.01 percent = 100 ppm 0.001 percent = 10 ppm
Concentration: 1 part per million (ppm)= 1 milligram/liter = 1 milligram/kilogram 1 percent = 10 grams/liter 0.1 percent = 1,000 milligrams/liter 0.01 percent = 100 milligrams/liter 0.001 percent = 10 milligrams/liter
Temperature: To convert degrees Celsius (°C) to degrees Fahrenheit (°F): multiply by 1.8 and add 32. Example: 30 degrees °C = 86 degrees °F. (30x1.8+32) To convert degrees Fahrenheit (°F) to degrees Celsius (°C): subtract 32 multiply by 0.56. Example: 50 degrees °F = 10 degrees °C (50‐32x0.56).
Abbreviations: ac = Acre; cm = Centimeter; fl oz = Fluid ounce; ft = Foot or Feet; g = Gram; gal = Gallon; h = Hectare (1h = 10,000 square meters); in = Inch; kg = Kilogram; km = Kilometer; L = Liter; lb = Pound; mi = Mile; oz = Ounce; pt = Pint; m = Meter; mg = Milligram; min = Minute; ml = Milliliter; mm = Millimeter; qt = Quart; sq = Square; tbs = Tablespoon; tsp = Teaspoon; yd = Yard.
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South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017
2017SouthCarolina
PestManagementHandbookThe Pest Management Handbook is a set of recommendations developed by Clemson University Extension pest management specialists and university researchers for South Carolina growers. These recommendations were derived from various sources of information available to these contributors at times prior to publishing this handbook and represent their current views on managing field crop pests based on pesticide labels, their own research or experience, and/or a number of other sources. The chemical recommendations provided here are based on pesticide active ingredients. Pesticide products mentioned here are for applicator convenience and are examples only; their mention is not product endorsement. Pesticide products not mentioned here may also be efficacious and their absence from these recommendations does not necessarily mean that they are not also effective pest management tools. These recommendations are not meant to be an exhaustive recommendation, and associated comments, given here are in all cases are superseded by the pesticide product labels. It is your responsibility as a pesticide user to read and follow the instructions on the product label in deciding your pesticide purchases and in their use, including mix/loading of the product, application, clean‐up, and the disposal of unwanted product, rinsates, and clean empty product containers.
The 2017 Pest Management Handbook is also available as an electronic copy on the Clemson University Extension web site under Row Crops section. The web site address is:
http://www.clemson.edu/extension/rowcrops/
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South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017
2017TECHINCALCONTRIBUTORSMikeMarshall
ExtensionWeedSpecialist,2017PMHEditorEdistoResearchandEducationCenter
64ResearchRoadBlackville,SC29817(803)284‐[email protected]
JeremyGreeneExtensionEntomologist
EdistoResearchandEducationCenter64ResearchRoadBlackville,SC29817(803)284‐[email protected]
BobBellingerExtensionEntomologistClemsonUniversity107LongHall
Clemson,SC29634(864)656‐5042
FrancisReay‐JonesExtensionEntomologist
PeeDeeResearchandEducationCenter2200PocketRoadFlorence,SC29506(843)662‐[email protected]
JohnMuellerExtensionPlantPathologist
EdistoResearchandEducationCenter64ResearchRoadBlackville,SC29817(803)284‐[email protected]
DanAncoExtensionPeanutSpecialist
EdistoResearchandEducationCenter64ResearchRoadBlackville,SC29817(803)284‐[email protected]
PaulPeterson
ResearchPlantPathologistPeeDeeResearchandEducationCenter
2200PocketRoadFlorence,SC29506(843)307‐2966
JenniferTsurudaExtensionApiculturistClemsonUniversity109FBarreHall
Clemson,SC29634(864)656‐2218
CoryHeatonStateWildlifeSpecialist
SandhillResearchandEducationCenter900ClemsonRoadColumbia,SC29229(803)699‐3190
JayCrouchAreaAgronomyAgent
NewberryCountyExtensionOffice1860WilsonRoadNewberry,SC29108(803)276‐[email protected]
BrianBeer
AreaLivestockAgentLancasterCountyExtensionOffice
107SouthFrenchStreetLancaster,SC29721(803)283‐[email protected]
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South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017
TABLEOFCONTENTSIntroduction
SprayerCalibration....................................................................................................................................................................1SprayerDriftManagement.....................................................................................................................................................4SprayerCleaning.........................................................................................................................................................................4HerbicideAdjuvants..................................................................................................................................................................6PesticideSafety............................................................................................................................................................................6PesticideResistanceManagement......................................................................................................................................7PesticideApplicationRecordkeeping................................................................................................................................9HoneybeeStewardship..........................................................................................................................................................10RelativeToxicityofPesticidestoHoneybees...............................................................................................................12ModeofActionforHerbicides............................................................................................................................................15CropReplantandRotationGuideFollowingHerbicideApplication..................................................................17
CornWeedControlinCorn.............................................................................................................................................................22CornInsectControl..................................................................................................................................................................55
CottonWeedControlinCotton..........................................................................................................................................................77CottonInsectManagement................................................................................................................................................105CottonDiseaseControl........................................................................................................................................................119CottonNematodeControl..................................................................................................................................................123
ForagesGrassForageWeedControl...............................................................................................................................................126PastureandHayInsectManagement............................................................................................................................144
GrainSorghumWeedControlinGrainSorghum.....................................................................................................................................150GrainSorghumInsectControl..........................................................................................................................................160
PeanutWeedControlinPeanut......................................................................................................................................................168PeanutInsectControl..........................................................................................................................................................185PeanutDiseaseManagement............................................................................................................................................190PeanutNematodeControl..................................................................................................................................................202
SmallGrainsWeedControlinSmallGrains..........................................................................................................................................203SmallGrainInsectControl.................................................................................................................................................212SmallGrainDiseaseControl..............................................................................................................................................218
SoybeanWeedControlinSoybean...................................................................................................................................................221SoybeanInsectControl.......................................................................................................................................................255SoybeanDiseaseControl....................................................................................................................................................265SoybeanNematodeControl...............................................................................................................................................271
SunflowerWeedControlinSunflower...............................................................................................................................................273
TobaccoWeedControlinTobacco...................................................................................................................................................279TobaccoInsectControl........................................................................................................................................................283TobaccoDiseaseManagement.........................................................................................................................................293TobaccoNematodeManagement...................................................................................................................................302
AquaticWeedControl...............................................................................................................................................................303Farm‐StoredGrainInsectManagement.........................................................................................................................309
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INTRODUCTION
SPRAYERCALIBRATIONMikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist
Accurateapplicationofpesticides is essentialto adequately control target pests, avoidexcessive crop injury, andminimize chemicalcosts andharm to the environment. This hasbecome evenmore critical in recent years assomepesticideuse ratesgo frompoundsperacre to fractions of one ounce per acre.Unfortunately, sprayer calibration is oftenneglectedoravoided.Therearemanywaystocalibrate a sprayer, somemore difficult thanothers. If you have a reliable method withwhich you are comfortable, stickwith it. Thefollowing is a guide to a straightforwardmethod.Sprayercalibrationshouldbedonewithcleanwater,notwith the chemicalmix in the spraysystem. Before you calibrate your sprayer,thoroughlycleanit.Also,besuretocheckfornozzleoutputuniformity,asdefectsorunevenwear will cause some nozzles to put outsignificantlymorethanothersofthesametype.To do this, catch andmeasure the output ofeach nozzle for a specific length of time (30seconds, 1 minute, etc.) and determine theaverage output per nozzle (total combinedoutputofallnozzlesdividedbythenumberofnozzles).Discardand replaceanynozzle thatvariesmorethan5percentfromtheaverage.1/128acremethod:This isperhapsthemost frequentlyusedandquickest method of calibration. It involvesmeasuring a specific driving distance ratherthananarea.Followthesestepstocalibratebythe1/128acremethod.1. Measure a specific distance in a field
according to table 1. Select a driving
distancewhichmatchesthenozzlespacingon your boom (for broadcast sprays) orrow spacing you use (for bandapplications). The distance should bemeasuredinafieldtypicalofthoseyouwillbespraying,ratherthanasmoothsurface.
2. Selectagearandenginespeedcombinationwhichwillallowyoutocomfortablydriveacross your fields and develop adequatespraypressurefortheparticularnozzlesonyour rig. Drive the measured distance atyour preselected gear and engine speedcombinationandrecordthetimerequiredtodrivethedistanceinseconds.Toimproveprecision, you may want to time two ormoreseparaterunsandtaketheaverageoftworuns.
Table1.DistancecalibrationtableforsprayersNozzleorRowspacing(inches
)
Distancetotimeforcalibration(feet)
NozzleorRowspacing(inches
)
Distancetotimeforcalibration(feet)
40 102 26 15738 107 24 17036 113 22 18534 120 20 20432 127 18 22730 136 16 25528 146 14 291
3. Park the sprayer and, using ameasuring
cuporbucket,catchthesprayoutputfromasinglenozzleforthelengthoftimeittookyoutodrivethemeasureddistanceinstepone.Besurethatthesprayerisrunningatthesameenginespeedandspraypressure.Note:Forbandingrigswhereyouusedrowspacingtodeterminethedistanceinstep1and where more than one nozzle is
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directedtotherow,catchtheoutputforallnozzlesdirectedtoasinglerow.
4. The total amount of water, measured inounces,collectedpernozzleorrowinstep3equalsgallonsperacre(GPA).
Determininghowmuchherbicideproducttoaddtothespraytank:Nowthatyouhavesuccessfullycalibratedyoursprayer, the next step is to determine howmuch chemical you need to add to the tank.1. Dividethetankcapacitybygallonsperacre
toget thenumberofacresa full tankcanspray:
[Tankcapacity(gallons)÷GPA]=Number
ofacrescoveredbyonefulltank
2. Multiply the recommended pesticide ratefromthelabel(pt/A,oz/A,lb/A,etc.)bythenumber of acres covered by a full tank(fromstep1.)
3. Note:Allpesticide rates in thishandbook
are given as broadcast rates. For bandapplications,youmustadjusttherateusingthe following formula:
[BandWidth×BroadcastRate]÷RowWidth=BandRateExamplesofcalibration&howmuchtoputinthetank.BroadcastApplication:Youplantospraygenericglyphosateherbicide,plusanonionicsurfactantforburn‐downpriortoplantingcotton.Yoursprayerhasauniformnozzle spacing of 18 inches. You havethoroughlycleanedyoursprayerandreplaced
all non‐uniform nozzles (and yes there weresome!)1. FromTable1,notethatthedistanceto
driveis227feet.Measurethisdistanceinthefieldtobesprayed.
2. Setyourthrottleanddrivethe227feetfor several runs. Let’s say that it tookyouanaverageof39secondstodrivethisdistance.
3. Now, at the sameengine speedand atyourdesired spraypressure, andwithyour sprayer standing still, catch theoutput in ounces for 39 seconds fromanyonenozzle,theaveragetimeittookyourrigtotravelthe227feet.Youcatch20 ounces during the 39 second timeperiod.Therefore,yoursprayeroutputis20GPA.
4. After reading the generic glyphosatelabel and the weed controlrecommendations for cotton, youdecide to spray glyphosate at 1 qt/A,plusanonionicsurfactantat1qt/100gallonsofspraymix.Let’sassumeyouhave a 500‐gallon spray tank.How many acres will one tank loadcover?
[500galtank÷20GPA]=25acrescovered
byonetankloadSo,1qt/A×25acres=25quarts(~6.25gallons)ofglyphosatepertankload
Whataboutthesurfactant:
500gal×(1qt/100gal)=5qts.surfactantperspraytankload.
BandApplication:You plan to apply Staple herbicide plusnonionic surfactant ina19 inchband on38inch rows. Your banding rig is set up withthreenozzlesdirectedtothebandoneachrow.
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Yoursprayerhasbeenthoroughlycleaned,andthe nozzles are uniform in output, afterreplacingthoseoutofrange.1. Usingthechartagain,thedistancetotravel
fora38inchrowis107feet.Youmeasureyour course drive it several times. Let’sassumeittookanaverageof18seconds.
2. Park the sprayer and at the same enginespeed and your desired pressure, collecttheoutputofeachofthethreenozzlesfor18seconds.Ifthecombinedtotaloutputofthe three nozzle band cluster is, forexample,25ounces,thesprayerisapplying25gallonsperacre.
3. Now, let’s say your sprayer has a 200gallontank.ThebroadcastrateforStapleis2.2floz/A,andnonionicsurfactant istobeaddedat1qt/100gal.ofspraymix.
[200galtank÷25GPA]=8acrescoveredpertank
4. Now,reducetheratefora19inchband:[19inchband÷38inchbroadcast]×2.2oz/AStapleproduct=1.1oz/AStaple
Therefore:8acres×1.1floz/A=8.8floz
Stapleneededpertank
Surfactantneededpertankis,200gallontank×(1qtsurfactant/100gallonspray).=2
qts.nonionicsurfactantpertankNote: the surfactant rate in this example iscalculatedbasedonamountpervolumeofspraymix, rather than amount per acre, it iscalculated the same as for broadcastapplications.Post‐DirectedandHoodApplications:Youplantouseahoodedsprayertomakepost‐directed and hooded applications in your38inch row cotton. Given, the gallon per acre
(GPA)underthehoodneedstomatchascloseas possible to the GPA of your post‐directedband. The hooded rig is set up to use twonozzlespost‐directingona13inchbandandhasthreenozzlesunderthehoodsprayinga25inchband.Scenario1:Onepumpapplyingonetankmix.
1. Thedistancetotravelfora38inchrowis107 feet (Table 1). You measure yourcourseanddriveit.Let’sassumeittookanaverageof18seconds.
2. Park the sprayer and at the same enginespeed and at the desired pressure, andcollect the output of the three nozzlesunder the hood for 18 seconds. Combinethe output of the three nozzles andmeasure.The combined total, forexample20 ounces, equals the application rate inGPA.Inthiscaseyourhoodsareapplyingat20GPA.
3. Next, with your sprayer running at thesameenginespeedandpressure,collecttheoutputofthetwopost‐directingnozzles.Combine the output from these twonozzlesandmeasure.Thecombinedtotal,for example 13 ounces, equals theapplicationrateinGPA.Inthiscasethepostdirectingnozzlesareapplyingat13GPA.
4. Remember, youwant the application ratetobethesameforboththepost‐directedandhooded application. To accomplish this,decide which application rate fits yourparticular needs. In this example we willassumethat13GPApost‐directedisideal.To get your hooded application to be 13GPA, insteadof20GPA,reducethesizeofthespraytipsunderthehoodandre‐runthecalibration procedure. Continue thisprocessuntilyourhoodedapplicationrateand post‐directed application rate aresimilar.
Scenario 2. Two (2) pumps applyingseparatetankmixes.
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1. FromTable1, thedistanceto travel fora38 inch row is 107 feet. Your course ismeasuredandyoudriveit.Let’sassumeittook 18 seconds.
2. Park the sprayer and at the same enginespeed and desired pressure, collect theoutputofthethreenozzlesunderthehoodfor18seconds.Combinetheoutputofthethreenozzlesandmeasure.Thecombinedtotal, for example 18 ounces, equals theapplication rate in GPA. In this case thehoods are applying at 18 GPA.
3. Next,withthesprayerrunningatthesameenginespeedanddesiredpressure,collectthe output of the two post‐directingnozzles. Combine the output from thesetwo nozzles and measure. The combinedtotal, for example 15 ounces, equals theapplicationrateinGPA.Inthiscasethepostdirectingnozzlesareapplyingat15GPA.
4. Remember,youwanttheapplicationratetobe the same forboth thepost‐directedandhooded application. To accomplish this,decide which application rate fits yourparticular needs. In this example we willassumethat15GPApost‐directedisideal.To get your hooded application to be 15GPA instead of 18GPA, you have two (2)options.a) First reduce the pressure for the pumpapplyingunderthehood.Caution:Besurethatafterreducingthepressurethespraytip still produces an acceptable spraypattern. Repeat the calibrationprocedure.Continue this process until your hoodedapplication rate and post‐directedapplicationratearesimilar.b) The second option is to change to asmaller spray tip size under the hood toreduce the application rate to 15 GPA.Repeatthecalibrationprocedure.Continuethisprocessuntilyourhoodedapplication
rateandpost‐directedapplicationratearesimilar.
SPRAYDRIFTMANAGEMENTMikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist
READthePESICIDELABELforinstructionsonpreventingdrift!
Useascoarseaspraypatternaspossible. Useasolidconeorflatfanspraynozzletip
insteadofahollowconetip. Use a low spray pressure. Be sure your
nozzles will maintain pattern at a lowerpressure.
Don’t apply pesticides under windy orgusty conditions.Read your label formaxspeeds!
Useahand‐heldanemometertodeterminewindspeedatthelocationandtimeofyourapplications.
Determinewinddirection. Don’t spraywhen thewind is less than 3
mph to avoid spraying in thermalinversions.
Maintainrequiredbufferzones. Useanapplicationmethodandformulation
thatislesslikelytocausedrift. Usedrift control/drift reductionagents in
yourtankmix. If possible, don’t spray when the
temperatureisabove90–95OF. Know your surroundings, especially the
location and distance of sensitive crops,sensitivesites.
Asanapplicator,YOUareresponsibleforwherethechemicalsfromyourapplicationsgo!
SPRAYERCLEANING
MikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist
Smallamountsofpesticidesleftinsprayerscancause serious damage if applied to sensitivecrops.Forexample,tracesofgrowthregulatortypeherbicidesusedforpastureweedcontrol,
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including 2,4‐D, Banvel, Weedmaster,Crossbow,etc.,cancreateseriousproblemsifaccidentlyappliedtosensitivebroadleafcropsincludingtobacco,cotton,tomatoesandothersensitive plants. Most of these herbicides,particularlytheesterformulationsof2,4‐DandCrossbow,aredifficulttothoroughlywashoutofasprayer.Therefore,werecommendusingadedicatedsprayerforapplicationofpastureandbrushcontrolherbicides.The sulfonylureas and imidazolinonesherbicides, including Accent, Classic, Exceed,Staple,andScepter,havealsocreatedsprayercleaning challenges. These herbicides have ahighunit activity (a small amountofproductthatisleftinthesprayerisveryactiveonaperacrebasis). Small amountsof thesematerialscause serious damage to non‐target,susceptible crops. Other products, includingValor SX, have specific clean‐out instructionsoutlined on the label and should be followedexplicitly to prevent subsequentcontaminationofsensitivecrops.Yourtankisonlyonepartofthesprayer.Youcandoanexcellentjobofcleaningthetank,butif chemical residues are left in the hoses,strainers,andpump,seriouscropdamagecanstilloccur.Pesticidescanbeabsorbedintothelines,inadditiontopolyethyleneorfiberglasstanks,wheretheycanremainforalongtime.Some dry flowable and wettable powderformulationsbuilduponthebottomsofspraytanks,particularlyinsprayerswithinadequateagitation.The longera spraymix is left in thesystem, the greater is the potentialcontamination problem the next time you usethesprayerunit.Sprayersshouldbecleanedas soon as practical and herbicide spraymixturesshouldneverbeallowedtodryinthesprayer.Personal protective equipment that isrecommeded on the pesticide label for thatproduct should be worn during clean‐up.Do
notcleansprayersnearwells,sinkholes,creeksor other surface water, or near desirablevegetation.Many herbicide labels have sprayer cleanuprecommendations on the label. For example,Valor product label recommends a specifictankmixcleanerproduct(Valenttankcleaner)after each use of a flumioxazin containingproduct. Other products recommend addinghouseholdammoniaat1gallonofammoniaforeach 100 gallons of water. Ammonia is alsousefulforremoving2,4‐Desterresiduesleftinthesprayerbecauseammoniachangesthelesssolubleesterintoamorehighlywatersolubleammonium salt of 2,4‐D. Many commercialtankcleanersareavailableandmostdoagoodjob, if properly used, of cleaning a sprayer.They are just like ammonia in that plenty ofwaterandproperprocedurearerequired.Sprayercleaningprocedure:1. Drainthesprayequipment.Thoroughly
rinsethetankandflushhoses,boomandnozzleswithcleanwater.Loosenandphysicallyremoveanyvisibledeposits.
2. Fillthesprayerwithcleanwaterandaddhouseholdammonia(onegallonofa3%activeammoniaproductforevery100gallonsofwater).Flushthehoses,boomandnozzles.Shut‐offtheboomandthentop‐offthetankwithwater.Letthematerialcirculateforatleast15minutes,andthenflushthehoses,boomandnozzlesagain.Drainthetank.
3. Removescreens,strainers,andtips;cleaninabucketofwater.
4. Repeatstep2.
5. Thoroughlyrinsethetank,hoses,boomandnozzles.
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Important: Remember to clean all otherassociated application equipment. Personalprotectiveequipment,asprescribedonthelabel,shouldbewornduringtheclean‐upprocessanddo not clean sprayers near wells, sink holes,creeksorothersurfacewater,orneardesirablevegetation.
HERBICIDEADJUVANTS
MikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialistSprayAdditivesAsprayadditiveisanysubstanceaddedtoanherbicide tank mix to enhance performance.Adjuvants are classified on the basis of theiruse rather than chemistry. Adjuvants includesurfactants, emulsifiers, wetting agents,stickers, de‐foamers, compatibility agents,cropoils,anddriftcontrolagents.TypesofSprayAdditives:Surfactants (surface‐active‐agent): Are usedtoimproveemulsifying,dispersing,spreading,wetting,orothersurfacemodifyingpropertiesof a liquid. Three types of surfactants areemulsifiers,wettingagents,stickers.Chooseanon‐ionic surfactantbasedon composition.Asurfactant with 80% or greater activeingredientisagoodchoice.Emulsifiers: Substances that promotesuspensionofone liquid inanother.Theyaremostcommonlyusedtodisperseoilinwater.These are usually contained in the herbicidepackageformulation.Wetting agents: Reduce interfacial tensionsbetween surfaces that would normally repeleach other. These allow a spray solution tospread and adhere better towaxy cuticles ofplants.Nonionicsurfactants(NIS)arethetypeusuallyadded toa spray tank.Theyaregooddispersing agents, stable in cold water, andhavelowtoxicitytoplantsandanimals.
Stickers:Adjuvantsthatpromoteadherenceofherbicides to the plant foliage. They reducerunoff potential during application andwashoffbyrainfall.Theseareusuallyblendedwithwettingagentstoprovidebettercoverageandarecalledspreader‐stickers.AntifoamingAgents:Thesematerialsreducefoam in a sprayer system so that pumps andnozzlescanoperateeffectively.Compatibility Agents: Aid in holdingherbicides in solution when mixed withpesticidesorfertilizers.Crop Oils: These are non‐phytotoxic lightpetroleum or vegetable oils that containsurfactants.Usemuch likeasurfactant.Hasatendencytoburncroptissue.Choosecropoilwhichcontains80%orgreateroil,andtherestassurfactantsoremulsifiers.DriftControlAgents:Materialsusedtoreducethe number of fine particles in the spraypatternwhichcouldresultindriftdamage.
PESTICIDESAFETY
RobertBellinger,SafetyEducationCoordinatorPesticideStorageTipsAreyoudoingthese?o Store your pesticides in a detached
structure?o Haveastoragebuildingwithasoundroof?o Have a storage building with a sound,
liquid‐prooffloor?o Store your pesticides in their original
container?o Have pesticides you store with intact,
readablelabels?o Store your pesticides separately from
gasoline,otherfuelsandsolvents?
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Properly rinse procedure your emptypesticidecontainers!Theproper rinseprocedure requires thatyouplanahead! Readandfollowlabeldirections! Wear the required protective clothing andequipment.
Rinse containers immediately afteremptying because pesticides will dry orsolidify quickly and become difficult toremove.
Consider the volume of the rinsate whenfillingthesprayertank.Leaveenoughroomin the sprayer tank to accommodate therinsatebeforefillingthetank.
Have back‐flow protectionwhen filling thesprayertankandrinsingthecontainer.
You have two acceptable ways to rinseemptypesticidecontainers:1)Triple‐rinsingor2) Pressure‐rinsing (jet‐rinsing) using adevice specifically manufactured to washcontainer interiors.
Triple‐rinsecontainerinstructions: Allow empty pesticide container to drain
into the sprayer tank for at least 30seconds.
Fill container one‐quarter full of cleanwater or appropriate spray rinse diluent.Replace cap securely and roll, swirl andshake the contents vigorously for at leastonefullminutetorinseallsurfaces!
Remove container cap and empty rinsateintothespraytank.Allowthecontainertodrainforatleast30seconds.
Repeatthefill,shakeanddrainproceduretwo(2)moretimes,usingcleanwater.
Properly dispose of the rinsed containersas soon as possible. Dispose of capswiththecontainersunlessrecycling.
Plastic and plastic‐lined bags can betriple‐rinsed.Forpaperandfiberbagsandsimilar containers, completely empty the
contents into the tank.Openbothendsofthe container to remove any remainingpesticideandtopreventreuse.
Howtopressure‐rinsecontainers: Allow the empty pesticide container to
drain into thesprayertank forat least30seconds.
Hold the container upside down over thesprayer tank opening so that rinsate willrun into the sprayer tank. For ease andsafety, puncture through the bottom ofmetal containers and through the side ofplasticcontainerswithappropriatetoolorpressure‐rinsing nozzle‐follow specificmanufacturerdirections.
Thoroughly rinse the empty container forthe time interval recommended by thepressure‐rinsenozzlemanufacturer,butnoless than30seconds,usingat least40psiwaterpressure.
Properlydisposeofyourrinsedcontainersas soon as possible. Dispose of capswithcontainers,unlessrecycling.
PESTICIDERESISTANCE
MANAGEMENTRobertG.Bellinger,ExtensionEntomologist
Repeated use of pesticides – herbicides,insecticides, fungicides, nematicides,rodenticides,andothers‐canleadtoresistanceintherespectivepestpopulations.Applicatorsare encouraged to rotate products withdifferingmodes of actionwithin a crop year.Many pesticide labels now give detailedguidance.Resistance may be defined as “a heritablechange in the sensitivity of a pestpopulationthat is reflected in the repeated failure of aproducttoachievetheexpectedlevelofcontrolwhen used according to the labelrecommendationforthatpestspecies”.
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Resistancearisesthroughtheover‐useand/ormisuseofapesticideagainstapestspeciesandresultsfromtheselectionofresistantformsofthe pest and the resulting evolution of pestpopulationsthatareresistanttothatpesticideand its mode of action (MoA). Pesticides doNOTcausethemutationsforresistance.In the majority of cases, not only doesresistance render the selecting compoundmuch less effective but it often also conferscross‐resistance to other chemically relatedcompounds. Cross‐resistance occurs whenresistance toonepesticide confers resistancetoanotherpesticide,evenwherethepesthasnotbeenexposedtothelatterproduct.The objective of successful PesticideResistance Management is to delay theevolutionofpestresistancetopesticides,ortohelp regain susceptibility in pest populationsinwhichresistancehasalreadyarisen.Because many pest populations are usuallylargeinsizeandquicklyreproduce(especiallymites,manyinsectsandmostplantpathogens),thereisalwaysariskthatpesticideresistancemayevolvequickly,especiallywhenpesticidearemisusedorover‐used.Ifyouobtainlesscontrolofapestwithagivenpesticide than you are accustomed to, orbelieveisreasonabletoexpect,firstchecktobesure that you applied the pesticide properlyaccordingtothelabelinstructions.Ifyoumadeyour application properly, next consider ifthere were any extreme environmentalconditions–veryhot,verycool,heavyrain,etc.Ifnoneoftheseconditionsexisted,orarenotbelieved to have an effect on the product’sperformance, then pesticide resistance is apossibility.Doing everything you can to delay pesticideresistance is important for the obviousreasons.Thereisnotverymuchnewchemistry
comingtoallowustoswitchtonewpesticidemodesofaction.For instance, therehavenotbeenany significantnewmodesof action forherbicidesinaboutthreedecades.Whilenewherbicide products are coming onto themarket, often in conjunction with herbicideresistant crop varieties, the herbicidesthemselves are someof theoldest herbicideswehave,forinstance2,4‐D.There are several ways to delay pesticideresistance. The best is to use Integrated PestManagement(IPM)andtouseeconomicinjurythresholds to determine when to apply apesticide(s). Other methods include rotatingcrops to prevent buildup of the same pestpopulations over time, to use the lowesteffective rate or rate recommended by thepesticidelabeloraknowledgeableexpert,andmakespotorperimeterapplicationsonsmallor defined pest populations. When usingpesticides,rotatepesticidemodesofactionbyrotatingpesticidechemicalfamilies.For most growers, however, knowing whatpesticides to use to do this has beendifficultbecause of a lack of knowledge of the manydifferent modes of action. Until recentlypesticide labels did not provide muchinformationtoassistinthesedecisions.Tohelpgrowersandotherscombatpesticideresistance a number of national andinternational resistance action committeeshave been formed by the pesticide industryandotherstoaddresstheproblemofpesticideresistance.Thesecommitteesarebasedonthedifferent major pesticide groups. So, forherbicides there is an Herbicide ResistanceAction Committee (HRAC), an InsecticideResistance Action Committee (IRAC) forinsecticides, a Fungicide Resistance ActionCommittee (FRAC) for fungicides, and so on.These committeeshave studied themodesofactionoftherespectivepesticidefamiliesanddevelopedasystemtohelpgrowersandothers
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betterselectpesticidesfromdifferentpesticidechemical families toallowuserstoeffectivelyrotate the modes of action and thus combatpesticide resistance in their pests. Thisinformation is now appearing on pesticidelabels.Inadditiontothesystemdevelopedbythe respectiveActionResistanceCommittees,manypesticidemanufacturersarebeginningtosupplyinformationonresistancemanagementon their labels in sections titled “ResistanceManagement”.Todate,genericpesticideproductstendnottohave as much information as brand namepesticide products.When you want to rotate modes of actionagainst your pests, first make sure thatwhatever pesticide you select is labeled foryour intended use. Next, look for a pesticidegroup number on the label, or a statementindicating the pesticide group. Using thesepesticide groupnumbers, youdonothave toknow or understand the complex modes ofaction of these chemicals, you just have toselect a product(s) with a different groupnumber that is labeled for your pestmanagement need. Examples of groupnumberswhentheyappearonpesticidelabelsareusually in theupper righthandcornerofthelabel,looklikethis:GROUP 4A INSECTICIDEGROUP 3 HERBICIDEGROUP 11 FUNGICIDE
PESTICIDEAPPLICATIONRECORDKEEPING
RobertBellinger,PesticideSafetyCoordinator
CertifiedPrivateApplicatorsarerequiredtokeeprecordsoftheirapplicationsofRestrictedUse Pesticides (RUPs). This federalrequirementisadministeredbytheUSDAandin South Carolina is enforced by theDepartmentofPesticideRegulation.Theinformation–“dataelements”–requiredto be kept are actually minimal. PrivateApplicators will likely want to record moreinformation on their applications, all of theirapplications, to help with their present andfuturepestmanagementefforts.Goodrecordshelp you trouble‐shoot application problemsandduplicatepestmanagementsuccesses.
The data elements required to be kept oneachRUPapplicationare: The brand/product/trade name of the
pesticide EPAproductRegistrationNumber Totalamountofpesticideproductapplied Sizeofareaorthenumberofunitstreated CroporSiteappliedto Actuallocationoftheapplication Dateofapplication:Month,Day,Year Certified applicator name and license
number
Recordsmustbemadewithin14daysofeachapplication of an RUP. Records must bemaintained for a minimum of two (2) yearsfromthedateoftheapplication.Spottreatments:Spotapplicationsaresmallapplicationswhichtotallessthan1/10thofanacre,andtheyaremadeinthesameday.Spot
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applications do not apply to nurseries orgreenhouses.ForSpottreatmentsyoumustrecord: Dateofapplication‐month,day,year Brandorproductname EPARegistrationNumber Totalamountofpesticideapplied Location of the pesticide application,
designated as “spot application” with ashortdescription.
Recordkeepingtips:Record all three (3) identifiers for yourRUP.They’reallonthelabel! TheProductorBrand(Trade)name The Common Chemical name of the
activeingredients TheEPARegistrationNo.KeepadditionalinformationthatwillhelpYOUbetter achieve YOUR pest and pesticidemanagementobjectives.Forinstance,amountof water used, spray pump pressure, boomheight, nozzle spacing tipused, tractor speedor rpms, other equipment settings, andweather information such as temperature,rainfallthe24hoursbeforeand24hoursafterthe application, wind speed (recorded at thesite of the application at the time of theapplication), notes on any applicationproblems, and any other information thatwouldbeusefultoyou.Youarerequiredtokeeprecordsofanyworkeror handler pesticide safety training youconduct or have conducted for your agemployees.
HONEYBEESTEWARDSHIPJenniferTsuruda,ExtensionApiculturist
Honeybeesareourmostbeneficialinsect.TheestimatedvalueofhoneybeepollinationintheUS is $14 billion. Many commercially grown
cropsinSouthCarolinaareheavilydependenton honey bees for good pollination. AnnualfarmcashreceiptsofcropsharvestedinSouthCarolinathataredependentonhoneybeesforpollinationare estimatedat $25million.Thisdoesnot includehome‐grownvegetablesandfruits and plants for wildlife that are highlydependentonbeesforpollination.Someofthefruitsandvegetablesthatarehighlydependentonbeesforpollinationareapples,cantaloupes,cucumbers, squash, strawberries, andwatermelon.Use integrated pest managementrecommendations whenever possible tominimize harmful effects to our beneficialinsects.Manypesticidesareextremelytoxictobees.Thosepesticidesthataretoxicorhighlytoxic to bees will have a bee protectionwarningstatementonthelabel.Thepesticideapplicator should always review the productlabeldirectionscarefullybeforeeachuseandfollowtheguidelinestoprotectourpollinators,which include native bees as well as honeybees. Keep inmind that even herbicides andfungicidescanhavenegativeeffectson insectpollinators and can have synergistic effectswhencombinedwithotherpesticides.It isnotonly the formulationof the chemicalpesticide that is important, applicators mustalso be aware of the proper dose. Pesticidesshouldbeusedonlywhennecessary,especiallyif floweringplantsarepresentornearbyandare attractive to bees. Select the least toxicpesticidetogetthejobdonewhenpossibleandusetheleasthazardousmethodofapplication.Granular pesticide formulations are safest.Directed sprays applied with groundequipment are the next safest method forapplying pesticides to protect bees. Aeriallyapplieddustsorspraysarethemost likelytocontact bees and cause problems. Applypesticideswhentheairiscalmtoreducedriftinto areas where bees may be foraging ornesting.Ifapesticideapplicationisnecessary,
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apply in the evening when bees are notpresent.Ifmanagedbeecoloniesarepresent,itisbest togive thebeekeeperplentyofnotice(3‐4 days if possible) of your intentions. Thebeekeeper has the option to relocate theirbeehivesifadjacentfieldsaretobesprayed.Iftherearemanybeehivesorhivesthatcannotbemovedonshortnotice,thebeekeepermaycover their beehives with wet burlap for nolongerthan2days.Itwillbenecessaryforthebeekeeper to spraycoveredhiveswithwaterand keep the burlap wet, especially in hotweather.Beekeepers are advised to cooperate withgrowers in the area to help protect bees andare encouraged to have a contract with thelandowner.Beekeepersshouldscout theareabefore bee colony placement to gain a goodunderstanding of local farming practices,especially the use of highly toxic pesticides.Beekeepers are ill advised to place theircoloniesinhighpestdensityareas,astheymayrequire multiple pesticide applications. Anexampleiscottongrowingareaswherevariouspests are expected. Beekeepers should posttheir name and contact information in theapiary or on colonies for identificationpurposes.Informationontherelativetoxicitiesof insecticides andmiticides (used in specific
crops)tohoneybeesandnaturalenemiesmaybefoundatwww.ipm.ucdavis.edu.Mosquito abatement programs should takeintoconsiderationtheprotectionofourinsectpollinators.Manyofthepesticidesusedtokillmosquitoes will also kill honey bees.Beekeepers are urged to contact countyofficials who manage mosquito abatementprograms to inform them of the location oftheir apiaries, so their honey bees can beprotected.Clemson University has started a beestewardship program to facilitatecommunication between beekeepers andpesticide applicators and prevent accidentalpoisoningofhoneybees.Beekeeperscanmaptheir hive locations and licensed pesticideapplicators can access this informationwhenthey have an application planned. Theapplicatorcanthencontactthebeekeepersintheareaoravoidapplyingpesticidesnearthehives.Interestedindividualsfrombothsidesofthis issueareencouragedtoreadmoreaboutthe program on the Clemson UniversityBeekeeping website and can sign up for theprogramthereaswell.
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RELATIVEHONEYBEESENSITIVITYTOWARDPESTICIDESJenniferTsuruda,ExtensionApiculturist
PESTICIDETOXICITYTOWARDHONEYBEESGroupIHighlyToxic:Severebeelossesareexpectedifthefollowingpesticidesareappliedtofloweringcropsorweedswhichareattractivetobeesorwhenthesepesticidesareappliednearabeehive.Thesepesticideswillremainhazardoustoforagingbeesforupto24hoursorlongerafterapplication.abamectin(Agri‐Mek,Zephyr) acephate(Orthene,Address) aminocarb(Matacil)arsenicals avemectin(AVID) azinphosmethyl(Guthion)bendiocarb(Ficam) benzenehexachloride(BHC) bifenthrin(Brigade,Capture)bifenazate(Acramite) bonyl(Swat) calciumarsenatecarbaryl(Sevin,Sevin80S,SevinXLR‐Plus)
carbofuran(Furadan) carbosulfan(Vantage)chlordane chlorpyrifos(Dursban,Eradex,
Lorsban)chlorethoxyfos(Fortress)
clofentezine(Apollo) clothianidin(Poncho600) crotoxyphos(Cyodrin)cyfluthrin(Baythroid) cyhalothrin(Karate,Warrior) cypermethrin(Ammo,Cymbush)d‐phenothrin(Sumithrin) decamethrin(Decis) deltamethrin(Decis)diazinon(Diazinon,Spectracide) dichlorvos(DDVP,Vapona) dicrotophos(Bidrin)dimethoate(Cygon,Dimethoate, Rebelate) emamectin(Proclaim)endosulfan(Thiodan) EPN esfenvalerate(Asana)ethylparathion(Parathion) famoxadone(Famoxate) famphur(Famphos)fenitrothion(Sumithion)) fenpropathrin(Danitol,Dasanit) fensulfothion(Dasanit)fenthion(Baytex) fenvalerate(Ectrin,Pydrin) fipronilflucythrinate(PayOff) famoxadone(Famoxate) formetanate(Carzol)gamma‐cyhalothrin,(Proaxis) heptachlor hexythiazox(Savey)imidacloprid(Admire,Provado) imidan indoxacarb(Avaunt,Steward)lambda‐cyhalothrin(Commodore,Warrior)
leadarsenate lindane(BHC)LPOS(Sulfotine,RAIDTVK) malathion(Cythion,ULV) methamidophos(Monitor,
Tameron)methidathion(Supracide) methiocarb(Mesurol) methomyl(Lannate,Nudrin)methprene methylparathion(Penncap‐M) methylparathionECmevinphos(Phosdrin) mexacarbate(Zectran) monocrotophos(Azodrin)naled(Dibrom)2 omethoate(Folimat) oxamyl(Vydate>1lb/A)parathion phenthoate(Cidial) phenamiphos(NemacurP)permethrin(Ambush,GardStar,Pounce)
phorate(ThimetEC) phosdrinphosmet(Imidan) phosphamidon(Dimecron) polymer‐encapsulatedmethyl
parathion(Penncap‐M)prallethrin(ETOH) proparite(Omite) propoxur(Baygon)pyridaben(Pyramite) pyrazophos(Afugan) resmethrin(Synthrin,SPB‐1382)spinosid(XDE‐105,Tracer) tebufenozide(Confirm) TEPP2tetrachlorvinphos(Appex,Gardona) thiamethoxam(Actara,Platinum) tralomethrin(Scout)zeta‐cypermethrin(Fury,Mustang)
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PESTICIDETOXICITYTOWARDHONEYBEES(cont)GroupIIModeratelyHazardous:Thesecanbeusedaroundbees ifdosage,timing,andmethodofapplicationarecorrect,butshouldnotbeapplieddirectlyonbeesinthefieldordirectedatthehive.aldicarb(Temik) aspon(ASP‐51) aldicarbsulfoxideacetamiprid(Assail) aluminumphosphide(Phostoxin) Bacillusthuringiensis(Di‐Beta)bifenazate(Floramite) binapacryl biothioncarbaryl(SevinXLRformulation,Sevinmol)
carbanolate(Banol) carbophenothion(Trithion)chlorfeninphos(Sopona) coumaphos(Agridip,Asunthol,Co‐
Ral)crotoxyphos(Ciodrin)
cypermethrin(Ammo) cyromazine(Trigard) DDTdeltamethrin(Decis) demeton(Systox) demeton‐s‐methyl(Metasystox)diatomaceousearth(Diatect) disulfoton(Di‐Syston) dichlofenthiondioxathion(Delnav) DSMA emamectinbenzoate(Proclaim)endosulfan(Thiodan
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PESTICIDETOXICITYTOWARDHONEYBEES(cont)GroupIIIRelativelyNonhazardous:Thesecanbeusedaroundbeeswithaminimumriskofinjury. allethrin(Pynamin) amitraz(Mitac)amitrole avermectin(Agr‐Mek) azadirachtin(Align)azoxystrobin(Abound) Bacillusthuringiensis(Biobit) DiPel,Full‐Bac,Javelin,MVP)Baculovirusheliothis Beauveria(Mycotrol) benomyl(Benlate)binapacryl(Morocide) bordeauxmixture bromopropylate(Acarol)bromoxynil capsaicin(HotPepperWax) captancarbaryl(SevinG,BaitG) carbofuran(FuradanG) chlorambenchlorbenzide(Mitox) chlorobenzilate(Acaraben) chlordimeform(Fundal)chlorobenzilate(Acaraben) chlorothalonil(Bravo) coppercompounds(Kocide)copperoxychloridesulphate copper8‐quinolinolate coppersulfate(Monohydrated)cryolite(Cryolite,Kryocide) cyromazine(Trigard) dalapondazomet(Mylone) demeton(Systox) dexondiazinon(DiazinonG) dicamba(BanvelD) dichlone(Phygon)dicofol(Kelthane) difolatan diflubenzuron(Dimilin)dimite(DMC) dinobuton(Dessin) dinocap(Karathane)diquat disulfoton(Di‐SystonG) dodine(Cyprex)dyrene endothall EPTC(Eptam)ethephon(Ethrel) ethion(Ethion) ethoprop(MocapG)fenbutatin‐oxide(Vendex) fenhexamid(Elevate) fenson(Murvesco)ferbam fluvalinate(Mavrik,Spur) folpet(Phaltan)garlicbarrier genite923 glyodin(Glyoxide)heliothispolyhedrosisvirus hexythiazox(Savey) kaolin(Surround)karathane(Dinocap) kepone malathion(MalathionG)menazon(Saphos) mancozeb(DithaneM‐45) maneb(DithaneM‐22)MCPA menazon(Saphos) metaldehyde(MetaldehydeBait)methoprene(Altosid) methoxychlor(Marlate) metiram(Polyram)‐F1monuron(Telvar) myclobutanil(Rally) nabam(Parzate)nemagon neotran nicotinenicotinesulfate ovex oxythioquinox(Morestan)pentac propargite(Omite) pyrethrum(natural)pyrimidinamine(Vangard) pyriproxyfen(Esteen) rotenone(Rotenone)ryania(Rynodine) sabadilla silvexsimazine(Princep) soap(M‐Pede) sulfurtebufenozide(Confirm) TDE(Rhothane) tetradifon(Tedion)tetram thioquinox(Eradex) thiram(Arasan)toxaphene trichlorfon(Dylox) trifloxystrobin(Flint)vendex zineb(Dithane) ziram2,4‐D 2,4‐DB 2,4,5‐T
1Fungicides2Mevinphos(Phosdrin*),Naled(Dibrom*),andTEPPhaveshortresidualactivityandkillonlythebeescontactedattimeoftreatmentorshortlythereafter.Theyareusuallysafetousewhenbeesarenotinflight;theyarenotsafetousearoundcolonies.3Not all strains of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides are safe for bees. The label for XenTari® (Valent BioSciences), with active ingredient B.thuringiensisaizawai,reads"Thisproductishighlytoxictohoneybeesexposedtodirecttreatment.Donotapplythisproductwhilebeesareactivelyvisitingthetreatmentarea."4List or informationderived in part fromDelaplane,K.,University ofGeorgia, Tarpy,D.,NorthCarolina StateUniversity, Fell, R., VirginiaTech,Johansen,C.A.andMayer,D.F.PollinationProtection.1990,WicwasPress;BulletinE‐53‐W,Hunt,G.J.,PurdueUniversity;EnvironmentalEntomology33(5):1151‐1154.
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MODEOFACTIONFORHERBICIDESMikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist
MODEOFACTION(MOA)FORHERBICIDESSiteofActionGroup
MOA ChemicalFamily(ies)
Howitkillstheplant ProductExamples
1 ACCaseInhibitors
Arloxyphenoxypropionate(FOPS)
Blocks the first step in fatty acid synthesis ingrasses, broadleaves are naturally resistant tothefopsanddimsduetoaninsensitiveACCaseenzyme.
FOPS:Assure II,FusiladeDX
Cyclohexanedione(DIMS)
DIMS:SelectMAX, PoastPlus
2 ALSInhibitors Sulfonylurea(SU) Blockstheproductionofbranchedchainaminoacids (isoleucine, leucine, and valine) in theplant. Plant death occurs due to insufficientbranchedchainaminoacidlevelsatthegrowingpoints.
SU:Accent,Classic,Beacon
Imidazonlinone(IMI) IMI:Cadre,Raptor,Scepter
Pyrimidines(PM) PM:Staple3 Microtubule
ProteinInhibitor
Dinitroaniline(DNA) Interferes with the alignment of the spindleapparatusduringmitosisandpreventsnormalcelldivisioninroottissue.
DNA:Prowl,Treflan,Sonolan
4 SyntheticAuxins
Phenoxy(PX) Synthetic auxins mimic the natural planthormoneIAA.Theseherbicidesaffectcellwallplasticity and nucleic acid metabolism whichleadstoinhibitedcelldivisionandgrowthinthemeristemregions(growingpoints).
PX:2,4‐D,2,4‐DB
BenzoicAcid(BA) BA:Clarity,Banvel,Status
CarboxylicAcid(CA) CA:Stinger,Milestone
5 PhotosystemIIInhibitor
Triazine(TZ) PS II herbicides inhibit photosynthesis by
bindingtotheQB‐bindingsiteontheD1proteinof the photosystem II complex in thechloroplast. ItblockselectronflowfromQAtoQBandstopsCO2fixationandproductionofATPand NADPH2 which is the energy needed forplant growth and development. Plant deathoccursduetoexcessfreeradicalsdestroyingcellmembranes.
TZ:Atrazine,Simazine,Caparol
Triazinone(TN) TN:Sencor6 Nitriles(NT) NT:Buctril
Benzothiadiazinones(BZ)
BZ:Basagran
7 Ureas(UR) UR:Lorox,Direx,Cotoran
8 FattyAcid/LipidBiosynthesisInhibitor
Thiocarbamate(TB) Mostsusceptibleplantsfailtoemergefromthesoil.Germinationisnotinhibitedbutgrowthofgrass coleoptiles/broadleaf epicotyls ceasesbelowsoilsurface
TB:Tillam
9 EPSPSynthaseInhibitor
Glycines(GC) Glycines inhibit EPSP synthase enzyme whichleads to the depletion of the aromatic aminoacidstryptophan,tyrosine,andphenylalanine.
GC:Glyphosate
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MODEOFACTION(MOA)FORHERBICIDEFAMILIES(cont)SiteofActionGroup
MOA ChemicalFamily(ies)
Howitkillstheplant ProductExamples
10 GlutamineSynthesisInhibitor
PhosphinicAcids(PA)
Phosphinicacidsinhibittheactivityofglutamine synthetase which convertsglutamateandammoniatoglutamine.Accumulation of ammonia to lethallevelsdestroysplantcellsandtissue.
PA:Liberty
12 PhytoeneDesaturaseInhibitor
Pyridazinone(PZ) Pyridazinone inhibits the phytoenedesaturase enzyme in the carteniodbiosynthesispathwayIsoxazolidinone inhibits the 1‐deoxy‐D‐xyulose 5‐phosphate synthase(DOXP),akeycomponentintheplastidisoprenoidbiosynthesispathway.Pyrazoleand triketones inhibit the4‐hydroxyphenyl‐pyruvate dioxygenase(4‐HPPD) which affects carotenoidbiosynthesis.These herbicide families deplete thecarotenoid (accessory pigments inphotosynthesis) pool that protectschlorophyll in theplantwhichresultsinacharacteristicbleaching(white)oftheplanttissue.
PZ:Solicam,Zorial,Brake
13 DOXPsynthaseInhibitor
Isoxazolidinone(IA)
IA:Command
28 HPPDinhibitor
Pyrazole(PA) PA:Balance,Corvus
Triketone(TE) TE:Callisto,Impact,Laudis
14 PPOinhibitors
Diphenylether(DE)
These herbicides inhibit thephotoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO),an enzyme that is responsible forchlorophyll and heme biosynthesis.PPO inhibition leads to accumulationof PPIX (protoporphyrin IX) whichcreates free radicaloxygen in thecellanddestroyscellmembranes.
DE:Flexstar,Reflex,Blazer,Cobra
N‐phenylphthalimide
(NP)NP:Resource,Valor
Arytriazinone(AT)
AT:Spartan,Aim,Cadet
15 VLFAinhibitors
Chloroacetamide(CA)
Acetamidesareherbicidesthatinhibitvery long chain fatty acid synthesis(VLFA) in shoot tissue duringgerminationofsensitiveplants.
CA:DualMagnum,Intrro,Warrant,Outlook,Parrlay,Zidua
22 PhotosystemIInhibitor
Bipyridyliums(BP)
Bipyridyliums are herbicides thatcaptureelectrons fromphotosystemIcomplex in the chloroplast and arereduced to form herbicide freeradicals. These free radicals destroycellmembranes.
BP:Gramoxone,Reward
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CROPREPLANTGUIDELINESFOLLOWINGHERBICIDEAPPLICATION
MikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist
Corn
Cotton
Grain
Sorghum
Peanuts
Soybeans
Sunflower
Tobacco
Wheat
M=months,D=days,Spring=Thespringfollowingapplication,‐‐‐=noinformationAatrex 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringAcuron 0D 10M 10M 10M 10M 18M 18M 4MAccent/Q 0D 10M 10M 10M 15D 10M 10M 4MAchieve 30D 106D 30D 106D 106D 106D 106D 30DAim 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 12M 0DAnthem 0D 4M 18M 4M 0D 4M 18M 4MAnthemATZ 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringArmezon 0D 9M 9M 9M 9M 9M 18M 3MAssureII 120D 0D 120D 120D 0D 0D 120D 120DAuthorityMTZ 10/41M 12M 18/122M 12M 0D 12M 12M 4MAxialXL 90D 90D 90D 90D 90D 90D 90D 0DAxiom 0D 8M 12M 12M 0D 12M 12M 7D/4M3BalanceFlexx 0D 10M 6M 11M 6M 6M 18M 4MBanvel/Clarity 120D 120D 120D 120D 120D 120D 120D 120DBasagran ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐Beacon 14D 8M 8M 8M 8M 8M 8M 3MBeyond 0D4/8.5M5 9M 9M 9M 0D 0D4/9M5 9M 0D4/3M5BicepIIMagnum 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringBoundary 4M 8M 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 4.5MBreakfree 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MBreakfreeATZ 0D Spring Spring 15M Spring 15M 15M 15MBuctril 30D 30D 30D 30D 30D 30D 30D 30DBullet/Lariat 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringCadet 0D Spring Spring Spring 0D Spring Spring SpringCadre 9M 18M 18M 0D 9M 26M 9M 4MCallisto 0D 10M 0D 10M 10M 10M 10M 120DCanopy 10M 10M 10M 8M 0D 18M 10M 4MCaparol Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringCapreno 0D 10M 10M 11M 10M 18M 12M 4MCinch 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D Spring 4.5MCinchATZ 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringClarity8floz/A16floz/A24floz/A25‐64floz/A
0D0D120D120D
21D120D120D120D
15D120D120D120D
120D120D120D120D
14D28D120D120D
120D120D120D120D
120D120D120D120D
15D30D45D120D
Classic 8M 7M 9M 6M 0D 18M 9M 3MCobra None None None None None None None NoneCommand 9M 0D 9M 9M 0D 12M 0D 12MCorvus 0D 10M 17M 11M 9M 17M 17M 4MCotoran4L 8M 0D 9M 8M 9M 12M 12M 3MCrusher 0D 1M 10M 1.5M 1M 10M 10M 3MDawn 10M 0D 18M 10M 0D 18M 18M 4M
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CropReplantandRotationRestrictionsGuideforHerbicides(cont)
Corn
Cotton
Grain
Sorghum
Peanuts
Soybeans
Sunflower
Tobacco
Wheat
M=months,D=days,Spring=Thespringfollowingapplication,‐‐‐=noinformationDefine 0D 4M 12M 12M 0D 12M 12M 12MDegree 0D Spring 0D Spring 0D Spring 0D SpringDegreeXtra 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MDevrinol 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 0D 180DDirex/DiuronUSEPATTERN16USEPATTERN27LAYBY
4MSpringSpring
4MSpringSpring
4MSpringSpring
4M12M12M
4M12M12M
4M12M12M
4M12M12M
4M12M12M
Distinct 30D 30D 30D 120D 30D 120D 120D 30DDual8E 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M Spring 4.5MDualMagnum 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M Spring 4.5MDualIIMagnum 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M Spring 4.5MEnvive 8M 10M 12M 8M 0D 18M 10M 4MEnvoke 7M 7M 7M 7M 7M 18M 7M 3MET/ETX 0D 0D 30D 30D 0D 30D 30D 0DEvik 11M 11M 11M 11M 11M 11M 11M 3MExpert 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring SpringExpress 14D 14D 14D 45D 14D 45D 45D 0DFierce3.0oz/A3.75oz/A
7D8/1M930D
45D9/30D8
2M
18M18M
4M4M
0D0D
4M4M
18M18M
30D2M
Finesse 14M Spring10 Spring10 Spring10 6M11 Spring10 Spring10 4MFirestorm 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0DFirstRate 9M 9M 9M 9M 0D 30M 18M 4MFirstShot 14D 14D 14D 45D 7D 45D 45D 0DFlexstar 10M 0D 10M 10M 0D 18M 18M 4MFlexstarGT/GT3.5 10M 0D 10M 10M 0D 18M 18M 4MFulTimeNXT 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MFusiladeDX 60D 0D 60D 0D 0D 0D 0D 60DFusion 60D 0D 60D 0D 0D 0D 0D 60DGangster 9M 9M 9M 9M 0D 30M 30M 3MGlyphosate 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 1M 0DGoal/GoalTender 10M 7D 10M 60D 7D 60D 60D 10MGramoxoneSL 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0DGuardsmanMax 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring 24M SpringHalexGT 0D 10M 0D 10M 10M 10M 10M 120DHarnass 0D 7D 45D 45D 0D 45D 45D 7DHarmonyExtra 21D 21D 21D 45D 14D 45D 45D 0DHarmonyGT/XP 0D 7D 0D 45D 0D 45D 45D 0DHarness 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MHarnessXtra Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring 24M 24M SpringHornetWDG 0D 18M 12M 18M 10.5M 18M 18M 4MHuskie 9M Spring10 4M Spring 4M 9M Spring10 1MImpact 0D 9M 9M 9M 9M 9M 18M 3MInstigate 0D 10M 10M 18M 10M 10M 18M 4MInterline 0D 0D 180D 180D 0D 180D 180D 70DIntrro ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐KeystoneNXT 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MLaudis 0D 10M 10M 18M 8M 18M 18M 4M
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South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017
19
CropReplantandRotationRestrictionsGuideforHerbicides(cont)
Corn
Cotton
Grain
Sorghum
Peanuts
Soybeans
Sunflower
Tobacco
Wheat
M=months,D=days,Spring=Thespringfollowingapplication,‐‐‐=noinformationLaybyPro120‐0.6lbai0.61‐1.0lbai1.01‐1.6lbai1.61‐2.2lbai
4M4M4M8M
4M4M4M8M
4M4M4M8M
4M8M12M12M
4M8M8M12M
4M12M12M12M
4M8M8M12M
3M4M8M12M
Leadoff 0D 1M 10M 10M 1M 10M 10M 3MLiberty280SL 0D 0D 180D 180D 0D 180D 180D 70DLinex/Lorox 0D 0D 0D 4M 0D 4M 4M 4MLumax 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring 18M 18M 4.5MMarksman 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring 24M 10MMCPA None None None None None None None NoneMicro‐Tech None None None None None None None NoneMSMA None None None None None None None NoneNIC‐IT 0D 10M 18M 18M 15D 10M 18M 8MNimble 21D 21D 21D 45D 14D 45D 45D 0DOptill 8.5M 18M 18M 4M 0‐1M13 18M 9.5M 4MOption 7D 60D 60D 60D 14D 60D 60D 60DOsprey 12M 90D 10M 90D 90D 30D 10M 7DOutlook 0D Spring Spring 0D 0D Spring Spring 4MParallelPCS 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M 12M Spring 4.5MParazone 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0DPeak 1M 10M 1M 10M 10M 22M 18M 0DPoast/PoastPlus 30D 0D 30D 0D 0D 30D 0D 30DPowerFlex/HL 9M 9M 9M 9M 5M 9M 12M 30DPrefix 10M 1M 18M 10M 0M 18M 18M 4.5MProwl/ProwlH2O Spring 0D 10M 0D 0D 0D 0D 4MPursuit 8.5M 18M 18M 0D 0D 18M 9.5M 4MPython 0D 18M 12M 4M 0D 18M 9M 4MRaptor 8.5M 9M 9M 9M 0D 9M 9M 3MQuelex 3M 3M 3M 9M 3M 3M 15M 0DReflex 10M 0D 10M 10M 0D 18M 18M 4MRealmQ 0D 10M 10M 10M 10M 10M 10M 4MReportExtra 1814M 18M 1814/415M ‐‐‐ 616/1814M ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ 017/418MResicore 0D 18M 10.5M 18M 10.5M 18M 18M 4MResolveDF1.0oz/A2.0oz/A
0D0D
10M10M
10M18M
18M18M
10M10M
10M10M
18M18M
3M3M
ResolveQ/Q(mp)1.25oz/A2.5oz/A
0D0D
1M10M
10M18M
10M18M
10M10M
10M10M
10M18M
3M3M
ResolveSG1.0oz/A2.0oz/A
0D0D
1M10M
10M18M
18M18M
10M10M
10M10M
18M18M
4M4M
Resource 0D 30D 30D 30D 0D 30D 30D 30DRevulinQ 0D 10M 10M 10M 10M 10M 10M 4MRhythm 8M 0D 18M 10M 0D 18M 18M 4MSandea 1M 4M 2M 6M 9M 18M 36M 2M
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South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017
20
CropReplantandRotationRestrictionsGuideforHerbicides(cont)
Corn
Cotton
Grain
Sorghum
Peanuts
Soybeans
Sunflower
Tobacco
Wheat
M=months,D=days,Spring=Thespringfollowingapplication,‐‐‐=noinformationScepter 9.5M 18M 11M 11M 0D 18M 9.5M 3MSentrallas 0D 120D 0D 120D 120D 120D 120D 0DSelect/SelectMAX None None None None None None None NoneSequence 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D Spring Spring 4.5MSharpen1.0oz/A2.0oz/A3.0oz/A
0D0D0D
1.5M3M4M
0D0D0D
4M5M6M
0‐1M191‐2M192‐3M19
4M5M6M
4M5M6M
0D0D0D
Solida1.0oz/A2.0oz/A
0D0D
1M10M
10M18M
18M18M
1M10M
10M10M
18M18M
3M4M
Sonalan Spring Spring Spring 0D 0D 0D Spring SpringSonic 10M 12‐18M20 12M 12M 0D 30M 30M 4MSpartan 10M 12M 10M 12D 0D 0D 0D 4MSpartanCharge 4M 12M 10M 4M 0D 0D 0D 4MStanza 0D 18M 12M 18M 10.5M 18M 18M 4MStapleLX 10M 0D 24M 10M 10M 10M 10M 6MStatus 7D 120D 120D 120D 120D 120D 120D 120DSteadfast 0D 10M 10M 18M 15D 10M 18M 4MSteadfastQ 0D 10M 10M 18M 15D 10M 18M 4MSteadfastATZ 10M 10M 10M 18M 10M 10M 18M 8MStinger 0D 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 0DStorm 100D 100D 100D 100D 100D 100D 100D 40DStout 0D 10M 10M 18M 15D 10M 18M 4MStrongarm 18M 10M 18M 0D 0D 30M 18M 4MSuprend 7M 7M 7M 7M 7M 18M 7M 3MSureStartII 0D 26M 12M 26M Spring 18M 26M 4MSurpass 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MSurpassNXT 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MSurveilCo‐Pack 9M 9M 9M 9M 0D 30M 30M 3MSynchronyXP 7M 8M 9M 30M 0D 30M 9M 3MTillam None None None None None None None NoneTopNotch 0D Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring Spring 4MTreflan 5M 0D 5M 0D 0D 0D 5M 5MTrivence 10M 18M 18M 18M 0D 18M 18M 4MUltraBlazer 100D 100D 100D 0D 0D 100D 100D 40DValorSX/ValorEZ1.0oz/A1.5‐2.0oz/A2.1‐3.0oz/A
7‐30D217‐30D2114‐30D21
7‐28D227‐28D222M
30D30D30D
0D0D0D
0D0D0D
30D30D2M
30D30D2M
30D30D2M
ValorXLTSoilpH7.0
10M18M
10M30M
10M18M
18M30M
0D0D
10M30D
10M18M
4M4M
Verdict10‐12oz/A13‐15oz/A
0D0D
SpringSpring
0D0D
SpringSpring
1M23‐2M242M23‐3M24
SpringSpring
SpringSpring
4M4M
Warrant 0D 0D 0D Spring 0D Spring Spring 4MWideMatch 0D 18M 12M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 0D
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South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017
21
CropReplantandRotationRestrictionsGuideforHerbicides(cont)
Corn
Cotton
Grain
Sorghum
Peanuts
Soybeans
Sunflower
Tobacco
Wheat
M=months,D=days,Spring=Thespringfollowingapplication,‐‐‐=noinformationXtendimax11floz/Aorless22‐33floz/A34‐44floz/A
0D0D0D
0D25/2126D0D25/120D0D25/120D
15D120D120D
120D120D120D
0D27/14D0D27/28D0D27/120D
120D120D120D
120D120D120D
15D
30‐45D45‐60D
Yukon 30D 4M 2M 6M 9M 18M ‐‐‐‐ 2MWideMatch 0D 18M 12M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 10.5M 0DZest 0D 10M 18M 10M 15D 11M 10M 4MZidua1.0oz/A2.0oz/A3.0oz/A4.0oz/A
0D0D0D0D
1M2M4M4M
6M6M10M12M
4M4M4M4M
0D0D0D4M
4M4M4M4M
18M18M18M18M
1M1M4M6M
ZiduaPRO 8.5M 18M 18M 4M 30D 18M 18M 4M2,4‐D Onlyreplantinthesamegrowingseasonwithcropsregisteredfor2,4‐Duse2,4‐DB Onlyreplantinthesamegrowingseasonwithcropsregisteredfor2,4‐DBuse1Fieldcornmaybeplanted4monthsafterAuthorityMTZwasappliedat14oz/Aorless.2Grainsorghummaybeplanted12monthsafterAuthorityMTZwasappliedat20oz/Aorless.3Rotationis7dayswhenratesof10oz/AofAxiomorlesshavebeenapplied;otherwise,wait4monthstoplantwheat.4Clearfieldcorn,sunflower,andwheat5Non‐Clearfieldcorn,sunflower,andwheat6DIREXUSEPATTERN1=BandedDIREXPreemergenceorPostemergenceapplicationonly7DIREXUSEPATTERN2=BandedDIREXPreemergenceandPostemergenceorBroadcastDIREXPreemergence(andpreplant)orBroadcastDIREXpreemergenceplusBandedDIREXpostemergenceapplications.8Reducedtillageproduction.9Conventionaltillageproduction.10Afieldbioassaymustbeconductedforcropsnotlistedonthelabel.Toconductafieldbioassay,plantstripsofthecropyouwanttogrowtheseasonfollowingherbicideapplicationandmoniterforcropsafety.11STStolerantsoybeansonly12CroprotationintervalsarebasedonthecumulativeamountofDIURONinLAYBYPROappliedtoasiteinthepreceding12months.13Usethelongerintervalwithintherangeslistedforcropsgrownoncoarsetexturedsoilswithorganicmatterlessthan2.0%.14Applicationratesabove0.4oz/A;followthe18‐monthrotationintervalforgrainsorghum,non‐STStolerantsoybeans,andfieldcorn.15Applicationrates0.2to0.4oz/A;followthe4‐monthrotationintervalforgrainsorghum.16Applicationrates0.2to0.5oz/A;followthe6‐monthrotationifplantingSTStolerantsoybeans.17Applicationrates0.2to0.4oz/A;nowaitingintervalforwheat.18Applicationrates0.5oz/A;followingthe4‐monthrotationintervalforwheat.19Usethelongerintervalwithintherangeslistedforreplantingsoybeans(i.e.,2monthsforcoarsetexturedsoilswithorganicmatterlessthan2.0%anda1monthforcoarsetexturedsoilswithorganicmattergreaterthanorequalto2.0%)20Cottonmaybeplantedafter12monthswhereSONICwasappliedatratesof5oz/Aorlessandmeetthefollowingconditions:medium/finesoils;pH
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South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017
22
WEEDCONTROLINFIELDCORNMikeMarshall,ExtensionWeedSpecialist
Preplant/BurndownHerbicidesforWeedManagementinFieldCorn
HerbicideRate/AcreBroadcast
ModeofAction PreharvestIntervalRestricted
EntryIntervalFormulation ActiveIngredient
BalanceFlexx2SC(isoxaflutole)
6.0floz 0.094lb
27
45days 12hours
Comments:BALANCEFLEXXisaRESTRICTEDUSEPESTICIDE.ApplyBALANCEFLEXXupto30daysbeforeplantingcorn.AddMSOat0.5galper100galorCOCat1.0galper100galofspraysolutionforweeds3inchesorlessinheight.BALANCEFLEXXmaybetankmixedwithPARAQUAT,GLYPHOSATE,or2,4‐Difweedsaregreaterthan3inchesinheight.Ifthewatertable(levelofsaturation)islessthan25feetbelowthegroundsurface,donotuseBALANCEFLEXXonsoilswherethesubsoilisloamysandorsand(i.e.,noclaysubsoil).Donotapplymorethan6.0flozBALANCEFLEXper365dayperiod.Rainfastinterval=N/A(suggest1hour).Clarity/Banvel4S(dicamba)
8.0‐16oz 0.25‐0.5lb
4
‐‐‐ 24hours
Comments:Applyanytimepriortoplantingcorn.Use16oz/Arateonmediumtofinetexturesoilswith>2.5%organicmatter.Use8oz/Arateoncoarsetexturedsoilswithlessthan2.5%organicmatter.Corvus2.63SC(thiencarbazone+isoxaflutole)
3.33floz 0.012lb
+0.031lb
227
45days 12hours
Comments:CORVUSisaRESTRICTEDUSEPESTICIDE.ApplyCORVUSupto30daysbeforeplantingcorn.AddMSOat0.5galper100galorCOCat1.0galper100galofspraysolutionforweeds6inchesorlessinheight.CORVUSmaybetankmixedwithPARAQUAT,GLYPHOSATE,or2,4‐Difweedsaregreaterthan6inchesinheight.Douseseedorsoil‐applied CHLORPYRIFOS, TERBUFOS, PHORATE, FONOPHOS, and other organophosphate or carbamateinsecticidesinthesameseasonasCORVUS.Ifthewatertable(levelofsaturation)islessthan25feetbelowthegroundsurface,donotuseCORVUSonsoilswherethesubsoilisloamysandorsand(i.e.,noclaysubsoil).Donotapplymorethan5.6floz/AofCORVUSper365dayperiod.Rainfastinterval=N/A(suggest1hour).Direx4L(diuron)
0.5‐0.8qt 0.5‐0.8lb
7
‐‐‐ 12hours
Comments:Applyanytimefromfallthroughspringpriortoplantingcorn.Heavytexturedsoilswillrequirehigherapplicationrate.DIREX4Lmaybetankmixedwithotherburndownherbicides,consulttankmixpartnerlabelformoredetails.Plantcornatleast1.5”deepandmakesureseedslotisclosed.Donotapplymorethan1.6qt/AofDIREX4Lperyear.ET0.208EC(pyraflufenethyl)
0.5‐2.0oz 0.0008‐0.003lb
14
‐‐‐ 12hours
Comments:FieldcornmaybeplantedanytimeafterETapplication.Forbestresult,applyETtobroadleafweedslessthan4inchestallorrosetteslessthan3inchesindiameter.Groundapplicationrequiresminimumof10gallons/A.
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South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017
23
Preplant/BurndownHerbicidesforWeedManagementinFieldCorn(cont.)
HerbicideRate/AcreBroadcast
ModeofAction PreharvestIntervalRestricted
EntryIntervalFormulation ActiveIngredient
Fierce76WDG(flumioxazin+pyroxasulfone)
3.0‐4.5oz 0.063‐0.094lb
+0.080‐0.120lb
1415
‐‐‐ 12hours
Comments:ApplyFIERCE7to30dayspriortoplantingfieldcorn.Donotapplymorethan4.5oz/AofFIERCEduringasinglegrowingseason.AddaCOCormethylatedseedoilat1to2pt/Aornon‐ionicsurfactantat0.25%v/v.Useonlyonno‐tillorminimumtillagefieldswherelastyear’scropresiduehasnotbeenincorporatedintothesoil.Donotuseonpopcorn,sweetcorn,orcorngrownforseed.TankmixpartnersincludeGLYPHOSATE,2,4‐DLVE,ATRAZINE,BASIS, EXPRESS, HORNET, PYTHON, RESOLVE, SIMAZINE, DICAMBA, PARAQUAT, or WEEDMASTER. Sprayequipment,includingmixingvesselsandnursetanks,mustbecleanedeachdayfollowingaFIERCEapplication.KeystoneNXT5.6SC(acetochlor+atrazine)
1.4‐3.0qt 1.09‐2.33lb
+0.88‐1.88lb
155
60days 12hours
Comments:KEYSTONENXTisaRESTRICTEDUSEPESTICIDE.ApplyKEYSTONENXTupto45dayspriortoplantingfield corn;However, planting shouldbedoneas close aspossible to the timeof applicationofKEYSTONENXT toprovideeffectiveweedcontrolduringcriticalearlyseasoncorndevelopment.Forcontrolofemergedweedsatthetimeofapplication,tankmixKEYSTONENXTwithGLYPHOSATE,LIBERTY,BANVEL,CLARITY,2,4‐D,orGRAMOXONE.DonotapplyKEYSTONENXT(acetochlor)tothefollowingsoilswithin50ftofanywellwheredepthtogroundwateris30feetorless:sandswithlessthan3%organicmatter;loamysandswithlessthan2%organicmatter;orsandyloamswithlessthan1%organicmatter.Donotapplymorethan3.8qtperofKEYSTONENXTperseason.Liberty280SL(glufosinate)Interline2.34SL
29‐36oz 0.53‐0.66lb
10
70days 12hours
Comments:Thoroughspraycoverageisessentialforoptimumperformance.Groundapplicationrequiresaminimumof15gallonsofwater/acre.Denseweedcanopiesrequire20to40gallonsperacre.Seelabelforfurtherapplicationinstructionsandtank‐mixpartners.Glyphosateacidequivalent(ae)3lbae/gal4.17lbae/gal4.5lbae/gal
32‐47oz23‐45oz22‐32oz
0.75‐1.13lbae
9 ‐‐‐ 4hours
Comments:Apply in 10‐20 gal ofwater 2 to 4weeks prior to your anticipated planting date to control existinggroundcover.Inmostfields,afollow‐upapplicationofPARAQUATwillbeneededatplanting.Consultproductlabeltodetermineifasurfactantisneeded.2,4‐DLVE(various)
1.0‐2.0pt 0.5‐1.0lb
4
‐‐‐ 48hours
Comments:Apply7to14dayspriortoplantingfieldcorn.Donotuseonalight,sandysoil,orwheresoilmoistureislimitingweedgrowth.Veryeffectiveforcutleafeveningprimrosecontrol.Canbetank‐mixedwithotherburndownherbicides(seelabel).
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South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017
24
Preplant/BurndownHerbicidesforWeedManagementinFieldCorn(cont.)
HerbicideRate/AcreBroadcast
ModeofAction PreharvestIntervalRestricted
EntryIntervalFormulation ActiveIngredient
GramoxoneSL2E(paraquat)Firestorm3SParazone3S
2.0‐4.0pt
1.3‐2.7pt
0.5‐1.0lb
22
‐‐‐ 12hours
Comments:GRAMOXONEisaRESTRICTEDUSEPESTICIDE.Applyatplantingasafollow‐uptoanearlierapplicationofGLYPHOSATE.Providesbettercontrolofchickweed,henbit,purpledeadnettle,andcutleafeveningprimrosethanGLYPHOSATE.AddNISat1qtper100galofspraysolution.Rainfastinterval=30minutes.Hornet68.5WDG(flumetsulam+clopyralid)Stanza68.5WDG
4.0‐5.0oz 0.046‐0.057lb
+0.125‐0.156lb
24
85days 48hours14
Comments:ApplyHORNETupto30daysbeforeplantingcorn.Ifweedsarepresentattimeofapplication,tankmixHORNETwithPARAQUAT,GLYPHOSATE,or2,4‐D.AddCOCorNISat1.0‐2.0qtper100galofspraysolution.Rainfastinterval=2hours.Leadoff33.4DF(rimsulfuron+thifensufluron)
1.5‐2.7oz 0.0157‐0.0282lb
0.0157‐0.0282lb
22
‐‐‐ 4hours
Comments:ApplyLEADOFFanytimeafterharvestuntilrightbeforeplantingcorn.LEADOFFtankmixpartnersmayincludeGLYPHOSATE,PARAQUAT,2,4‐DLVE,DICAMBA,orGLUFOSINATE.NoadditionalsurfactantisneedediftankmixedwithGLYPHOSATEorLIBERTYwithabuilt‐inadjuvantsystem.Otherwise,addNISat1qtper100galorCOCat1galper100galorMSOat0.5galper100galofspraysolutionplusanammoniumnitrogenfertilizer(AMSat2lb/AorUANat2qt/A).Donotapplypostemergencetocorn.Resicore3.29SC(acetochlor+mesotrione+clopyralid)
2.25‐2.5qt
1.58‐1.75lb
+0.17‐0.19lb
+0.11‐0.12lb
15274
‐‐‐ 12hours
Comments:ApplyRESICOREupto28daysbeforeplantingcorn.RESICOREshouldbetankmixedwithGLYPHOSATE,PARAQUAT,GLUFOSINATE,and/or2,4‐Dforcontrolofexistingemergedweedsatthetimeofapplication.Donotapplymorethan3.25qtofRESICOREperacreperyear.DonotmakemorethantwoapplicationsofRESICOREperyear.DonotapplyRESICORE(acetochlor)tothefollowingsoilswithin50ftofanywellwheredepthtogroundwateris30feetorless:sandswithlessthan3%organicmatter;loamysandswithlessthan2%organicmatter;orsandyloamswithlessthan1%organicmatter.
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South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017
25
Preplant/BurndownHerbicidesforWeedManagementinFieldCorn(cont.)
HerbicideRate/AcreBroadcast
ModeofAction PreharvestIntervalRestricted
EntryIntervalFormulation ActiveIngredient
Sharpen2.85SC(saflufenacil)
2.0‐3.0floz 0.045‐0.067lb
14
80days 12hours
Comments:ApplySHARPEN14to30daysbeforeplantingcorn.ForoptimumSHARPENburndownactivity,addMSOat1galper100galofspraysolutionplusammoniumnitrogenfertilizer(UANat1.25‐2.5galsper100galorAMSat8.5‐17 lbs/100 gals). SHARPENmaybe tankmixedwithGLYPHOSATE, CLARITY,ATRAZINE, STATUS,HARNESS,HARNESSXTRA,VERDICT,PROWLH2O,OUTLOOK,GUARDSMANMAX,andGUARDSMANMAXLITE.DonotapplySHARPENaftercornemergenceorseverecropinjurywilloccur.Donotapplymorethan6.0floz(0.134lbai/A)ofSHARPENpercroppingseason.DonotapplySHARPENwhereanat‐plantingapplicationofanorganophoshateorcarbamateinsecticideisplannedorhasoccurredorseverecropinjurymayoccur.However,SHARPENmaybeappliedwhenAZTECorFORTRESSinsecticidesifappliedatplantingasaBAND,T‐BAND,orIN‐FURROW.SHARPENmaybeappliedwithallotherclassesofat‐plantinginsecticidesincludingpyrethroids,neonictinoids,andfipronil.Rainfastinterval=1hour.SureStartII4.25(acetochlor+flumetsulam+clopyralid)
1.5‐3.0pt 0.703‐1.406lb
+0.023‐0.046lb
+0.071‐0.142lb
1524
85days 12hours
Comments:ApplySURESTARTIIupto14daysbeforeplantingcorn.Forenhancedcontrolofemergedweedsatthetimeofburndownapplication,SURESTARTIImaybetankmixedwithGLYPHOSATE,2,4‐D,LIBERTY,orGRAMOXONE.DonotapplySURESTARTII(acetochlor)tothefollowingsoilswithin50ftofanywellwheredepthtogroundwateris30feetorless:sandswithlessthan3%organicmatter;loamysandswithlessthan2%organicmatter;orsandyloamswithlessthan1%organicmatter.Donotapplymorethan3pt/AofSURESTARTIIinasingleapplication.ValorSX51WDG(flumioxazin)
2.0‐3.0oz 0.064‐0.096lb
14
‐‐‐ 12hours
Comments:Apply14to30dayspriortoplantingfieldcorn.Donotapplymorethan3oz/AofVALORSXduringasinglegrowingseason.Donotirrigatewhencornisemergingtothe2‐leafstage.Donotuseonpopcorn,sweetcorn,orcorngrownforseed.Canbetank‐mixedwithotherburndownherbicides(seelabel).Verdict5.57EC(saflufencil+dimethenamid‐p)
10‐15floz 0.045‐0.067lb
+0.391‐0.586lb
1415
80days 12hours
Comments:ApplyVERDICT14to30daysbeforeplantingcorn.ForoptimumVERDICTburndownactivity,addMSOat1galper100galofspraysolutionplusammoniumnitrogenfertilizer(UANat1.25‐2.5galsper100galorAMSat8.5‐17lbs/100gals).VERDICTmaybetankmixedwithGLYPHOSATE,CLARITY,ATRAZINE,STATUS,andSHARPEN.DonotapplyVERDICTaftercornemergenceorseverecropinjurywilloccur.Donotapplymorethan0.134lbai/Asaflufenacilfromallproductsourcespercroppingseason.Donotapplymorethan25flozofVERDICTpercroppingseason.DonotapplyVERDICTwhereanat‐plantingapplicationofanorganophoshateor carbamate insecticide isplannedor hasoccurredor severe crop injurymayoccur.However, VERDICTmaybe appliedwhenAZTEC2.1%granular,AZTEC4.67Ggranular,orFORTRESS5GgranularinsecticidesisappliedatplantingasaBAND,T‐BAND,orIN‐FURROW. VERDICT may be applied with all other classes of at‐planting insecticides including pyrethroids,neonictinoids,andfipronil.
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South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017
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Preplant/BurndownHerbicidesforWeedManagementinFieldCorn(cont.)
HerbicideRate/AcreBroadcast
ModeofAction PreharvestIntervalRestricted
EntryIntervalFormulation ActiveIngredient
Zidua0.85WG(pyroxasulfone)
1.5‐3.0oz 0.080‐0.16lb
15
‐‐ 12hours
Comments: Apply ZIDUA 15 to 45 days before planting corn. ZIDUA tank mix partners include ATRAZINE,GLYPHOSATE,LIGHTNING,OUTLOOK,PROWLH2O,SHARPEN,andSTATUS.Oncoarsetexturedsoils,donotapplymorethan2.75oz/AofZIDUA(0.142lbai/Aofpyroxasulfone)percroppingseason.Onallothersoiltypes,donotapplymorethan5.0oz/AofZIDUA(0.266lbai/Aofpyroxasulfone)percroppingseason.
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South Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field Crops - 2017
27
WeedandCoverCropResponse toBurndown/PreplantHerbicides inConservationTillageFieldCorn1
ET2
Glyphosate
2
Glyphosate+2,4‐D
2
Glyphosate+Atrazine2
Glyphosate+Clarity
2
Glyphosate+Direx
2
Glyphosate+Leadoff2
Glyphosate+Sharpen
2
Glyphosate+ValorSX2
Gram
oxone2
Gram
oxone+2,4‐D2
Gram
oxone+Clarity2
Gram
oxone+ValorSX
2
Gram
oxone+Direx
2
Liberty2
barley,little F E E E E E E E E G G G G G Gbluegrass,annual G F F E F E E E E G G G G G Pbuttercups G E E E E E E E E E E E E E Echickweed,common G F G E GE GE E E E E E GE E E Eclovers P PF F F FG F G E F G G GE GE GE Fcudweed G E E E E E E E E FG FG FG FG FG Gdandelion P P E GE E GE E G G N E GE P GE FGdock,curly P PF G G GE F F F G F FG GE P F Geveningprimrose,cutleaf GE PF E E GE GE E E FG F E GE E GE Ggeranium,Carolina GE FG E E E GE E E E GE E GE E E GEhenbit/deadnettle G F G E GE E E E E G GE E E GE Ghorseweed(marestail) G E GE E E E GE E GE F GE E GE GE GEmustard,wild G FG E GE G GE G E GE FG E G GE G GEpansy,field G F F GE F G ‐‐‐ E F G G G G GE Gpeanut,volunteer F F F F G F P GE FG P F GE F F GEpepperweed,Virginia G G E GE GE GE E E G G GE G G GE Gradish,wild G FG GE GE GE GE G E GE G GE GE GE GE GEryegrass,Italian F G F GE F FG E E G FG FG FG FG G Psorrel,red F E E E E E G G E E E E E E PFspurry,corn G GE GE GE GE GE E E G FG G G G G ‐‐‐swinecress G FG G G G G E E FG PF FG FG PF FG GEvetch GE F E E E G E E FG G GE GE GE G GEwheat/ryecovercrop P E E E E G E E E FG F F G G F1KeytoResponseRatings:E=excellentcontrol,90%orbetter;G=goodcontrol,80to90%;F=faircontrol70to80%;P=poorcontrol,lessthan70%;‐‐‐=InsufficientData.2HerbicideratesforburndownareAtrazineat1.0lb/A;ETat1.0oz/A;Glyphosateat0.75lbae/A(22oz/Aof4.5lbae/galor32oz/Aof3.0lbai/gal);2,4‐Dat1‐2pt/A;Clarityat8oz/A;Direxat1.6pt/A;Leadoffat1.5oz/A;Sharpenat1.0oz/A;Gramoxoneat3.0pt/A;ValorSXat2.0oz/A;andLibertyat29oz/A.
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WeedResponsetoSoilAppliedPreemergenceHerbicidesforCornWeedManagement1
Acuron
Anthem
Anthem
ATZ
Atrazine(ATZ)
Acetochlor
Acetochlor+ATZ
Alachlor
Alachlor+ATZ
BalanceFlexx
Corvus
Dimethenamid‐p
Hornet
anoda,spurred G ‐‐‐ GE GE ‐‐‐ GE ‐‐‐ GE ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ Gbarnyardgrass FG E E G E E E E E E E Pbeggarweed,Florida G ‐‐‐ E E F P ‐‐‐ E ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ P FGbermudagrass P P P P P P P P P P P Pcitronmelon ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ G G P G P G ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ P ‐‐‐cocklebur,common G P GE GE P GE P GE F F P Ecrabgrass E E E G E E E E E E E Pcowpea E P E E P E P E GE GE P Gcrotalaria,showy ‐‐‐ P GE GE P GE P GE GE GE P Gcroton,tropic E P G G P G P G GE GE P Pcrowfootgrass E GE GE G E E E E E E E Pdayflower,Benghal GE GE GE F GE GE ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ F ‐‐‐eclipta GE G GE GE ‐‐‐ GE ‐‐‐ GE GE GE ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐goosegrass E GE GE G E E E E E E E Pjimsonweed E ‐‐‐ E E P E P E E E P GEjohnsongrass,seedling E ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ P P P P P GE GE P Pjohnsongrass,rhizome P P P P P P P P P P P Plambsquarters,common ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ E E F E FG E G G F Emorningglory,annual G P G G P G P G F F P FGnutsedge,purple P P P P P P P P P P P Pnutsedge,yellow FG P P P F FG F FG P P FG Ppanicum,fall E GE GE P E E E E GE GE E Ppanicum,Texas F F F P PF P PF PF F F PF PpigweedALS‐resistantDNA‐resistant
EEE
GEGEGE
EEE
EEE
GGG
EEE
GGG
EEE
EEE
EEE
GGG
EEE
poinsettia,wild ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ GE GE P GE P GE G G P Gpurslane,common E ‐‐‐ E E G E G E G G G ‐‐‐pusley,Florida E G E E GE E GE E ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ GE Gragweed,common E ‐‐‐ E E P E P E GE GE P Gryegrass,annual ‐‐‐ GE GE ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ Psandbur,field GE GE GE P FG FG FG FG F F FG Psenna,coffee GE ‐‐‐ FG FG P FG P FG G G P ‐‐‐sesbania,hemp GE ‐‐‐ FG FG P FG P FG G G P ‐‐‐sicklepod E F G G P G P G GE GE P FGsida,prickly E ‐‐‐ E E P E P E G G F Esignalgrass,broadleaf GE FG FG P G G FG FG G G G Psmartweed,Pennsylvania GE P GE GE P GE P GE GE GE P Gspurge GE ‐‐‐ GE GE ‐‐‐ GE ‐‐‐ GE GE GE ‐‐‐ Gstarbur,bristly GE ‐‐‐ GE GE PF GE P GE G G P Gvelvetleaf E P G G P G P G G G P Evol.RRsoybean GE P GE E P GE P GE GE GE P Evol.peanut G P GE E P GE P GE GE GE P GE1KeytoResponseRatings:E=excellentcontrol,90%orbetter;G=goodcontrol,80to90%;F=faircontrol,70to80%;P=poorcontrol,lessthan70%;‐‐‐=InsufficientData.
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WeedResponsetoSoilAppliedPreemergenceHerbicidesforCornWeedManagement(cont)1
Instigate
Lumax/Lexar
S‐Metolachlor
S‐Metolachlor+ATZ
Princep
Prow
l
Python
Resolve
Sharpen
SureStartII
Verdict
Zidua
anoda,spurred ‐‐‐ GE ‐‐‐ GE G ‐‐‐ G ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ GE ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐barnyardgrass GE GE E E G GE P G P GE E Ebeggarweed,Florida ‐‐‐ E F E G ‐‐‐ FG ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐bermudagrass P P P P P P P P P P P Pcitronmelon ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ P G F ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ G ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐cocklebur,common G GE P GE G P E G G GE G Pcrabgrass GE GE E E G GE P G P GE E Ecowpea ‐‐‐ E P E G P G ‐‐‐ E E G Pcrotalaria,showy ‐‐‐ GE P GE G ‐‐‐ G G G GE P Pcroton,tropic G G P G G P P ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ GE ‐‐‐ Pcrowfootgrass GE E E E G E P G P E E GEdayflower,Benghal ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ GE GE ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ F GEeclipta G GE ‐‐‐ GE GE G G ‐‐‐ GE GE GE Ggoosegrass GE ‐‐‐ E E G E P F P E E GEjimsonweed GE E P E E P GE G G G G ‐‐‐johnsongrass,seedling GE F F F P E P F P P P ‐‐‐johnsongrass,rhizome P P P P P P P P P P P Plambsquarters,common G E G E E G E G E E E ‐‐‐morningglory,annual FG G P G G P FG F G FG G Pnutsedge,purple P P P P P P P P P P P Pnutsedge,yellow P FG FG FG P P P P P P FG Ppanicum,fall GE GE E E G FG P G P E E GEpanicum,Texas GE PF PF P P PF P F P PF PF FpigweedALS‐resistantDNA‐resistant
GGG
EEE
GGG
EEE
EEE
FGFGP
EPE
FGPFG
EEE
EEE
EEE
GEGEGE
poinsettia,wild ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ P GE G P G ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ GE ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐purslane,common G G G E ‐‐‐ GE ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ GE G ‐‐‐pusley,Florida G ‐‐‐ GE E G E G ‐‐‐ F GE F Gragweed,common G E PF E E P G F ‐‐‐ G ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ryegrass,annual GE ‐‐‐ G G E FG P F P ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ GEsandbur,field GE FG FG FG G GE P ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ GE GEsenna,coffee G ‐‐‐ P F ‐‐‐ P FG G ‐‐‐ FG ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐sesbania,hemp G ‐‐‐ P F ‐‐‐ P FG G ‐‐‐ FG ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐sicklepod GE G P G G P FG FG GE G GE Fsida,prickly ‐‐‐ FG P E E P E F G G F ‐‐‐signalgrass,broadleaf FG FG FG FG P GE P F P FG FG FGsmartweed,Pennsylvania G GE P GE G P G G G G P Pspurge G G ‐‐‐ GE G G ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ GE GE G Gstarbur,bristly ‐‐‐ G P GE GE P G ‐‐‐ P G P ‐‐‐velvetleaf GE G P G G P E F G E G Pvol.RRsoybean G G P GE G P P P ‐‐‐ GE ‐‐‐ Pvol.peanut F G P GE G P P P ‐‐‐ GE ‐‐‐ P1KeytoResponseRatings:E=excellentcontrol,90%orbetter;G=goodcontrol,80to90%;F=faircontrol,70to80%;P=poorcontrol,lessthan70%;‐‐‐=InsufficientData.
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ImportantGroundandSurfaceWaterConsiderationsRegardingtheUseofAtrazineandSimazineContainingHerbicideProducts.
ATRAZINEandSIMAZINEusersarestronglyencouragedtofollowlabelguidelines,discussedbelow,toshareintheresponsibilityofpreservingthefutureuseofATRAZINEandSIMAZINE.TheserestrictionsapplytoallformulationsofATRAZINEandSIMAZINE,andallpre‐mixpackageproductsthatcontainATRAZINEandSIMAZINE.ApplicationRateRestrictions:Forsoilsthatarenotdefinedashighlyerodible,themaximumuserateforATRAZINEis2.0lbai(activeingredient)peracreandforSIMAZINEis2.0lbaiperacreperseason.Forsoilsclassifiedashighlyerodible(asdefinedbyNRCS), Ifconservationtillage ispracticedwithat least30percentcropresiduecoverageatplanting,themaximumuserateis2.0lbaiperacreforATRAZINEandSIMAZINE.Ifcropresiduecoverageislessthan30percent,thenthemaximumrateforATRAZ