april 28, 2014 – chemical signals and hormones ii announcements: lab this week will meet in the...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II
Announcements:Lab this week will meet in the computer labsFinal Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation
1. Pre-lecture quiz2. Review of cell-to-cell signaling & thyroid hormones (T3 & T4)3. Specificity
1. Lipid soluble hormones – Steroids2. G-coupled protein receptors – 3. Tyrosine kinase receptors
4. Hormone-mediated physiological tradeoffs
![Page 2: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Neuroendocrine pathway
Neuroendocrinesignal
Endocrine pathway Neuroendocrine-to-endocrine pathway
Neuroendocrinesignal
Endocrinesignal
Endocrinesignal
Endocrine cell
Effectorcell
Response
Response
Stimulus Stimulus
Fee
db
ack
inh
ibit
ion
Fee
db
ack
inh
ibit
ion Sensor cell
Effectorcell
Fee
db
ack
inh
ibit
ion
Neural signal
CNS
Stimulus
Sensor cell
Neural signal
CNS
Response
Effectorcell
Endocrine cell
Endocrine systems are regulated by negative feedback
![Page 3: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Steroids
CortisolEpinephrine
Amino AcidDerivatives
Receptor
Secretin
Peptides and Polypeptides
Receptor
Receptor
Target cell
Most not lipid soluble;bind to receptors onsurface of target cell
Not lipid soluble;bind to receptors onsurface of target cell
Lipid soluble;bind to receptorsinside target cell
Chemical characteristics of hormones – major classes
![Page 4: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Hormone Transport and Action on Target
![Page 5: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Hydrophobic messengers pass into cell where they bind with transcription factors which affect gene expression.
![Page 6: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Hydrophilic hormones bind to a receptor on the cell membrane which causes several reactions known as a signal transductionpathway. This can affect the properties of enzymes/proteins, etc. or it may affect gene expression.
![Page 7: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Thyroid Hormone
Thyroid hormone:- Actually two hormones (T3/T4)
Mammals mainly secrete T4 - but some T4 is converted under certain circumstances- Same receptor binds both,
but ↑affinity for T3
T3/T4 are membrane soluble- ↑metabolism in muscles, heart, liver & kidney
T4 T3
![Page 8: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Figure 47-8
T3
Juvenile frog (tadpole)
T3
Locomotion
Respiration
Excretion
Nutrition
Swim via movements of muscular tail
Gas exchange occurs in gills, across skin,and in lungs
Most are herbivorous; have a long gutspecialized for digesting algae and plants
Most nitrogenous wastes excreted asammonia
Adult frog
Locomotion
Respiration
Nutrition
Excretion
Gas exchange occurs across skin, and inlungs
Tailless; walk or hop
Most nitrogenous wastes excreted as urea
Most are carnivorous; have a large mouthor long tongue for catching prey; short gutspecialized for digesting proteins
![Page 10: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Thyroid hormone levels go up as flat fish go through this metamorphosis.
![Page 12: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Anadromous versus Resident Stream Sticklebacks
Higher metabolic rates
Migrate from ocean to freshwater to breed
Bigger
Lower metabolic rates
Permanent residents in freshwater
Smaller
![Page 13: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Take home message: The same hormone can have multiple physiological effects
How do we explain this?
![Page 14: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Altering individual behaviors by altering overall thyroid levels seems like a pretty blunt way to go about changing specific phenotypes.
How could this system be fine-tuned to optimize specific traits under different contexts?
A.) changes in TRH expressionB.) changes in TSH expressionC.) alterations of TSH receptorsD.) alteration of T3/T4 receptors in specific cell types.
![Page 15: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Hormonal specificity: G-protein coupled receptors
![Page 17: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Hormonal specificity: G-protein coupled receptors
![Page 18: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Hormonal specificity: Tyrosine kinase receptors
![Page 19: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
STEROID HORMONE ACTIONHormonereceptor
Steroidhormone
Hormone-receptorcomplex
Hormone-responseelement
RNApolymerase
DNA
mRNA
Nucleus
Proteins
Ribosome3. Hormone-receptorcomplex entersnucleus and bindsto DNA, inducesstart of transcription.
1. Steroidhormoneenterstarget cell.
2. Hormone bindsto receptor, inducesconformationalchange.
4. Many mRNAtranscripts areproduced,amplifyingthe signal.
5. Each transcript istranslated many times,further amplifying thesignal.
Hormonal specificity: Steroids and gene transcription
![Page 20: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Hormone-mediated Tradeoffs:Interactions between stress, reproduction and immune function
Extraordinary ordinary Junco: http://juncoproject.org/videos/chapter-2/
![Page 21: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Hormone-mediated TradeoffsInteractions between stress, reproduction and immune function
![Page 22: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Stress
![Page 23: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Short-Term Stress Response
“Fight or flight” response is stimulated by epinephrine
![Page 24: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Figure 47-7a-hypothesis
![Page 25: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Figure 47-7b-setup
![Page 26: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Some additional effects of the “fight or flight response
1.) Redirection of blood flow from the skin and digestive system toward heart, brain, and muscles.
2.) Relaxation vascular smooth muscle to aid in vasodilation
Take home message:
1.) Short term stress responses are EXTREMELY beneficial over the short term.
2.) Prolonged stress responses can be harmful.
*Radio Lab episode on stress: http://www.radiolab.org/story/91580-stress/
![Page 28: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Long term stress responses
![Page 29: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
This graph shows the . . . a. Positive influence ACTH has on cortisol releaseb. Inhibitory feedback of cortisol on ACTH release
![Page 31: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
This graph shows the . . . a. Positive influence ACTH has on cortisol releaseb. Inhibitory feedback of cortisol on ACTH release
![Page 32: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: April 28, 2014 – Chemical signals and hormones II Announcements: Lab this week will meet in the computer labs Final Exam: May 15 ICES evaluation 1.Pre-lecture](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7c5503460f949310d3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
ACTH also stimulates the release of aldosterone. Why should this be a part of the stress response?